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Superfamily APOIDEA
Family ANTHOPHORIDAE

This is one of the very largest, if not the largest, family of bees in the world. It is present on
all the continents, although it is neither as abundant nor as well developed in the Australian and
Oriental regions as it is in the Holarctic, Ethiopian and Neotropical regions. The family is excep-
tionally well represented in the New World by numerous species and is perhaps the most
diverse and largest assemblage of these bees in the world. The Anthophoridae contain three
subfamilies, the Nomadinae which are cleptoparasites in the nests of pollen-collecting bees, the




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Anthophorinae which are chiefly pollen-collecting species, and the Xylocopinae which are also
largely pollen-collecting bees. Apart from the cleptoparasites, most anthophorids make their
nests in the ground although the majority of the Xylocopinae and some others (e.g., Clisodon)
nest in wood of various sorts. While many and perhaps most of the pollen-collecting
anthophorids are clearly polylectic in their intrafloral relationships, a number of species as well
as certain groups of species (e.g., Melitomini, Peponapis, Xenoglossa, etc.) have established an
oligolectic relationship with the flora.

There are more than two dozen tribes of anthophorid bees and, with the exception of the
Palaearctic Ammobatoidini and Ancylini, all of these tribes either contain representatives in the
New World (11 tribes) or are found only here (14 tribes). Of the tribes found in the New World
only the Neotropical Caenoprosopidini, Canephorulini, Eucerinodini, Osirini, Rathymini and
Tetrapediini are not known to be present in America north of Mexico.

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 233-512, figs. 67-127, tables
8-17 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Subfamily NOMADINAE

This is a very large, diverse and widespread group of cleptoparasitic bees being found on all
the continents and many of the islands. It is especially well represented in the Holarctic,
Ethiopian, and Neotropical regions. Members of this subfamily are parasitic in the nests of all
families of bees, except the Megachilidae (including the Fideliinae) and the Apidae. All the spe-
cies of some genera (e.g., Epeolus, Neolarra and Triopasites) are apparently parasitic only in
the nests of certain genera of pollen-collecting bees. However, the more usual pattern is that a
particular genus (e.g., Nomada and Triepeolus) has established through its component species a
broad spectrum of host relationships involving several genera or families of host bees.

The subfamily contains nearly a dozen tribes and all except the Ammobatoidini,
Caenoprosopidini and the Osirini are endemic to or represented in the Nearctic Region.

This subfamily occupies an anomalous position within the family Anthophoridae and perhaps
would be better considered as an independent family, a status formerly accorded this group by
Linsley and Michener (1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 265-305, pis. XV-XVIII). Subsequently
it has generally been recognized and treated alternatively as a number of independent tribes as-
signable either to the subfamily Anthophorinae (e.g., Michener, 1944. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui.
82: 270-271) or to the subfamily Nomadinae in the family Anthophoridae (e.g., Michener, 1974.
The social behavior of bees, Chapter 2, fig. 2.2). The limits of several tribes are imperfectly
known (e.g., Epeolini, Osirini, etc.) and therefore a thorough reevaluation of the position and
classification of these cleptoparasitic bees treated here as a subfamily of the Anthophoridae is
clearly indicated. Superficially at least, it appears that these bees bear the same relationship
within the superfamily Apoidea as do the Sapygidae within the superfamUy Scolioidea.

Revision: Linsley and Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 265-305 (classification).

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 338-437, figs. 98-107, tables
11-13 (eastern U. S. spp.). — Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 1-38, 83 figs, (larva).

Tribe BIASTINI

Included in this tribe are two genera, Biastes which occurs in the Palaearctic Region and
Neopasites which is found only in the Nearctic Region.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 33-36, figs. 72-78 (larva).

Genus NEOPASITES Ashmead
Revision: Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 141 (as Gnathopasites).
Taxonomy: Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1067, figs. 180-185 (larva).

Genus NEOPASITES Subgenus NEOPASITES Ashmead

Neopasites Ashmead, 1898. Psyche 8: 284.

Type-species: Phileremus fulviventris Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.
Gnathopasites Linsley and Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 272.

Type-species: Phileremus fulviventris Cresson. Orig. desig.




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Neopasites fulviventris (Cresson)
Calif. Host: Dufourea dentipes Bohart?

Phileremus fulviventris Cresson, 1873. Amer. Ent. Sec, Trans. 8: 83. ♂.

Neopasites sierrae (Linsley)
Calif.

Gnathopasites {Gyiatkopasites) sierrae Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Sec, Trans. 6: 144. ♀, ♂.

Genus NEOPASITES Subgenus MICROPASITES Linsley

Gnathopasites subg. Micropasites Linsley, 1942. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18: 130.

Type-species: Neopasites cressoiii Crawford. Monotypic and orig. desig.

An undescribed species of this subgenus has been reared from Dufourea {Halictoides)
trochantera Bohart.

Neopasites cressoni Crawford
Calif., Ariz. Host: Dufourea mulleri (Ckll.).

Neopasites cressoni Crawford, 1916. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 4: 136. ♂.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 33-36, figs. 72-83 (larva).

Biology: Torchio, Rozen, Bohart and Favreau, 1967. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 75: 143-145, figs.
7-9 (adult activity, oviposition, egg, host).

Neopasites mojavensis (Linsley)
Calif.

Gnathopasites (Micropasites) mojavensis Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 148. ♀.

Neopasites timberlakei (Linsley)
Calif.

Gnathopasites (Micropasites) timberlakei Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 147. ♀.
6.

Tribe TOWNSENDIELLINI

Townsendiella is the only genus included in this tribe and, so far as known, the species are
cleptoparasites in the nests of Conanthalictus and Hesperapis.

Genus TOWNSENDIELLA Crawford

Revision: Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 93 (included spp.).

Genus TOWNSENDIELLA Subgenus TOWNSENDIELLA Crawford

Townsendiella Crawford, 1916. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 4: 138.
Type-species: Townsendiella pulchra Crawford. Monotypic.

Townsendiella pulchra Crawford
N. Mex., south. Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).

Townsendiella pulchra Crawford, 1916. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 4: 138. ♀.

Genus TOWNSENDIELLA Subgenus XEROPASITES Linsley

Townsendiella subg. Xeropasites Linsley, 1942. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18: 130.

Type-species: Townsendiella (Xeropasites) rufiventris Linsley. Monotypic and orig.
desig.

Townsendiella rufiventris Linsley
South. Calif.

Townsendiella (Xeropasites) rufiventris Linsley, 1942. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18: 130. ♀, ♂.

Genus TOWNSENDIELLA Subgenus EREMOPASITES Linsley

Townsendiella subg. Eremopasites Linsley, 1942. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18: 131.

Type-species: Townsendiella califomica Michener. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Townsendiella californica Michener
South. Calif. Host: Hesperapis rufipes (Ashm.).
Townsendiella califomica Michener, 1936. Ent. News 47: 181. ♀, ♂.

Tribe NEOLARRINI

This tribe contains only the Nearctic genus Neolarra whose species are parasitic in the nests
of the andrenid genus Perdita and possibly also Nomadopsis.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 36-37, figs. 79-83 (larva).




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Genus NEOLARRA Ashmead

Revision: Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 347-362.

Genus NEOLARRA Subgenus NEOLARRA Ashmead

Neolarra Ashmead, 1890. Colo. Biol. Assoc, Bui. 1: 8.

Type-species: Neolarra pruinosa Ashmead. Monotypic.

Neolarra abdominalis Michener
Mont.

Neolarra (Neolarra) abdominalis Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 352. ♀, ♂.

Neolarra alba Cockerell
South. Calif.

Neolarra alba Cockerell, 1916. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 17: 285. ♂.

Neolarra californica Michener
South. Calif.

Neolarra (Neolarra) califoniica Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 356. ♀, ♂.

Neolarra congregata Crawford
Tex., N. Mex.

Neolarra congregata Crawford, 1907. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 15: 181. ♀, ♂.

Neolarra helianthi Cockerell
Colo.

Neolarra congregata helianthi Cockerell, 1936. Amer. Mus. Novitates 831: 5. ♂.

Neolarra linsleyi Michener
South. Calif.

Neolarra (Neolarra) linsleyi Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 357. ♀, ♂.

Neolarra pruinosa Ashmead
Alta. to Colo., N. Mex. and Calif. Host: Perdita (Cockerelhila) opuntiae
Ckll., P. (Perdita) zebrata zebrata Cress.

Neolarra pniinosa Ashmead, 1890. Colo. Biol. Assoc, Bui. 1: 8. ♀.

Neolarra vittata Cockerell, 1916. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 17: 285. ♂.

Taxonomy: Baker, 1896. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 4: 23. 9, d. — Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus.
Novitates 2244: 36-37 (larva).

Biology: Rozen, 1965. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 73: 87-88 (adult activity, host).

Neolarra vandykei Michener
Calif. (Oakley).

Neolarra (Neolarra) vandykei Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 353. ♀, ♂.

Neolarra verbesinae (Cockerell)
Nebr. to N. Mex.

Philerenms verbesinae Cockerell, 1895. Psyche 7 (sup.): 10. ♀, ♂.

Genus NEOLARRA Subgenus PHILEREMULUS Cockerell

Phileremulus Cockerell, 1895. Psyche 7 (sup.): 9.

Type-species: Phileremulus vigilans Cockerell. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Neolarra cockerelli (Crawford)
Tex., Tenn., Ga. Host: Perdita (Alloperdita) obscurata Cress.?

Phileremulus cockerelli Crawford, 1916. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 4: 139. ♀.

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 490 (redescription, possible

parasite).

Neolarra coloradensis Michener
Colo.

Neolarra (Phileremulus) coloradensis Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 352. ♀.
6.
mailochi (Crawford). Alta.

Phileremulus mailochi Crawford, 1912. Canad. Ent. 44: 359. ♂.

Neolarra vigilans (Cockerell)
N. Mex., south. Calif. Host: Perdita (Perdita) indioeyisis Timb.

Phileremulus vigilans Cockerell, 1895. Psyche 7 (sup.): 9. ♂, ♀.

Phileremulus 7ianus Cockerell, 1895. Psyche 7 (sup.): 9. ♀.

Tribe HOLCOPASITINI

This tribe contains only two genera, Holcopasites from the Nearctic Region and
Schmiedeknechtia of the Palaearctic Region.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 30-33, figs. 66-71 (larva).




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Genus HOLCOPASITES Ashmead

Insofar as known the species of this genus are cleptoparasites in the nests of pollen-collecting
bees belonging to the subfamily Panurginae of the family Andrenidae. Although a definite host
association has been established with the genera Calliopsis, Heterosarus, Hypomacrotera, Pseu-
dopanurgus and Pterosarus, thus far none of the other genera of the formerly recognized tribe
Panurgini {Nomadopsis, Panurginus, Perdita, Protandrena, etc.) which occur within the geo-
graphic range of Holcopasites has been implicated as a possible host.

Revision: Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 119 (as Neopasites). — Hurd and
Linsley, 1972. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 114: 1-41, 16 figs., 1 table (Nearctic spp., including
biology).

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 30-33, figs. 66-71 (larva).

Biology: Rozen, 1965. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 73: 88-91, figs. 1-4 (life history). — Shinn, 1967.
Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 46: 928-932. —Hurd and Linsley, 1972. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 114: 2,
table 1 (host associations, summary of literature).

Genus HOLCOPASITES Subgenus TRICHOPASITES Linsley

Neopasites subg. Trichopasites Linsley, 1942. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18: 127.

Type-species: Neopasites (Trichopasites) insoletus Linsley. Monotypic and orig.
desig.
Neopasites subg. Odontopasites Linsley, 1942. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18: 128.

Type-species: Neopasites (Odo7itopasites) arizonicus Linsley. Monotypic and orig.
desig.

Holcopasites arizonicus (Linsley)
Idaho, Utah, Colo., Ariz., N. Mex., south into Mexico (Baja California and
Zacatecas). Host: Calliopsis coloradensis Cress., C. pectidis Shinn?, Pterosarus occidus
(Timb.)?, P. timberlakei Ckll.?
Neopasites {Odo7itopasites) arizonicus Linsley, 1942. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18: 129. ♀, ♂.

Holcopasites insoletus (Linsley)
Ariz., N. Mex. Host: Pterosarus boylei (Ckll.)?, P. perlaevis (Ckll.)?, P.
timberlakei (Ckll.)?
Neopasites (Trichopasites) insoletus Linsley, 1942. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18: 128. ♀.

Holcopasites rozeni Hurd and Linsley
Ariz.; Mexico (Sinaloa and Sonora).

Holcopasites (Trichopasites) rozeni Hurd and Linsley, 1972. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 114:
10. ♀, ♂.

Genus HOLCOPASITES Subgenus HOLCOPASITES Ashmead

Holcopasites Ashmead, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 26: 82.

Type-species: Phileremus illinoieyisis Robertson. Desig. by Crawford, 1915.

Spotted Species Group

Holcopasites apacheorum Hurd and Linsley
Ariz., N. Mex.

Holcopasites (Holcopasites) apacheorum Hurd and Linsley, 1972. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool.
114: 14. ♀.

Holcopasites bohartorum Hurd and Linsley
Ariz., Calif. (Blythe).

Holcopasites (Holcopasites) bohartorum Hurd and Linsley, 1972. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool.
114: 18, fig. 8. ♀, ♂.

Holcopasites calliopsidis
***authority mismatch
calliopsidis (Linsley). Mont, to N. Y., south to Tenn., Tex. and Ariz.; Mexico
(Zacatecas). Host: Calliopsis andreniformis Sm., Pseudopanurgus sp.?
Neopasites calliopsidis Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 137. ♀, ♂.
Holcopasites pseudocarinatus Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 489. ♀.

Biology: Ainslie, 1937. Canad. Ent. 69: 99 (as stevensi). —Shinn, 1967. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui.
46: 928-932 (life history).

Holcopasites calliopsidis
***authority mismatch
carinatus (Linsley). South. Tex.; Mexico (Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi and Veracruz).
Neopasites carinatus Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 127. ♀.




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Holcopasites heliopsis (Robertson)
Alta., Mont., Colo, and 111., south to Ark. and Kans. Host: Calliopsis
nehraskensis Cwfd.?
Ammobates heliopsis Robertson, 1897. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 7: 350. ♂.
Holcopasites lutzi Cockerell, 1934. Amer. Mus. Novitates 697: 12. ♂.

Holcopasites pulchellus (Cresson)
Alta., Sask. to N. Dak., south to Tex., N. Mex. and Ariz.; Mexico
(Durango, Michoacan and Zacatecas). Host: Pseudopanurgus sp.?
Phileremus pulchellus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 84. ♀, ♂.
Neopasites robertsoni Crawford, 1906. Canad. Ent. 38: 283. ♀, ♂.
Neopasites robertsoni pubescens Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 131. ♂.

Holcopasites tegularis Hurd and Linsley
Ariz. Host: Heterosarus nanulus (Timb.).

Holcopasites (Holcopasites) tegularis Hurd and Linsley, 1972. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 114:
24. ♀, ♂.

Banded Species Group

Holcopasites bigibbosus Hurd and Linsley
Ariz. (Willcox); N. Mex. (Rodeo).

Holcopasites (Holcopasites) bigibbosus Hurd and Linsley, 1972. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool.
114: 28, fig. 1, 14. ♀, ♂.
cazieri Hurd and Linsley. Ariz., N. Mex.

Holcopasites (Holcopasites) cazieri Hurd and Linsley, 1972. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 114:
29, figs. 4, 16. ♀, ♂.

Holcopasites eamia (Cockerell)
Tex., Okla.

Neopasites eamia Cockerell, 1909. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 4: 29. ♂.

Holcopasites acanthochilus Crawford, 1915. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 3: 125. ♀.

Holcopasites texanus Crawford, 1915. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 3: 126. ♂.

Holcopasites haematurus Cockerell and Hicks
Iowa, Nebr., Kans., Colo.

Holcopasites haematurus Cockerell and Hicks, 1926. Ent. News 37: 107. ♂.

Holcopasites illinoiensis
***authority mismatch
illinoiensis (Robertson). 111. to Mass., south to Ga., La. and Tex. Host: Calliopsis
andrenifomiis Sm.

Phileremus illinoiensis Robertson, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 64. ♀.

Holcopasites pratti Ashmead In Crawford, 1915. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 3: 123. ♀.

Neopasites piinctulatus Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 135. ♂.

Holcopasites illinoiensis
***authority mismatch
minimus (Linsley). Ariz., N. Mex.; Mexico (Sonora). Host: Hypomacrotera callops
persimilis Ckll., H. callops callops Ckll.?

Neopasites minimus Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 126. ♀.

Holcopasites stevensi Crawford
Alta., N. Dak., Nebr., Tex., N. Mex., Ariz. Host: Calliopsis crypta Shinn, C.

Holcopasites rozeni
***authority mismatch
Shinn?

Holcopasites stevensi Crawford, 1915. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 3: 125. ♀, ♂.

Neopasites elegans Linsley, 1944. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 52: 277. ♀.

Neopasites knulli Linsley, 1944. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 52: 278. ♀.

Tribe AMMOBATINI

Although this tribe is represented in the Palaearctic and Ethiopian regions by several genera,
only the Nearctic genus Oreopasites is present in the New World and its species are apparently
all cleptoparasitic in the nests of the andrenid genera Nomadopsis and Hypomacrotera.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 28-30, figs. 56-60 (larvae). — Rozen,
1974. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2551: 1-16, 33 figs, (larvae, pupae).

Genus OREOPASITES Cockerell

Oreopasites Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 22: 442.
Type-species: Oreopasites scituli Cockerell. Monotypic

Revision: Linsley, 1941. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 66: 307.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 203-207, 6 figs, (larva). —Rozen, 1966. Amer.
Mus. Novitates 2244: 28-30, figs. 56-58. —Rozen, 1974. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2551: 12-15,
figs. 26-28 (larvae, pupae).




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Oreopasites albinota Linsley
Calif.

Oreopasites albinota Linsley, 1941. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 66: 313. ♀.

Oreopasites arizonica Linsley
Ariz.

Oreopasites arizonica Linsley, 1941. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 66: 310. ♀.

Oreopasites euphorbiae Cockerell
South. Calif. Host: Noniadopsis euphorbiae (Ckll.).
Oreopasites euphorbiae Cockerell, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent. 5: 105. ♀, ♂.

Oreopasites scituli Cockerell
Colo. Host: Noniadopsis scitula (Cress.).

Oreopasites scituli Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 22: 442. ♀, ♂.

Oreopasites vanduzeei
***authority mismatch
diabloensis Linsley. North. Calif. Host: Noniadopsis sp.

Oreopasites vanduzeei diabloensis Linsley, 1941. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 66: 315. ♀, ♂.

Oreopasites vanduzeei
***authority mismatch
melanantha Linsley. North. Calif. (Sierra Nevada). Host: Nomadopsis anthidia
(Fowler).

Oreopasites vanduzeei melanantha Linsley, 1941. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 66: 316. ♀, ♂.

Oreopasites vanduzeei
***authority mismatch
vanduzeei Cockerell. North. Calif. (Cent. Valley). Host: Noniadopsis equina (CklL).

Oreopasites vanduzeei Cockerell, 1925. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc (4) 14: 202. ♀.

Oreopasites vanduzeei
***authority mismatch
vernalis Linsley. South Calif. Host: Noniadopsis sp.

Oreopasites vanduzeei vernalis Linsley, 1941. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 66: 317. ♀, ♂.

Oreopasites vanduzeei
***authority mismatch
xerophila Linsley. Ariz., South. Calif, (deserts). Host: Nomadopsis puellae (Ckll.).

Oreopasites vanduzeei xerophila Linsley, 1941. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 66: 318. ♀, ♂.

Tribe PROTEPEOLINI

This is a small group found only in the Americas. In addition to the genus Protepeolus it con-
tains Isepeolus and possibly one other Neotropical genus.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 10-12, figs. 2-7 (larva).
Genus PROTEPEOLUS Linsley and Michener

Protepeolus Linsley and Michener, 1937. Pan-Pacific Ent. 13: 75.

Type-species: Protepeolus singularis Linsley and Michener. Monotypic and orig.
desig.

Protepeolus integer Linsley
South Calif, to west. Tex.; Mexico (Durango and Jalisco). Host: Diadasia
ochracea (Ckll.)?
Protepeolus integer Linsley, 1939. Pan-Pacific Ent. 15: 4. ♂.

Taxonomy: Kurd and Linsley, 1963. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 36: 253-255. 6, 9 (possible
parasite).

Protepeolus singularis Linsley and Michener
N. Mex. Host: Diadasia ochracea (Ckll.).

Protepeolus singularis Linsley and Michener, 1937. Pan-Pacific Ent. 13: 76. ♀.

Biology: Eickwort, Eickwort and Linsley, 1977. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 50: 2, 9 (host, as
Diadasia olivacea).

Tribe EPEOLOIDINI

Although there is a South American species attributed to the genus Epeoloides, the tribe is
apparently represented only in the Holarctic Region by the genus Epeoloides. It is believed that
the species are cleptoparasitic in the nests of the melittid genus Macropis.

Genus EPEOLOIDES Giraud

Epeoloides Giraud, 1863. Zool.-Bot. Gesell, Wien., Verb. 13: 45.

Type-species: Apis coecutiens Fabricius. Monotypic. {=E peoloides ambiguus
Giraud).
Viereckella Swenk, 1907. Ent. News 18: 298.

Type-species: Viereckella obscura Swenk. Orig. desig.

Epeoloides obscura (Swenk)
Nebr.

Viereckella obscura Swenk, 1907. Ent. News 18: 299. ♀.




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Epeoloides pilosula (Cresson)
Canada (Cap. Rouge), New England to Ga., west to Wis. and N. Dak.
Nomada pilosula Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 77. ♂.
Nomia compacta Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada, Hym., p. 337. ♂.
Epeolus pilosulus Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada, Hym., p. 426. ♀.
Viereckella ceanothina Cockerell, 1907. Ent. News 18: 300. ♀.
Epeoloides nearcticus Ducke, 1909. Rev. Ent. Caen 27: 39. ♀.

Taxonomy: Crawford, 1917. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 19: 167. —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt.
Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 491-492, figs. 115, 116 (redescription, synonymy).

Tribe EPEOLINI

The members of this tribe share many features with the Nomadini and perhaps, as has been
suggested, they should be placed together in the Nomadini. With the exception of the primarily
Holarctic genus Epeolus and a few Old World species of the predominantly New World genus
Triepeolus, the epeoline bees are centered in the Americas and are especially well represented
in the Neotropical Region by several genera. Only the genera Epeolus and Triepeolus are
present in America north of Mexico, but it appears that a few of our species belong to the genus
Trophocleptri.a.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 12-22, figs. 8-38 (larva).

Genus EPEOLUS Latreille

Epeolus Latreille, 1802. Hist. Nat. Fourmis, p. 427.

Type-species: Apis variegata Linnaeus. Monotypic. i=Nomada variegata Fabricius).
Pyrrhomelecta Ashmead, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 26: 66.

Type-species: Epeolus glabratus Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.
Argyroselenis Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 284.

Type-species: Triepeolus minimus Robertson. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Insofar as known, the species of this chiefly Holarctic genus are cleptoparasitic in the nests of
the genus Colletes.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1928. Colo. Univ., Studies 16: 105 (key). — Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ.
Sci. Bui. 35: 1072, figs. 195, 196, 198 (larva). —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech.
Bui. 152: 438-458, figs. 108-110 (eastern U. S. spp.). —Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates
2244: 19-20, figs. 25-32 (larva).

Epeolus ainsliei Crawford
Iowa.

Epeolus ainsliei Crawford, 1932. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 34: 74. ♀.

Epeolus americanus (Cresson)
Canada; Colo., Calif.

Phileremus americanus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 83. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 33. -Linsley, 1939. Pan-Pacific
Ent. 15: 1.

Epeolus arciferus Cockerell
Calif.

Epeolus arciferus Cockerell, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 319. ♀.

Epeolus asperatus Cockerell
Calif.

Epeolus asperatus Cockerell, 1909. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 5: 25. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1934. Amer. Mus. Novitates 697: 12. ♀.

Epeolus australis Mitchell
N. C, Ga.

Epeolus australis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 441, fig. 110. ♀, ♂.

Epeolus autumnalis Robertson
Minn, to Maine, south to N. C. Host: Colletes compactus Cress.?
Epeolus autumnalis Robertson, 1902. Ent. News 13: 81. ♀.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 287, 288. ♀.

Epeolus banksi (Cockerell)
Minn, to N. J. and N. C.

Triepeolus banksi Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 135. ♂.

Epeolus barberiellus Cockerell
N. Mex.

Epeolus barberiellus Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 266. ♀.




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Epeolus beulahensis Cockerell
N. Mex., Colo., Iowa.

Epeolus beulahensis Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 40. ♀.

Epeolus bifasciatus
***authority mismatch
bifasciatus Cresson. New England to Fla., west to Minn., Colo., Tex.; Mexico
(northern). Host: CoUetes latitarsis Robertson? Another subspecies occurs in Mexico
and Panama.
Epeolus bifasciatus Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 3: 38. ♂.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 33: 287, 288. 9, 6 (key).

Epeolus canadensis Mitchell
N. S., Que., N. Y., Ont., Mich., Ind.

Epeolus canadejisis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 444, fig. 110. ♀.
6.

Epeolus carolinus Mitchell
N. C, Fla.

Epeolus carolinus Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 445, fig. 110. ♀, ♂.

Epeolus compactus Cresson
Tex. to Colo., Nev., Calif.

Epeolus compactus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7. 89. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Brues, 1903. Ent. News 14: 79 (key).
cruets Cockerell. N. Mex.

Epeolus crucis Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 39. ♀.

Epeolus eastwoodae Cockerell
Calif. (San Miguel Isl.).

Epeolus eastwoodae Cockerell, 1937. Pan-Pacific Ent. 13: 149. ♂.

Epeolus erigeronis Mitchell
N. C, Ga., Fla.

Epeolus erigeronis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 445, fig. 110. ♀, ♂.

Epeolus floridensis Mitchell
Fla.

Epeolus floridensis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 446, fig. 110. ♀, ♂.

Epeolus fumipennis Say
Tex., north. Mex.

Epeolus fumipeyinis Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 403.

Epeolus gabrielis Cockerell
Calif.

Epeolus gabrielis Cockerell, 1909. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 5: 26. ♂.

Epeolus geminatus Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 315. ♀.
d.

Epeolus glabratus Cresson
Ga., Fla.

Epeolus glabratus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 90. ♂.

Epeolus hitei
***authority mismatch
Cockerell. Colo.

Epeolus hitei Cockerell, 1908. Entomologist 41: 60. ♀.

Epeolus howardi Mitchell
N. C. (Southern Pines). Host: CoUetes hoivardi Sw.?

Epeolus howardi Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. St. Tech. Bui. 152: 447, fig. 110. ♀, ♂.

Epeolus humillimus Cockerell
Wash., Oreg.

Epeolus humillivius Cockerell, 1918. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 9: 160. ♂.

Epeolus ilicis Mitchell
R. I. and Mass. to Ga., Tenn.

Epeolus ilicis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 448, fig. 110. ♀, ♂.

Epeolus interruptus Robertson
N. J. to Ga., west to Colo., Calif, and Tex. Host: CoUetes aestivalis
Patton?

Epeolus interruptus Robertson, 1900. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 10: 55. ♀.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 33: 287, 288. 9, 6 (key).

Epeolus lanhami Mitchell
Maine, Pa., Mich.

Epeolus lanharn-i Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 450, fig. 110. ♀, ♂.

Epeolus lectiformis Cockerell
Colo.

Epeolus lectiformis Cockerell, 1925. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 16: 623. ♀.

Epeolus lectoides Robertson
111. to New England, south to Ga.

Epeolus lectoides Robertson, 1901. Canad. Ent. 33: 231. ♀.

Epeolus semilectus Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 136. ♂.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 287, 288. 9, 6 (key).

Epeolus lectus Cresson
Kans., S. Dak.

Epeolus lectus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 88. ♀.




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Epeolus agnathus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Sec, Trans. 7: 89. ♂.

Epeolus lutzi Cockerell
Colo., Utah, Alta.

Epeolus lutzi Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 16. ♂, ♀.

Epeolus lutzi dimissus Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 16. ♀.

Epeolus melectimimus Cockerell and Sandhouse
Calif.

Epeolus melectimimus Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 317.
6.

Epeolus mercatus Fabricius
"Carolina."

Epeolus mercatus Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 389.

Epeolus mesillae
***authority mismatch
mesillae (Cockerell). N. Mex. to south. Calif. Host: Colletes clypeonitens Swenk?

Phileremus mesillae Cockerell, 1895. Psyche 7 (sup.): 10. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 42. 9. — Hurd and Linsley, 1975.
Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193:40 (Larrea visitation).

Epeolus mesillae
***authority mismatch
palmarum Linsley. South. Calif. Host: Colletes clypeonitens Swenk?
Epeolus mesillae palmarum Linsley, 1939. Pan-Pacific Ent. 15: 2. ♀.

Epeolus minimus (Robertson)
111., Mich., Wis., west to Colo, and Calif. Host: Colletes eulophi
Robertson.
Triepeolus minim,us Robertson, 1902. Ent. News 13: 81.

Biology: Graenicher, 1906. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 4: 135.

Epeolus montanus (Cresson)
Nev.

Phileremus montanus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 83. ♂.

Epeolus novomexicanus Cockerell
N. Mex.

Epeolus novomexicanus Cockerell, 1912. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 10: 487. ♂.

Epeolus olympiellus Cockerell
Wash.

Epeolus olympiellus Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 41. ♂.

Epeolus oswegoensis Mitchell
N. Y. (Oswego).

Epeolus oswegoensis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 453. ♂.

Epeolus pilatei Cockerell
Calif.

Epeolus pilatei Cockerell, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 320. ♀.

Epeolus piscatoris Cockerell
South. Calif. Is.

Epeolus piscatoris Cockerell, 1939. Cahf. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 23: 432. ♀.

Epeolus pusillus Cresson
Maine to Fla., west to Tex., Calif., Utah, Colo, and Wyo. Host: Colletes

Epeolus americanus
***authority mismatch
Cresson?, C. ciliatoides Stephen, C. compactus compactus Cress., C.
deserticola Timb.

Epeolus pusillus Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 393. ♀.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 287, 288. 9, 6 (key). — Brues, 1903. Ent. News

14: 80, 82 (key). — Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 19-20, figs. 28-32 (larva).

Epeolus rubrostictus Cockerell and Sandhouse
Cahf.

Epeolus rubrostictus Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 318. ♀.

Epeolus rufomaculatus Cockerell and Sandhouse
Calif., Utah, Colo.

Epeolus rufomaculatus Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 314.
9, 6.

Epeolus rufulus Cockerell
Colo.

Epeolus rufulus Cockerell, 1941. Canad. Ent. 73: 36. ♀.

Epeolus scelestus Cresson
Tex.

Epeolus scelestus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 86. ♀.

Epeolus scelestus var. tubercularis Brues, 1903. Ent. News 14: 79. ♀.

Epeolus scutellaris Say
N. S. to N. C. and Fla., west to Minn, and Tex.

Epeolus scutellaris Say, 1824. In Keating, Narr. Long's 2nd Exped., v. 2, p. 355. ♀.

Epeolus venioniae Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 136. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc Phila., Proc. 2: 397. 9. —Robertson, 1897. Acad. Sci. St.
Louis, Trans. 7: 343. ♀, ♂.




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Epeolus tristicolor Viereck
B. C.

Epeolus tristicolor Viereck, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 280. ♀.

Epeolus vernalis Mitchell
N. C. (Holly Shelter).

Epeohis vernalis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 455. ♀.

Epeolus weemsi Mitchell
Fla. (Alachua Co.).

Epeolus weemsi Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 455. ♂.

Epeolus zonatus Smith
Fla.

Epeolus zonatus Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 257. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 397. ♀, ♂.

Genus TRIEPEOLUS Robertson

Triepeolus Robertson, 1901. Canad. Ent. 33: 231.

Type-species: Epeolus concavus Cresson. Orig. desig.
Triepeolus subg. Synepeolus Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 6.

Type-species: Triepeolus {Synepeolus) insolitus Cockerell. Monotypic.

While most of the known host information suggests that these bees are cleptoparasites in the
nests of eucerine bees (e.g., Melissodes, Peponapis, Svastra, and Xenoglossa), at least some spe-
cies are known to be parasites of other Anthophoridae (e.g., Anthophora, Centris) as well as Col-
letidae (Ptiloglossa), Oxaeidae (Protoxaea) and Halictidae (Noynia).

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1928. Colo. Univ., Studies 16: 107 (key). — Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ.

Sci. Bui. 35: 1070, figs. 190-194, 197 (larva). —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech.

Bui. 152: 459-485, fig. Ill (eastern U. S. spp.). — Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244:

12-19, figs. 15-24 (larva).

Triepeolus agaricifer Cockerell
N. Mex.

Triepeolus agaricifer Cockerell, 1907. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 20: 60. ♂.

Triepeolus alachuensis Mitchell
Fla. (Alachua Co.).

Triepeolus alachuensis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 462. ♀.

Triepeolus alpestris Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus alpestris Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 21: 13. ♀.

Triepeolus amandus Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus amandus Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 10. ♂.

Triepeolus ancoratus Cockerell
Calif.

Triepeolus ancoratus Cockerell, 1916. Pomona Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 63. ♀.

Triepeolus argyreus (Cockerell)
Wash., Oreg., Calif..

Epeolus argyreus Cockerell, 1907. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 20: 60. ♂.

Triepeolus balteatus Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus balteatus Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 5. ♂.

Triepeolus bardus (Cresson)
Tex. to Minn. Host: Nomia sp.?

Epeolus bardus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 84. ♀.

Taxonomy: Brues, 1903. Ent. News 14: 80 (key). —Cockerell, 1935. Amer. Mus. Novitates
766: 7. 9, (J (possible host).

Triepeolus bihamatus (Cockerell)
Wash.

Epeolus bihamatus Cockerell, 1907. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 20: 61. ♂.

Triepeolus blaisdelli
***authority mismatch
Cockerell and Sandhouse. Calif. (Mokelumne).

Triepeolus blaisdelli Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 310. ♂.

Triepeolus brittaini Cockerell
N. S.

Triepeolus brittaini Cockerell, 1931. Canad. Ent. 63: 297. ♂.

Triepeolus brunnescens Cockerell and Sandhouse
Calif.

Triepeolus brunnescens Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 313.
6.

Triepeolus brunneus Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus brunneus Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 7. ♀.




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Triepeolus californicus (Cresson)
Calif.

Epeolus californicus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 86. ♀.

Triepeolus callopus
***authority mismatch
Coclierell. Calif.

Triepeolus callopus Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 202. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1916. Pomona Col. Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 63-64. ♂, ♀.

Triepeolus charlottensis Mitchell
N. B. (Charlotte Co.).

Triepeolus charlottensis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 462, fig. 112.
9.

Triepeolus cirsianus Mitchell
Ind. (Warren Co.).

Triepeolus cirsianus Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 463. ♂.

Triepeolus concavus (Cresson)
N. C. and Fla., west to III, Wis., Colo, and Calif. Host: Svastra obliqua
obliqua (Say).
Epeolus concavus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 85. ♀.

Taxonomy: Brues, 1903. Ent. News 14: 81, fig. 9, 6. —Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 33: 284,
285. 9, 6 (key). — Linsley and Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: pis. 15, 18.

Biology: Custer, 1928. Canad. Ent. 60: 28. —Custer, 1929. Psyche 36: 293.

Triepeolus coquilletti Cockerell
Calif., Miss.

Triepeolus coquilletti Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 106. ♀.

Triepeolus cressonii
***authority mismatch
cressonii (Robertson). Minn, to New England, south to Tenn. and N. C.

Epeolus cressonii Robertson, 1897. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 7: 344. ♂, ♀.

Triepeolus cressonii
***authority mismatch
fraserae Cockerell. N. Mex.

Triepeolus cressoni \ar. fraserae Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 39. ♂.

Triepeolus custeri Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus custeri Cockerell, 1926. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 17: 306. ♂.

Triepeolus cyclurus Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus cyclurus Cockerell, 1923. Ent. News 34: 49. ♀.

Triepeolus dacotensis (Stevens)
N. Dak., Utah. Parasite: Anthrax limatulus Say.

Epeolus dacotensis Stevens, 1919. Canad. Ent. 51: 210. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Bohart, 1970. The Evolution of Parasitism among bees. Utah State Univ. Ann.
Honor lecture p. 22, fig. 20, 22, 24, 27 (egg, larva, parasite).

Triepeolus denverensis Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus denverensis Cockerell, 1910. Entomologist, 43:91. ♂.

Triepeolus dichropus Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus dichropus Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 11. ♂.

Triepeolus distinctus (Cresson)
Ga., Fla.

Epeolus distinctus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 84. ♂, ♀.

Triepeolus diversipes Cockerell
Calif.

Triepeolus diversipes Cockerell, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc (4) 13: 314. ♂.

Triepeolus donatus (Smith)
Wis. to New England and South. Canada, south to Ga. Host: Melitoma taurea
Say.

Epeolus donatus Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 256. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 285, 286. 9, 6 (key).
Biology: Lutz and Cockerell, 1920. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 42: 592 (host).

Triepeolus eldoradensis (Cockerell)
Colo.

Epeolus eldoradensis Cockerell, 1910. Psyche 17: 245. ♂.

Triepeolus eldredi Cockerell
Wash., Utah, Wyo. Host: Melissodes rustica (Say).
Triepeolus eldredi Cockerell, 1907. Canad. Ent. 39: 52. ♂.

Biology: Clement, 1973. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 46: 516-525 (host).

Triepeolus floridanus Mitchell
Fla. (Gainesville).

Triepeolus floridanus Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 468. ♂.

Triepeolus fortis Cockerell
Colo., Calif.

Triepeolus fortis Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 3. ♀, ♂.




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Triepeolus fraseri Cockerell
N. Mex.

Triepeolusfraseri Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 39. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1907. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 20: 62. 6 (key).

Triepeolus georgicus Mitchell
Ga. (Fort Gordon).

Triepeolus georgicus Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 469, fig. 112. ♀.

Triepeolus grindeliae Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus grindeliae Cockerell, 1907. Canad. Ent. 39: 51. ♀.

Triepeolus haematurus Cockerell and Sandhouse
Utah.

Triepeolus haematurus Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 311.
9.

Triepeolus helianthi
***authority mismatch
arizonensis Cockerell. Ariz.

Triepeolus helianthi var. arizonensis Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 39.
6.

Triepeolus helianthi
***authority mismatch
grandior Cockerell. Colo., N. Mex.

Triepeolus helianthi grandior Cockerell, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 300. ♀, ♂.

Triepeolus helianthi
***authority mismatch
helianthi (Robertson). Ind., 111., and Wis., west to Colo., Wyo. and Ariz. Host:
Melissodes trinodus Robt., M. composita Tucker?
Epeolus helianthi Robertson, 1897. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 7: 344. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 3, 15 (key).

Biology: Graenicher, 1905. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 3: 164-166, figs. — Hurd and Linsley,
1959. Ent. News 70: 141-146 (?host).

Triepeolus helianthi
***authority mismatch
pacificus Cockerell. Colo.

Triepeolus helianthi pacificus Cockerell, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 300. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 4, 15 (key).

Triepeolus heterurus (Cockerell and Sandhouse)
Cahf., Oreg.

Epeolus heterurus Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 316. ♀, ♂.

Triepeolus hopkinsi Cockerell
Ariz.

Triepeolus hopkinsi Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 184. ♂.

Triepeolus insolitus Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus (Synepeolus) insolitus Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 6. ♂.

Triepeolus inyoensis Cockerell and Sandhouse
Calif.

Triepeolus inyoensis Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc 4 (13): 309. ♂.

Triepeolus isocomae Cockerell
N. Mex.

Triepeolus isocomae Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 38. ♂.

Triepeolus junctus Mitchell
N. Y., N. C.

Triepeolus junctus Mitchell, 1962. N. C, Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 471. ♀, ♂.

Triepeolus laticaudus Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus laticaudus Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 12. ♀.

Triepeolus lestes Cockerell
Colo., Calif. ^

Triepeolus lestes Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 11. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent. 5: 102. ♀, ♂.

Triepeolus lineatulus Cockerell and Sandhouse
Calif., Ariz. Host: Melissodes tepida timberlakei Ckll.
Triepeolus lineatulus Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 306. ♀.
d.

Triepeolus loganensis Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus loganensis Cockerell, 1925. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 16: 624. ♂.

Triepeolus lunatus
***authority mismatch
concolor (Robertson). Minn, to Pa., south to Fla. and Tex. Host: Melissodes
bimaculata bimaculata (LeP.).
Epeolus lunatus var. concolor Robertson, 1898. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 8: 51.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 285, 286. 9, 6 (key). —Cockerell, 1904. Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 35. 6 (key). —Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 14
(key).




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Triepeolus lunatus
***authority mismatch
lunatus (Say). Minn, to New England, south to Fla., west to Tex., N. Mex. and Colo.
Epeolus lunatus Say, 1824. In Keating, Narr. Long's 2nd Exped., v. 2, p. 354. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Brues, 1903. Ent. News 14: 79, 80. 9,6 (key). —Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35:

284, 286. 9, 6 (key). -Cockerell, 1907. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 20: 62. 6 (key).

—Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 2, 14. (key).

Triepeolus lusor Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus lusor Cockerell, 1925. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 16: 625. ♂.

Triepeolus maculiventris Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus maculiventris Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 11. ♀.

Triepeolus martini (Cockerell)
N. Mex., Colo.

Epeolus remigatus var. martini Cockerell, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32: 362. cJ, 9.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 14: 24 (tax. status).

Triepeolus mensae Cockerell
Oreg.

Triepeolus mensae Cockerell, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 313. ♂.

Triepeolus mesillae Cockerell
Kans., N. Mex. Host: Nomia triangulifera Vachal.

Triepeolus mesillae Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 36. ♀.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 16-17, figs. 19-23 (larva).

Triepeolus michiganensis Mitchell
Conn., N. Y., Mich.

Triepeolus michiganensis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 473. ♀, ♂.

Triepeolus micropygius
***authority mismatch
atripes Mitchell. Pa., N. C, Ga.

Triepeolus micropygius atripes Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 474,
fig. 112. ♀, ♂.

Triepeolus micropygius
***authority mismatch
micropygius Robertson. IH.

Triepeolus micropygius Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 286. ♀.

Triepeolus mitchelli Hurd
n. name. N. C. (Marion).

Triepeolus sublunatus Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 483. ♂. Preocc.

Triepeolus mojavensis Linsley
Calif. Host: Anthophora linsleyi Timberlake.

Triepeolus mojavensis Linsley, 1939. Pan-Pacific Ent. 15: 2. ♀.

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 27: 409.

Triepeolus monardae Mitchell
N. C.

Triepeolus mo7iardae Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 475, fig. 112. ♂.

Triepeolus nevadensis (Cresson)
N. C. and Ga., west to Nebr., Tex., N. Mex. and Nev.

Epeolus nevadensis Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 86. ♀.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 285, 286. 9, i (key).

Triepeolus nigriceps (Smith)
Calif., Tex.

Epeolus nigriceps Smith, 1879. Descr. New Species Hym. Brit. Mus., p. 103. ♀.

Triepeolus nigrihirtus Mitchell
N. C. (Chatham Co.).

Triepeolus nigrihirtus Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 476. ♂.

Triepeolus norae Cockerell
N. Mex.

Triepeolus norae Cockerell, 1907. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 20: 59. ♀.

Biology: Linsley, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 161.

Triepeolus obliteratus Graenicher
Wis.

Triepeolus obliteratus Graenicher, 1911. Pub. Mus. City Milwaukee, Bui. 1: 242. ♀, ♂.

Triepeolus occidentalis (Cresson)
Pacific Coast to Kans., N. Mex., Tex. Host: Melissodes mizeae
Cockerell?
Epeolus occidentalis Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 87. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Brues, 1903. Ent. News 14: 80 (key). —Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(7) 13: 34,35. 9, 6 (key).

Biology: Hicks, 1926. Colo. Univ., Studies 15: 225.

Triepeolus paenepectoralis Viereck
B. C. to Wash., Colo.

Triepeolus paenepectoralis Viereck, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 278. ♀.




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Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 15 (key).

Triepeolus pallidiventris Cockerell and Sandhouse
Utah.

Triepeolus pallidiventris Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 308.
S.

Triepeolus pectoralis (Robertson)
Maine to Ga., west to Minn., Colo, and Utah. Host: Melissodes rustica
(Say)?
Epeolus pectoralis Robertson, 1897. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 7: 345. ♀.
Epeolus virginiensis Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 137. ♂.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 285. 9 (key). — Lovell and Cockerell, 1905.
Psyche 12: 42. ♂.

Triepeolus penicilliferus (Brues)
Tex.

Epeolus penicilliferus Brues, 1903. Ent. News 14: 81. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 34. ♀.

Triepeolus perelegans Cockerell
Ariz.

Triepeolus perelegans Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 8. ♂.

Triepeolus permixtus (Cockerell)
Calif.; Mexico (Baja CaHfornia).

Epeolus pennixtus Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 12: 94. ♂, ♀.

Triepeolus pimarum Cockerell
Ariz.

Triepeolus piniaru7n Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 36. ♀.

Triepeolus pomonalis Cockerell
Calif.

Triepeolus pomonalis Cockerell, 1916. Canad. Ent. 48: 392. ♂.

Triepeolus quadrifasciatus
***authority mismatch
atlanticus Mitchell. Md. to Fla., Mo.

Triepeolus i-fasciatus atlanticus Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 479,
fig. 112. ♀, ♂.

Triepeolus quadrifasciatus
***authority mismatch
quadrifasciatus (Say). Ark., Tex.

Epeolus Jt-fasciatus Say, 1823. West. Quart. Rptr. 2: 81.

Taxonomy: Brues, 1903. Ent. News 14: 80 (key).

Triepeolus rectangularis Cockerell
Colo., Utah, Oreg., Calif.

Triepeolus recta7igularis Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 9. ♂.
rcmigatus (Fabricius). N. J. to Fla., west to Minn., Colo, and Calif., south to Tex., N. Mex. and
Ariz.; Mexico (northern). Host: Peponapis pruinosa (Say)?, Xenoglossa strenua (Cress.).
Melecta remigata Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 387.

Taxonomy: Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc. PhUa., Proc. 2: 293. 9, cJ. —Brues, 1903. Ent. News 14:
79 (key). -Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 285, 286. 9, 6 (key). — Rozen, 1966. Amer.
Mus. Novitates 2244: 17-19, fig. 24 (larva).

Biology: Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 255-262 (life history, immature stages).

Triepeolus rhododontus Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus rhododoiitus Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 5. ♂.

Triepeolus robustus (Cresson)
N. Mex.

Epeolus robustus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 85. ♀.

Triepeolus rohweri Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus rohweri Cockerell, 1911. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 8: 668. ♂.

Triepeolus rufithorax Graenicher
Fla. Host: Svastra obliqua obliqua (Say).

Triepeolus rufithorax Graenicher, 1928. Ent. News 39: 279. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Rozen, 1964. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2170: 9.

Triepeolus rugosus Mitchell
Fla.

Triepeolus rugosus Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 482, fig. 112. ♀.

Triepeolus sandhousei Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus saiidhousei Cockerell, 1925. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 16: 624. ♂.

Triepeolus sarothrinus (Cockerell)
Calif.

Epeolus sarothrinus Cockerell, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent. 5: 103. ♀, ♂.

Epeolus sarothrinus var. confluens Cockerell, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent. 5: 104. ♂.




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Triepeolus saturninus Cockerell and Sandhouse
Calif.

Triepeolus saturninus Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 312.
6.

Triepeolus schwarzi
***authority mismatch
schwarzi Cockerell. Colo.

Triepeolus schwarzi Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 4. ♂.

Triepeolus schwarzi
***authority mismatch
subcalens Cockerell and Sandhouse. Calif.

Triepeolus schwarzi subcalens Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4)
13:309. ♂, ♀.

Triepeolus segregatus (Cockerell)
N. Mex.

Epeolus occidentalis var. segregatus Cockerell, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32: 361. 6 (9 misdet. ?).

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1907. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 20: 62. 9 , d (key).

Triepeolus sequior Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus sequior Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 8. ♂.

Triepeolus simplex Robertson
Wis., 111. and Mich, south to N. C. and Ga.

Triepeolus simplex Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 285, 286. ♀, ♂.

Triepeolus stricklandi Cockerell
Alta.

Triepeolus stricklandi Cockerell, 1937. Canad. Ent. 69: 86. ♀.

Triepeolus subalpinus Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus subalpinus Cockerell, 1910. Psyche 17: 245. ♀.

Triepeolus sublunatus
***authority mismatch
Cockerell. N. Mex.

Triepeolus sublunatus Cockerell, 1907. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 20: 62. ♂.

Triepeolus subnitens Cockerell and Timberlake
Calif.

Triepeolus subnitens Cockerell and Timberlake, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent. 5: 167. ♂, ♀.

Triepeolus superbus (Provancher)
Calif.

Epeolus superbus Provancher, 1895. Nat. Canad. 22: 190.

Triepeolus tanneri
***authority mismatch
Cockerell. Utah.

Triepeolus tanneri Cockerell, 1928. Psyche 35: 232. ♂.

Triepeolus texanus
***authority mismatch
nigripes Cockerell. N. Mex.

Triepeolus texanus var. nigripes Cockerell, 1898. N. Mex. Univ., Bui. 1: 61. ♂.

Triepeolus texanus
***authority mismatch
texanus (Cresson). Tex.

Epeolus texanus Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 87. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 13: 34. 9 (key).

Triepeolus timberlakei Cockerell
Calif., Utah. Host: Melissodes tepida timberlakei Ckll.

Triepeolus timberlakei Cockerell, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent. 5: 101. ♀, ♂.

Triepeolus timberlakei var. heterodoxus Cockerell, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent. 5: 101. ♀.

Triepeolus townsendi Cockerell
N. Mex.

Triepeolus townsendi Cockerell, 1907. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 20: 63. ♂, ♀.

Triepeolus trichopygus Cockerell and Timberlake
Calif.

Triepeolus trichopygus Cockerell and Timberlake, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent. 5: 169. ♀, ♂.

Triepeolus trilobatus Cockerell
Colo.

Triepeolus trilobatus Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 7. ♂.

Triepeolus utahensis (Cockerell)
Utah.

Epeolus utahensis Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 23: 15. ♂.

Triepeolus vandykei Cockerell and Sandhouse
Calif.

Triepeolus vandykei Cockerell and Sandhouse, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 13: 307. ♀.

Triepeolus verbesinae (Cockerell)
N. Mex. to CaHf.; Mexico (Baja California).

Epeolus verbesinae Cockerell, 1897. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 24: 156. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 11: 60. 6 (key).

Biology: Linsley, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 161.

Triepeolus wyomingensis Cockerell
Wyo. to Utah.

Triepeolus wyomingensis Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 201. ♂.




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Tribe NOMADINI

Although this tribe is represented in the Old World especially by numerous species of
Noynada, it is chiefly an American group inhabiting both North and South America. In America
north of Mexico there are nearly 300 species of Nomada as well as several small genera which
are mostly centered in the more arid parts of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mex-
ico. While there is some evidence to suggest that the members of this tribe and those of the
tribe Epeolini should be grouped together, these tribes are maintained as distinct in this catalog.

On the basis of our current knowledge concerning host relationships most of the species are
cleptoparasites in the nests of the family Andrenidae, especially the genus Andrena, but some of
the species (and even groups of species) also parasitize the nests of Halictidae, Melittidae, and
Anthophoridae.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 22-28, figs. 39-55 (larvae).

Genus NOMADA Scopoli

The bees of this genus are wasp-like in appearance and are present on all the continents and
many of the islands. The genus is represented in the Nearctic Region by numerous species of
several subgenera. These bees are cleptoparasitic in the nests of other bees, principally the
Genus Andre 7ia, but are also known to parasitize the nests of certain Halictidae, Melittidae and
Anthophoridae. As with many cleptoparasitic bees, they are frequently encountered either fly-
ing about the nesting sites of their hosts or sipping nectar with them at the same flowers.

Taxonomy: Cresson, 1887. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans., Sup. (2): 296-297. —Robertson, 1903.
Canad. Ent. 35: 172-179. — Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 559-579,
580-610. —Cockerell, 1904 (1903). Colo. Expt. Sta., Rpt. of Ent., Bui. 94: 65-85. —Cockerell,
1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 309-312 (notes on British Museum types). —Cockerell,
1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 225-243. — Swenk, 1912. Nebr. Univ., Studies 2 (1): 1-113.
— Rodeck, 1931. Amer. Mus. Novitates 496: 1-11. —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta.
Tech. Bui. 152: 338-437, figs. 98-107, tables 11-13 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Morphology: Cockerell and Atkins, 1902. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 10: 40-44. —Beck,
1933. Utah Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters, Proc. 10: 101, figs. 60-64. — Linsley and Michener,
1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 265-305, 4 pis. — Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Misc. Coll. 99:
55-56, pi. 27 F J.

Genus NOMADA Subgenus NOMADA Scopoli

Nomada Scopoli, 1770. Historico Naturalis, Ann. 4: 44.

Type-species: Noynada ruficortiis (Linnaeus). Desig. by Curtis, 1832.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 174-175, 178-179. —Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 569-579, 589 (in part), etc. — Viereck et al., 1905. Canad. Ent. 37:
285-287. —Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 10-11, 15-57. —Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ.,
Studies 15: 155-163. -Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 402-436, figs.
106-107 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Nomada accepta Cresson
Colo., Kans.

Nomada accepta Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 77. ♀, ♂.

Nomada pacata Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 81. ♀.
aldrichf Cockerell. Idaho, Wash., B. C.

Nomada vicinalis aldrichi (Cockerell, 1910. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 5: 368. ♂.

Nomada amoena Cresson
111.

Nomada amoeyia Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 300. ♀.

Nomada angelarum Cockerell
Calif.

No7nada (Noynada) angelanim Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc 55: 574. ♀.

Nomada angulata Swenk
Nebr.

Nomada (No7nada) angulata Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 40. ♀.

Nomada aprilina Swenk
Nebr.

Nomada (,No7nada) aprili7ia Swenk, 1918. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 28. ♂.




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Nomada armatella Cockerell
Mich, to New England.

Nomada armatella Cockerell. 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 606. ♂.

Nomada astori Cockerell
Oreg.

Nomada astori Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 206. 9. Var. a = mediana
Swenk.

Nomada atrofrontata Cockerell
South. Calif.

Nomada (Nomada) atrofrontata Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 573. ♀.

Nomada augustiana Mitchell
Ga. (Augusta).

Nomada augustiana Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 402. ♀.

Nomada azaleae Mitchell
N. C. (Highlands).

Nomada azaleae Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 403, fig. 107. ♂.
banks! Cockerell. Ont. and N. Y., south to 111. and N. C.

Nomada banksi Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 98. ♀.

Nomada beulahensis Cockerell
N. Mex., N. Dak.

No7nada beulahensis Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 209. ♀.

Nomada bicrista Swenk
Nebr.

Nomada (No7nada) bicrista Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 27. ♂.

Nomada bifurcata Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Nomada) bifurcata Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 577. ♂.

Nomada bisetosa Swenk
Nebr.

Nomada (Nomada) bisetosa Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 30. ♀.

Nomada bisignata Say
"United States."

Nomada bisignata Say, 1824. In Keating, Narr. Long's 2nd Exped., v. 2, p. 354. ♀.

No7nada bicincta(\) Howard, 1902. Insect Book, pi. 3, fig. 32.

Nomada californiae Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Nomada) Californiae Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 571. ♀.

Nomada capillata Mitchell
Mass. (Milton).

Nomada capillata Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 406. ♂.

Nomada carinicauda Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada carinicauda Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 7. ♀.

Nomada ceanothi Cockerell
N. Y. to N. C.

Nomada (Nomada) ceanothi Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 97. ♀.

Nomada clarkii Cockerell
Oreg.

Nomada Clarkii Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 203. ♀.

Nomada coloradella
***authority mismatch
Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada coloradella Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 83. ♂, ♀.

Nomada composita Mitchell
Conn., Mich.

Nomada composita Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bui. 152: 408. ♀.

Nomada cordleyi Cockerell
Oreg.

Nomada Cordleyi Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 445. ♂.

Nomada corvallisensis Cockerell
Oreg.

Nomada corvallisensis Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 207. ♀.

Nomada cressonii
***authority mismatch
cressonii Robertson. Colo., N. Dak. to N. S. south to Tenn. and N. C.

Nomada cressonii Robertson, 1893. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 20: 275. ♀, ♂.

No7nada mera Cockerell, 1908. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 10: 83. ♀.

Nomada cressonii
***authority mismatch
trevoriana Cockerell. Wash.

Noinada (Nomada) Cressonii Trevoriana Cockerell, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 285.

Nomada crudelis Cresson
Ga. Host: Andrena obscuripennis Sm?

Nomada crudelis Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 82. ♀.

Nomada cymbalariae Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada cymbalariae Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 22: 439. ♀.

Nomada davidsoni Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Nomada) davidsoni Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 575. ♀.




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Nomada decepta Mitchell
N. Y., Mich.

Nomada decepta Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 411. ♀.

Nomada denticulata Robertson
Minn, to N. Y., south to Ga.

Nomada denticulata Robertson, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 49.

Nomada simplex Robertson, 1902. Ent. News 13: 80. ♂.

Nomada depressa Cresson
Nebr., Mich, to Maine, south to N. C.

Nomada depressa Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 302. ♀.

Nomada depressicauda Cockerell, 1908. Ent. News 19: 323. ♀.

Nomada detrita Mitchell
N. H. (Randolph).

Nomada detrita Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 414, figs. 106, 107. ♂.

Nomada dreisbachi Mitchell
Maine, Mass., Mich.

Nomada dreisbachi Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 414. ♂.

Nomada elegantula Cockerell
Calif., Idaho.

Noynada {Nomada) elegantula Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 578. ♀.

Nomada erythraea Dalla Torre
Calif.

Nomada rubra Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada, Hym. p. 427. ♀. Preocc.

Nomada erythraea Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym., v. 10, p. 343. N. name.

Nomada flammigera Cockerell
Wash.

Nomada (Nomada) flammigera Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 18: 71. ♀.

Nomada florilega Lovell and Cockerell
Mich, to Maine, south to N. C.

Nomada (Nomada) florilega Lovell and Cockerell, 1905. Psyche 12: 41. ♀.

Nomada fontis Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada (Nomada) fontis Cockerell, 1910. Canad. Ent. 42: 367. ♀.

Nomada gibbosa Viereck
Oreg.

Nomada gibbosa Viereck, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 285. ♂.

Nomada gracilis Cresson
N. Y. and New England.

Nomada gracilis Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 295. ♂.

Nomada hoodiana Cockerell
Oreg.

Nomada hoodiana Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 608. ♀.

Nomada idahoensis Swenk
Idaho.

No7nada (Nomada) idahoeiisis Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 53. ♂.

Nomada illinoensis Robertson
Minn, to Mass., south to Ga. Predator: Pselliopus barberi Davis.

Nomada Illinoie^isis Robertson, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32: 294. ♀, ♂.

Nomada illinoensis Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 39: 657. Emend.

Nomada illinoensis Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 7. 9. Emend.; diaeresis
placed over e in illinoensis.

Biology: Bouseman, 1976. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 49: 384 (predator).

Nomada indusata Mitchell
N. C, Ga.

No7nada indusata Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 418, fig. 107. ♂.

Nomada inepta Mitchell
Maine to N. C, Minn.

Nomada inepta Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 419. ♀.

interruptella Fowler. Calif.

Nomada interrupta Fowler, 1899. Ent. News 10: 159. ♂. Preocc.

Nomada intemiptella Fowler, 1902. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta., Rpt., 1898-1901, p. 329. N.
name.

Nomada itamera Cockerell
Wash.

Nomada itamera Cockerell, 1910. Psyche 17: 95. ♀.

Nomada kincaidiana Cockerell
Wash.

Nomada kincaidiana Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 614. ♀.

Nomada kingstonensis Mitchell
R. I. (Kingston).

Nomada kingstonensis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 420. ♀.

Nomada latifrons Cockerell
Calif., Nev.

Nomada (Nomada) latifrons Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 572. ♀.




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Nomada lehighensis Cockerell
Mich, to N. S., south to Ga.

Noniada lehighensis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 605. ♀, ♂.

Nomada lewisi Cockerell
Oreg.

Nomada Lewisi Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 205. ♀.

Nomada libata Cresson
Colo.

Nomada libata Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 80. ♀, ♂.
No7nada limbata{\) Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym., v. 10, p. 354.

Nomada luteopicta Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada luteopicta Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 83. ♂, ♀.

Nomada malonella Cockerell
Wash.

Nomada {Nomada) malonella Cockerell, 1910. Psyche 17: 93. 9, d ?

Nomada malonina Cockerell
Wash.

Nomada (Noynada) maloniiia Cockerell, 1910. Psyche 17: 94. ♂.

Nomada marginella Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Noinada) marginella Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 576. ♀.

Nomada mckenziei Timberlake and Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada mckenziei Timberlake and Cockerell, 1937. Amer. Mus. Novitates 948: 4. ♀, ♂.

Nomada media Mitchell
N. C, Tenn.

Nomada media Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 421, fig. 107. ♀, ♂.

Nomada mediana Swenk
Oreg., Calif.

Nomada (Nomada) mediajia Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 49. ♀.

melanosotna Cockerell. Calif.

Nomada melanosoma Cockerell, 1916. Pomona Col. Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 55. ♂.

Nomada mendica Mitchell
Vt., N. H.

Nomada mendica Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 422, fig. 107. ♂.

Nomada minima Mitchell
Md. to N. C.

Nomada minima Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 423. ♂.

Nomada minuta Swenk
Nebr.

Noniada (Nomada) minuta Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 44. ♀.

Nomada munda Cresson
Colo.

Nomada muiida Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 80. ♀.

Nomada nigrociliata Swenk
Nebr.

Nomada (Nomada) nigrociliata Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 32. ♀.

Nomada nigrocincta Smith
"Arctic America," Maine, Oreg.

Noinada nigrocincta Smith, 1879. Descr. New Species Hym. Brit. Mus., p. 99. ♀.

Nomada nigrofasciata Swenk
Nebr.

Nomada (Nomada) nigrofasciata Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 24. ♀.

Nomada obliquella Fowler
Calif. Host: Andrena suavis Timberlake.

Nomada obliqua Fowler, 1899. Ent. News 10: 160. ♂. Preocc.

Nomada obliquella Fowler, 1902. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta., Rpt., 1898-1901, p. 329. N. name.

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1959. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 16: 26 (habits, host).

Nomada obscurella Fowler
Calif., Oreg. Host: Andrena caerulea Smith.
Nomada obscura Fowler, 1899. Ent. News 10: 160. ♂. Preocc.

Nomada obscurella Fowler, 1902. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta., Rpt., 1898-1901, p. 329. N. name.
Nomada Fowleri Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 204. ♀.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1966. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2244: 22-24, figs. 39-40 (larva).

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1955. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 13: 275, pi. 1, fig. 4 (life history).

Nomada obtusata Swenk
N. Dak.

Nomada (Nomada) obstusataV.) Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 159. 9. Lapsus
calami, fide Swenk, personal communication with Dr. Hugo Rodeck.

Nomada ochrohirta Swenk
Nebr.

Nomada (Nomada) ochrohirta Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 34. ♀.




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Nomada odontocera Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada odontocera Cockerell, 1916. Pomona Col. Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 57. ♂.

Nomada opposita Cresson
Calif.

No7nada opposita Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: 73. ♀.

Nomada orba Mitchell
N. Y. (Ithaca).

Nomada orba Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 424, fig. 107. ♂.

orcuseila Cockerell. Wash.

Nomada (Nomada) orcuseila Cockerell, 1910. Psyche 17: 95. ♀.

Nomada oregonica Cockerell
Oreg., Calif.

Nomada oregonica Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 205. ♀, ♂.

Nomada osborni Cockerell
Ariz.

Nomada (No7nada) osborni Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 243. ♂.

Nomada packardiella Cockerell
Colo., Wash.?

Nomada Packardiella Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 225. ♀.

Nomada pallidipicta Swenk
Nebr.

No7nada (Nomada) pallidipicta Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 48. ♂.

Nomada parallela Swenk
Nebr.

Nomada (Nomada) parallela Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 36. ♂.

Nomada parata Cresson
Colo.

Nomada parata Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 81. ♀.

Nomada parva Robertson
Mich, to New England, south to Miss, and Tex.
Nomada parva Robertson, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32: 294. ♀, ♂.
Nomada infantula Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 98. ♀, ♂.

Nomada propinqua Swenk
Nebr.

Nomada (Nomada) propinqua Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 46. ♀, ♂.

pulsatillae Cockerell. Colo., Wash.?

Nomada pulsatillae Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 18: 69. ♀.

Nomada pygmaea Cresson
Minn, to Maine, south to Va., ?Colo.

Nomada pygmaea Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 299. ♂.

Nomada rhodosoma
***authority mismatch
rhodosoma Cockerell. Calif., Nev.

Nomada (Nomada) rhodosoma Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 571. 9,

Nomada rhodosoma
***authority mismatch
rhodosomella Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada rhodosoma var. rhodosomella Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55:
571. 6, 9 ?

Nomada robertsonella Cockerell
Nev.

Nomada robertsonella Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 613. ♀.

Nomada rubrica Provancher
Calif.

Nomada rubrica Provancher, 1896. Nat. Canad. 23: 8. ♀.

Taxonomy: Fowler, 1899. Ent. News 10: 162.

Nomada salicicola Swenk
Nebr.

Nomada (Nomada) salicicola Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 35. ♂.

Nomada salicis Robertson
111.

Nomada salicis Robertson, 1900. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 10: 52. ♂.

Nomada sayi Robertson
Minn, to Que. and Maine, south to Ga.

Nomada sayi Robertson, 1893. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 20: 276. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32: 293-294. 9, 6 (redescribed, restricted).

Nomada sedi Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada sedae Cockerell, 1919. Ent. News 30: 292. ♀.

Nomada sedi Cockerell, 1920. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 6: 201. Emend.

Nomada semirugosa Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada semirugosa Cockerell, 1929. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 4: 297.

Nomada skinneri Cockerell
Conn, to N. C.

Nomada skinneri Cockerell, 1908. Ent. News 19: 323. ♀.




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Nomada sobrina Mitchell
Mich. (Macomb Co.).

Noynada sobrina Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 431, fig. 107. ♂.

Nomada sphaerogaster Cockerell
N. J., Wis.

Nomada sphaerogaster Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 611. ♀.

Nomada subaccepta Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada subaccepta Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 267. ♂.

Nomada subangusta Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Nomada) subangusta Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 570. ♂.

Nomada subpacata Swenk
N. Dak.

Nomada {Nomada) subpacata Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 55. ♀.

Nomada subvicinalis Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Nomada) subvicinalis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 576. ♂.

Nomada taraxacella Cockerell
N. Mex., Colo., Nebr., Wash.?

Nomada ultima taraxacella Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 589. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 74. —Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl.

Mus., Proc. 41: 238. 9,6. —Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 22.

Nomada tintinnabulum Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Nomada) tintinnabulum Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 572. ♀.

Nomada townesi Mitchell
Md. (Takoma Park).

Nomada townesi Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 432. ♂.
tyrreilensis Mitchell. N. C, Fla.

Nomada tyrreilensis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 433. ♀.

Nomada ulsterensis Mitchell
N. Y., D. C.

Nojnada ulsterensis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 433, fig. 107. ♂.

Nomada ultima Cockerell
Wash., Oreg., Calif.

Nomada ultima Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 206. ♀.

Nomada modocorum Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 444. ♂.

Nomada ultimella
***authority mismatch
septentrionalis Swenk. Wash.

Nomada (Nomada) ultimella septentrionalis Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 50. ♀.

Nomada ultimella
***authority mismatch
ultimella Cockerell. Calif.

Nomada (Nomada) ultimella Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 572. ♀.

Nomada undulaticornis Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada undulaticornis Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 18: 70. ♂.

Nomada valida Smith
N. S. and N. Y. to B. C.

Nomada valida Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 246. ♀.

Nomada velutina Swenk
Nebr.

Nomada (Nomada) velutina Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 39. ♀.
vicina stevensi Swenk. N. Dak.

Nomada (Nojnada) vicina stevensi Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 56. ♀, ♂.
vicina vicina Cresson. Mich, to Que., New England, N. J. and Nebr. Host: Andrena vicina Sm.

Nomada vicina Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 292. ♀ (♂ misdet.).

Biology: Packard, 1878. Guide ... study of insects, 6th ed., p. 142 (life history).

Nomada vicinalis
***authority mismatch
infrarubens Cockerell. Oreg.

No7)iada vicinalis var. infrarubens Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 84. ♂.

Nomada vicinalis
***authority mismatch
vicinalis Cresson. Nebr., Colo.

Nomada vicinalis Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 78. ♂.

Taxonomy: Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 41. ♂, ♀.

Nomada wootonella Cockerell
N. Mex.

Nomada wootonella Cockerell, 1909. Entomologist 42: 93. ♂.

Nomada wyomingensis Swenk
Wyo.

Nomada (Nomada) wyomingensis Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 52. ♀.

Nomada ziziae Swenk
N. Dak.

Nomada (Nomada) ziziae Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 4. ♀, ♂.




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Genus NOMADA Subgenus GNATHIAS Robertson

Gnathias Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 173.

Type-species: Nornada bella Cresson. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 594-603. — Viereck et al., 1905.
Canad. Ent. 37: 282-283. -Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 11-15, 90-99. -Swenk,
1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 172-179. -Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui.
152: 346-354, fig. 98 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Nomada bella
***authority mismatch
bella Cresson. Minn, to Que. and Maine, south to Fla.

Noynada bella Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 287. ♂.

Nomada albofasciata Smith, 1879. Descr. New Species Hym. Brit. Mus., p. 100. ♂.

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Misc. Coll. 99: 55-56, pi. 27, figs. F-J.

Nomada bella
***authority mismatch
callura Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada (Gnathias) bella callura Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 39: 657. ♂.

Nomada clarescens Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada (Gnathias) clarescens Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 10. ♀.

Nomada cuneata (Robertson)
Minn, to N. S., south t,o N. C.

Gnathias cuneatus Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 175. 9, c5 ?

Gnathias cuneatus form decemnotatus Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 175. ♀.

Gnathias cuneatus form octonotatus Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 175. ♀.

Gyiathias cuneatus form sexnotatus Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 176. ♀.

Gnathias cuneatus form quadrisignatus Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 176. ♀.

Nomada custeriana Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada (Gnathias) custeriana Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 241. ♂.

Nomada debilis Timberlake
Calif.

Nomada (Gnathias) debilis Timberlake, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 135. 9, tj.

Nomada (Gyiathias) debilis var. a Timberlake, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 136. ♀.

Nomada fuscicincta Swenk
N. Dak.

Nomada (Gnathias) fuscicincta Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 24. ♀, ♂.

Nomada grayi
***authority mismatch
eastonensis Cockerell. Wash.

Nomada (Gnathias) grayi eastonensis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 597.
9.

Nomada grayi
***authority mismatch
grayi Cockerell. Oreg.

Nomada Grayi Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 203. ♀.

Nomada heterosticta Cockerell
Idaho.

Nomada (Gnathias) heterosticta Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 9. ♀.

Nomada hydrophylli Swenk
N. Dak., 111., Md.

Nomada (Gnathias) hydrophylli Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 25. ♂.

Gnathias xanthoparius Robertson, 1928. Flowers and Insects, Carlinville, Ill.,jjp. 9, 101,
111, 152. 6. Nomen nudum.

Nomada klamathensis Fox
Oreg.

Nomada (Gnathias) klamathensis Fox, 1926. Pan-Pacific Ent. 5: 212. ♂.

Nomada lepida Cresson
Minn, to Maine, south to Ga.

Nomada lepida Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 288. ♂.

Nomada leucozona Rodeck
Colo.

Nomada (Gnathias) leucozona Rodeck, 1931. Amer. Mus. Novitates 496: 4. ♂.

Nomada louisianae Cockerell
Nebr. and Minn, to N. Y., S. C. and La.

Nomada (Gnathias) louisianae Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 602. ♀.

Nomada maculata Cresson
Minn, to Maine, south to Va.

Nomada maculata Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 303. 9, d ?

Nomada volatilis Smith, 1879. Descr. New Species Hym. Brit. Mus., p. 100. ♂.

Nomada opacella Timberlake
Calif. Host: Andrena caerulea Sm., A. suavis Timb.

Nomada (Giiathias) opacella Timberlake, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 133. ♀, ♂.




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Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1955. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 13: 256-270, pi. 1, fig. 1; pis. 2 and
3 (life history, hosts). —Linsley and MacSwain, 1959. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 16: 25-26
(habits, hosts).

Nomada orophila Cockerell
Colo., Wyo.

Nomada (Gnathias) orophila Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 8. ♂, ♀.

Nomada ovata (Robertson)
Wyo., Minn, to Maine, south to S. C.

Gnathias ovatus Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 175. ♀, ♂.
Gnathias ovatus form plenus Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 175. ♀.
Gnathias ovatus form octomanilatus Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 175. ♀.
Gnathias ovatus form sexmaculatus Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 175. ♀.
Gnathias ovatus form quadrimaculatus Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 175. ♀.
Gnathias ovatus form binotatus Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 175. ♀.
Gnathias ovatus form unicolor Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 175. ♀.
Nomada (G^iathias) carolinae Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 602. ♀.

perbeila (Viereck). Oreg., Wash., B. C.

Gnathias perbeila Viereck, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 282. ♀, ♂.

Nomada perplexa Cresson
Minn, to Mass., south to Tenn. and N. C, ?Wyo.

Nomada perplexa Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 306. 9, cJ ?

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 600. ♂, ♀.
Nomada (Gnathias) comelliana Cockerell, 1908. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 10: 84. ♂.

Nomada perplexans Cockerell
Wash.

Nomada (Gnathias) perplexans Cockerell, 1910. Psyche 17: 94. ♂.

Nomada physura Cockerell
Nev.

Nomada (Gyiathias) physura Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 599. ♂.

rhodalis Cockerell. Nev.

Nomada (Gnathias) rhodalis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 600. ♀.

Nomada rhodomelas Cockerell
Oreg., B. C.

Nomada (Gnathias) rhodomelas Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55:

598. 6, 9?

Nomada rubi Swenk
N. Dak., Minn.

Nomada (Gnathias) rubi Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 20. ♀, ♂.

Nomada rubrella Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada (Gnathias) rubrella Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 75. ♀.

Nomada schwarzi
***authority mismatch
contractula Cockerell. N. Mex.

Nomada (Gnathias) schwarzi contractula Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55:
600. ♂.

Nomada schwarzi
***authority mismatch
schwarzi Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada (Gnathias) schwarzi Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 599. 6 (9
misdet.).

Nomada siouxensis Swenk
Nebr., Wyo.

Nomada (Gnathias) siouxeiisis Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 96. ♀.

Nomada subnigrocincta Swenk
Mass., N. J., Pa., N. C.

Nomada (Nomada) subnigrocincta Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 155. 9,(6
misdet.).

Nomada subrubi Swenk
N. Dak.

Nomada (Gnathias) Subrubi Swenk, 1915, Nebr. Univ. Studies 15: 176. ♀, ♂.

Nomada utensis Swenk
Colo.

Nomada (Gnathias) utensis Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 97. ♀, ♂.

Nomada vulpis Cockerell
Wyo.

Nomada (Gnathias) vulpis Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 10. ♀.

Washington! Cockerell. Wash.

Nomada (Gnathias) washingtoni Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 598. ♀.




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Genus NOMADA Subgenus PHOR Robertson

Phor Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 173, 177.

Type-species: Nomada integerrima Dalla Torre. Orig. desig. and monotypic.
{=Nomada integra Robertson) (preocc).

Taxonomy: Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 12, 14. —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt.
Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 377-379 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Nomada integerrima Dalla Torre
Minn, to Que. and New England, south to N. C. and La.
Nomada integra Robertson, 1893. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 20: 276. ♀, ♂. Preocc.
Nomada integerrima Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym. v. 10, p. 353. N. name.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 174, 175, 177. ♀, ♂.

Nomada proxima Cresson
Maine, ?Conn.

Nomada proxima Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 294. ♂.

Taxonomy: Viereck, 1916. Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 22 (3): 726.

Nomada siccorum Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada (Phor) siccorum Cockerell, 1919. Ent. News 30: 291. ♂.

Nomada subgracilis Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Phor) subgracilis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 569. ♂.

Nomada vexator Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada vexator Cockerell, 1909. Entomologist 42: 92. ♀, ♂.

Genus NOMADA Subgenus HEMINOMADA Cockerell and Atkins

Nomada subg. Heminomada Cockerell and Atkins, 1902. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 10:
42.

Type-species: Nomada obliterata Cresson. Orig. desig. and monotypic.
Xanthidiiim Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 174, 177. Preocc.

Type-species: Nomada luteola Olivier. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 564-569, 580-587 (part).
—Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 173, 174-175, 177. —Viereck et al., 1905. Canad. Ent.
37: 284-285. -Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 8-11, 13-15, 57-76. -Swenk, 1915.
Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 163-169. —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152:
380-400, fig. 105 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Nomada agynia Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada agynia Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 81. ♂.

Nomada alpha
***authority mismatch
alpha Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada alpha Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 84. ♀.

Taxonomy: Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 71. ♀, ♂.

Nomada alpha
***authority mismatch
dialpha Cockerell. Colo. June.

Nomada alpha var. dialpha Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 3. ♀.

Nomada alpha
***authority mismatch
paralpha Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada alpha var. paralpha Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 3. ♀.

Nomada annulata Smith
N. C. Host: Andrena macra Mitch.

Nomada aimulata Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 248. 9, (

Nomada arizonica Cockerell
Ariz.

Nomada (Xanthidium) arizonica Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 242. ♂.

Nomada ashmeadi Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Xanthidium) ashmeadi Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 568. ♀.

Nomada autumnalis Mitchell
Mich. (Oakland Co.).

Nomada (^Xanthidium) autumnalis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152:
382. ♂.

Nomada avalonica Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Holonomada) avalonica Cockerell, 1938. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) 2: 152. ♀.

Nomada bethunei Cockerell
Mich., Ohio.

Nomada bethunei Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 607. ♂.




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Nomada bishoppi Cockerell
Minn, to Maine, south to Miss, and Fla.

Nomada (Xanthidium) luteola bishoppi Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 39: 655. ♀.

Nomada calloxantha Cockerell
Wyo.

Nomada (Xanthidiimi) calloxantha Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 4. ♀.

Nomada capitalis Mitchell
N. H., Mich., N. C, Tenn.

Nomada (Heminomada) capitalis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 385.
9.

Nomada citrina
***authority mismatch
citrina Cresson. Pacific Coast.

Nomada citrina Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 79 9 .

Nomada citrina
***authority mismatch
flavomarginata Swenk. Nebr.

Nomada {Heviinomada) citrina flavomarginata Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12:
67-71. ♀, ♂.

Nomada citrina
***authority mismatch
rufula Cockerell. Idaho.

Nomada citrina var. rufula Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 586. ♀.

Nomada civilis
***authority mismatch
civilis Cresson. United States west of Nebr.

Nomada civilis Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 78. ♂.

Nomada civilis
***authority mismatch
spokanensis Cockerell. Wash.

Nomada civilis spokanensis Cockerell, 1910. Psyche 17: 92. ♀.

Nomada collinsiana Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada {Xanthidium) collinsiana Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 79. ♀.

Nomada coloradensis Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada coloradensis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 603. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 84. ♀, ♂.

Nomada colorata Mitchell
N. Y., Mich.

Nomada (Heminomada) colorata Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 386.
9.

Nomada concinnula Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada {Xanthidium) concinnula Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 6. ♀.

Nomada coquilletti Cockerell
Calif., Wash., Idaho.

Nomada (Xanthidium) coquilletti Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 567. ♂.

Nomada crawfordi
***authority mismatch
crawfordi Cockerell. Colo., Nebr., Wyo.

Nomada (Xanthidium) crawfordi Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 79. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 22: 437. ♀, ♂.

Nomada crawfordi
***authority mismatch
lachrymosa Cockerell. Wyo.

Nomada (Xanthidium) crawfordi lachrymosa Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 5.
9.

Nomada decempunctata Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Xanthidium) decempunctata Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55:
565. ♂.

Nomada dentariae (Robertson)
111. to N. Y., south to Great Smokies Natl. Park.
Xanthidium dentariae Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 178. ♂.

Nomada dilucida Cresson
Colo.

Nomada dilucida Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 80. ♀.

Nomada ednae Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada (Xanthidium) Ednae Cockerell, 1907. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 19: 537. ♂.

Nomada electa Cresson
Ill, Conn., Mass., Va.

Nomada electa Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 290. ♀, ♂.

Nomada (Xanthidium i) mimula Cockerell, 1908. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 10: 66. ♀.

Nomada electella Cockerell
R. I. to Ga.

Nomada electella Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 612. ♀.
eirodi Cockerell. Mont., Nebr., Colo., Tex.

Nomada (Xanthidium) eirodi Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc 55: 583. ♂.

Taxonomy: Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 62. 9,6 (variety).




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Nomada festiva Cresson
Mass., N. J.

Nomadafestiva Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 289. ♀.

Nomada fragariae Mitchell
Va., N. C, Fla.

Nomada (Heminomada) fragariae Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 391,
fig. 105. ♂.

Nomada fragilis
***authority mismatch
fragilis Cresson. Colo., Nebr., N. Mex., Calif.

Nomada fragilis Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 79. ♂.

Nomada fragilis
***authority mismatch
mesosticta Cockerell. Calif.

Nomada fragilis mesosticta Cockerell, 1939. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) 3: 182. ♂.

Nomada gillettei Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada gillettei Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 81. ♂.

Nomada graenicheri Cockerell
Wis.

Nomada (Xanthidium) Graenicheri Cockerell, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 189. ♀.

Taxonomy: Graenicher, 1911. Pub. Mus. City Milwaukee, Bui. 1: 238. ♀, ♂.

Nomada imbricata Smith
N. Y. to N. S. Host: Andrena vicina Sm., Halictus rubicundus (Chr.)?
Nomada imbricata Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 246. ♀.

Taxonomy: Viereck, 1916. Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 22 (3): 727. ♀.
Morphology: Packard, 1897. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 5: 83-84.

Nomada jocularis Cresson
Nev.

Nomada jocularis Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 202. ♀.

Nomada laramiensis Swenk
Wyo.

Notnada {Heminomada) laramiensis Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 75. ♂.

Nomada luteola Olivier
East. United States.

Nomada luteola Olivier, 1811. Encycl. Meth., v. 8, p. 365.

maculivcnter Swenk. N. Dak.

Nomada (Heminomada) maculiventer Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 163. ♀, ♂.

Nomada miniata Smith
Ga.

Noynada miniata Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 250. ♀.

Nomada obliterata Cresson
Minn, to N. Y., south to S. C. Host: Andrena vicina Sm.

momada pulchella Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 247. ♂.

Nomada obliterata Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 301. ♀.

Nomada vibumi Robertson, 1897. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 7: 341. ♂.

Nomada ochlerata Mitchell
Mich. (Ann Arbor).

Nomada (^Heminomada) ochlerata Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152:
396. ♂.

omithica Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada (Xanthidium) omithica Cockerell, 1906. Canad. Ent. 38: 161. ♂.

Nomada pallidella Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada pallidella Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 82. ♂.

Nomada perivincta
***authority mismatch
perivincta Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada (Xanthidium) perivincta Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 80. ♂.

Nomada perivincta
***authority mismatch
semirufula Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada (Xanthidium) perivincta var. semirufula Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta.,
Bui. 94: 80. ♀.

Nomada placitensis Cockerell
N. Mex.

Nomada placitensis Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 446. ♀.

Nomada pseudops Cockerell
Wis. to Mass.

Nomada (Xanthidium) pseudops Cockerell, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 189. ♀.

Nomada pyrrha Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Xanthidium) pyrrha Cockerell, 1916. Pomona Col. Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 55. ♀.

Nomada rhodoxantha Cockerell
Colo.

No7nada (Xa7ithidium) rhodoxantha Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 78. ♀.




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Nomada rivalis Cresson
Calif., Wash.

Nomada rivalis Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Sec, Trans. 7: 79. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1910. Psyche 17: 97.

Nomada ruidosensis Cockerell
N. Mex., Colo.

Nomada ruidosensis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 594. ♂.

Nomada sanctaecrucis Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Xantkidium) sanctaecrucis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 566.
6.

Nomada subrutila Lovell and Cockerell
Mich, to New England, ?Colo.

Nomada (Xantkidium) subrutila Lovell and Cockerell, 1905. Psyche 12: 40. ♂.

Nomada subsimilis Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Xantkidium) subsimilis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 567. ♂.

Nomada suda Cresson
Nev.

Nomada suda Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 203. ♀.

Nomada sulphurata Smith
Minn, to Mass., south to Miss, and Ga., ?Utah.

Nomada sulphurata Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 249. ♀.

Nomada luteoloides Robertson, 1895. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 22: 124. ♀.

Taxonomy: Rodeck, 1931. Amer. Mus. Novitates 496: 11 (Utah record).

Nomada tricurta Swenk
N. Dak.

Noinada (Heminomada) tricurta Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 11. ♀, ♂.

Nomada truttarum Cockerell
N. Mex.

Nomada (Xaiithidiuni) Truttarum Cockerell, 1909. Entomologist 42: 94. ♂.

Nomada vallesina
***authority mismatch
honorata Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada (Xantkidium) vallesina var. konorata Cockerell, 1922. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(9) 10:269. ♀.

Nomada vallesina
***authority mismatch
vallesina Cockerell. N. Mex., Colo. Host: Andrena irana Ckll?

Nomada vallesina Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 226. ♀.

Biology: Hicks, 1934. Colo. Univ., Studies 21: 267 (host).

Nomada vernonensis Cockerell
B. C.

Noynada vemoiiensis Cockerell, 1916. Canad. Ent. 48: 273. ♂.

Nomada xantholepis Cockerell
Colo.

No7nada (Xaiithidium) xanikolepis Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 239. ♂.

Nomada xanthophila Cockerell
N. Mex.

Nomada xantkopkila Cockerell, 1900. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 5: 414. ♂.

Nomada xanthura Cockerell
N. Y. to N. S.

Nomada xantkura Cockerell, 1908. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 10: 84. ♀.

Genus NOMADA Subgenus HOLONOMADA Robertson

Holonomada Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 174, 177.

Type-species: Nomada superba Cresson. Orig. desig.

Revision: Evans, 1972. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 30: 1-34, 5 figs, (included spp.).

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 561-563, 580-588 (part). — Viereck
et a/., 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 283-284, 287. —Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 8, 77-90.
—Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 169-172. -Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta.
Tech. Bui. 152: 361-364, fig. 102 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Species Group Edwardsii

Nomada edwardsii
***authority mismatch
edwardsii Cresson. B. C, Wash., Colo., Oreg., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California). Host:

Andrena perimelas Ckll.
Nomada Edwardsii Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 72. "♂"=♀.
Nomada intercepta Smith, 1879. Descr. New Species Hym. Brit. Mus., p. 100. ♂.
Nomada (Holonomada) edwardsii var. australior Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

Proc. 55: 562. ♂.




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Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1955. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 13: 270-274, pi. 1, fig. 6; pis. 4 and

5 (habits, host).

Nomada edwardsii
***authority mismatch
vinnula Cresson. Nev.

Nomada viniiula Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 202. ♀, ♂.

Nomada henningeri Evans
N. Mex. (Kenne), Tex. (Olney).

Nomada (Holonomada) henningeri Evans, 1972. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 30: 21. ♀.

Nomada linsleyi Evans
Calif. (Auburn and Westley).

Nomada (Holonomada) linsleyi Evans, 1972. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 30: 26. ♀.

Nomada pecosensis Cockerell
N. Mex., Colo.

Nomada xanthophila var. pecosensis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 585.

9.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 78. ♂, ♀.

Nomada rhodotricha Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Holonomada) rhodotricha Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 562.

9.

Species Group Superba

Nomada affabilis
***authority mismatch
affabilis Cresson. 111. to Mass., south to Fla.

Nomada affabilis Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 74. ♂.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1895. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 22: 123. ♀, ♂.

Nomada affabilis
***authority mismatch
dallasensis Cockerell. Tex and Kans. to D. C.

Nomada affabilis dallaseiisis Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 39: 654. ♀, ♂.

Nomada grandis Cresson
Colo., Tex.

Nomada grandis Cresson, 1875. Rpt. Geog. Geol. Expl. and Survey West of 100th
Meridian, Ch. 7, p. 725. ♀.

Noynada (Holonomada) magnifica Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 587. ♀.

Nomada hurdi Evans
Calif. (Joshua Tree Natl. Mon. and Kramer Hills).

Nomada (Holonomada) hurdi Evans, 1972. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 30: 22, figs. 1-4. ♂.

Nomada parkeri Evans
Ariz., N. Mex.

Nomada (Holonomada) parkeri Evans, 1972. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 30: 28. ♀.

Nomada superba
***authority mismatch
malvastri Swenk. Nebr.

No7nada (Holonomada) superba malvastri Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 80. ♂.

Nomada (Holonomada) nebrascensis Swrenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 80. ♀.

Nomada superba
***authority mismatch
superba Cresson. D. C. and N. C, west to Wis. and Colo.

Noviada superba Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc 2: 281. ♂.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1897. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 7: 340. ♂, ♀.

Species Group Unassigned

Nomada hemphilli Cockerell
Wash., Idaho, Oreg., Nev., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).

Nomada (Holonomada) hemphilli Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 561. ♂.
Nomada (Holonomada) excurrens Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 562. ♂.
Nomada (Nomada^ excellens Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 573. ♀.

Genus NOMADA Subgenus LAMINOMADA Rodeck

Nomada subg. Laminomada Rodeck, 1947. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 40: 266.

Type-species: Nomada (Holonomada) hesperia Cockerell. Orig. desig. and
monotypic

Nomada hesperia
***authority mismatch
falconis Rodeck. Calif.

Nomada (Laminomada) hesperia falconis Rodeck, 1947. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 40: 270. ♂.
9.

Nomada hesperia
***authority mismatch
hesperia Cockerell. Calif., Oreg., Wash.

Nomada (Holonomada) hesperia Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 563. ♂.

Nomada (Holonomada) flavopicta Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 84. ♀.

Taxonomy: Rodeck, 1947. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 40: 266. ♂, ♀.




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Genus NOMADA Subgenus PACHYNOMADA Rodeck

Nomada subg. Pachynomada Rodeck, 1945. Ent. News 56: 180.

Type-species: Nomada (Holonomada) vincta Say. Orig. desig.

Nomada adducta Cresson
Colo., Nebr.

Nomada adducta Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 73. ♂.

Taxonomy: Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 21. ♀.

Nomada asteris Swenk
Kans.

Nomada (Holonomada) asteris Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 89. ♀.

Nomada besseyi Swenk
Kans.

Nomada {Holonomada) besseyi Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 85. ♂.

Nomada morrisoni
***authority mismatch
flagellaris Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada {Xanthidium) morrisoni flagellaris Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc.
55:587. ♀.

Nomada morrisoni
***authority mismatch
morrisoni Cresson. Colo. Host: Andrena irana Ckll.

Nomada Morrisoni Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 72. ♀.

Biology: Hicks, 1934. Colo. Univ., Studies 21: 267 (host).

Nomada victrix Cockerell
Tex.

Nomada victrix Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 39: 657. ♀.

Nomada vincta
***authority mismatch
heterochroa Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada vincta var. heterochroa Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 1. ♂.

Nomada vincta
***authority mismatch
vincta Say. Kans. and Nebr., east to N. C.

Nomada vincta Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 401. ♀ (♂ misdet.).

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 177. 9,6. —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt.
Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 379-380 (redescription).

Nomada zebrata Cresson
Colo., Kans., Nebr., N. Mex., ?Ariz.

Nomada zebrata Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 73. ♀, ♂.

Genus NOMADA Subgenus CALLINOMADA Rodeck

Nomada subg. Callinomada Rodeck, 1945. Ent. News 56: 181.

Type-species: Nomada {Holonomada) antonita Cockerell. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Rodeck, 1949. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 42: 174-186. —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr.

Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 372-377 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Nomada antonita Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada antonita Cockerell, 1909. Canad. Ent. 41: 35. ♂.

Nomada aquilarum Cockerell
North. Great Plains, east to Wis. and South. Canada, ?N. Mex.

Nomada aquilarum Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 208. ♂.

Nomada cockerelli Graenicher, 1911. Pub. Mus. City Milwaukee, Bui. 1: 240. ♂.

Nomada {Holonomada) dacotensis Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 88. ♀.

Nomada mutans Cockerell
Oreg., Wash.

Nomada {Holoyiomada) mutans Cockerell, 1910. Psyche 17: 91. ♀.

Nomada placida Cresson
Nebr. to N. Y., south to N. C.

Nomada placida Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 291. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Rodeck, 1945. Ent. News 56: 181 (redescription).

Nomada rodecki Mitchell
N. C. (Southern Pines).

Nomada {Callinomada) rodecki Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 376.
6.

Nomada snowii Cresson
Colo., Nebr., S. Dak., N. Dak.

Nomada Snowii Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 75. ♀, ♂.
Nomada {Holonomada) omahaensis Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 171. ♂.

Nomada verecunda Cresson
Oreg., Nev., Calif.

Nomada verecimda Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 203. ♀, ♂.




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Genus NOMADA Subgenus MICRONOMADA Cockerell and Atkins

Nomada subg. Micronomada Cockerell and Atkins, 1902. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 10:
44.

Type-species: Nomada modesta Cresson. Orig. desig. and monotypic.
Cephen Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 174, 176.

Type-species: Nomada texana Cresson. Orig. desig. and monotypic.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 173. —Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

Proc. 55: 593 (part), 608-611. — Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 12, 104-112. — Swenk,

1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 181-188. —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui.

152: 354-361, figs. 99-101 (eastern U. S. spp.).
araorphae Swenk. Nebr., Colo.

No7nada (Micronomada) amorphae Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 108. ♀, ♂.

Nomada arenicola Swenk
Nebr.

Nomada {Micronomada) arenicola Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 107. ♀, ♂.

Nomada belfragei Cresson
Tex., Kans.

Nomada Belfragei Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 72. ♀.

Nomada belfragei var. xanthogaster Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc. 39: 644. ♀.

Taxonomy: Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ. Studies 15: 184. ♀, ♂.

Nomada crucis Cockerell
Ariz., N. Mex., Tex., Colo., Utah.

Nomada crucis Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 212. ♂.

Nomada fervida Smith
S. C. to Fla., La.

Nomada fervida Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 247. ♀.

Nomada (Micronomada) crassula Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 610. "9"
= 6.

Nomada formula Viereck
Calif.

Nomada formula Viereck, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 54: 728. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 39: 658. ♂.

Nomada garciana Cockerell
N. Mex., Tex.

Nomada (Micronomada) garciana Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 265. ♂.

Nomada gutierreziae Cockerell
N. Mex., Ariz., Colo.

Nomada gutierreziae Cockerell, 1896. Canad. Ent. 28: 284. ♀.

Nomada heiligbrodtii Cresson
Minn, to New England, south to Fla. and Tex.

Nomada Heiligbrodtii Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 75. ♀.

Nomada (Micronomada) tiftonensis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 610.
6.

Nomada (Micronomada) modesta rivertonensis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
Proc. 55:610. ♀.

Nomada lamarensis Cockerell
Colo., Tex.

Nomada (Micronomada) lamarensis Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 76. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 39: 652. ♂, ♀.

Nomada limata Cresson
Mexico; Tex.

Nomada limata Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans 7: 76. ♀.

Nomada lippiae
***authority mismatch
lippiae Cockerell. N. Mex.

Nomada lippiae Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 214. ♂.

Nomada lippiae
***authority mismatch
sublippiae Cockerell. N. Mex.

Nomada lippiae var. sublippiae Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 265. ♂.

Nomada melanoptera Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada (Micronomada) melanoptera Cockerell, 1921. Amer. Mus. Novitates 24: 5. ♀.

Nomada mitchelli Cockerell
Tex.

Nomada (Micronomada) mitchelli Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 39: 654. ♀, ♂.

Nomada modesta Cresson
N. Y. to Ala.

Nomada modesta Cresson. 1863. Ent. Soc Phila., Proc 2: 286. ♀, ♂.




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Nomada (Micronomada) modesta var. vegana Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc.

55:610. ♀.
Nomada (Micronomada) vegana var. nitescens Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui.

94: 76. ♀.

Nomada neomexicana Cockerell
N. Mex.

Noviada neomexicana Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 209. ♀, ♂.

Nomada pallidelutea Swenk
Ariz.; Mexico (Baja California).

Nomada (Micronomada) pallidelutea Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 32. ♀, ♂.

Nomada (Micronomada) penisidaris Cockerell, 1925. Pan-Pacific Ent. 1: 180. ♀, ♂.

Nomada putnami Cresson
Utah, Colo., Nebr., Kans., N. Mex.

Nomada Putnami Cresson, 1876. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc. 1: 210. 9, "9" = 6.

Taxonomy: Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 111. ♀.

Nomada ridingsii Cresson
Colo.

Nomada Ridingsii Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 74. ♀.

Nomada semisuavis Cockerell
Wash., Calif.

Nomada (Micronomada) seynisuavis Cockerell, 1910. Psyche 17: 92. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 39: 658. ♀.

Nomada simplicicoxa Swenk
Ariz.

Nomada (Micronomada) simplicicoxa Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 182. ♀, ♂.

Nomada suavis Cresson
Wash., Idaho, Oreg., Calif. Host: Noniia melanderi Ckll.

Nomada suavis Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 74. ♀ (♂ misdet.).

Nomada flavipes Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada, Hym., p. 426. ♀.

Nomada texana Cresson
Tex. and La. north to III, west to Colo., Ariz.

Nomada texana Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 271. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 176. ♀, ♂.

Nomada uhleri Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada (Micronomada) uhleri Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 77. ♂.

Nomada vierecki Cockerell
N. Mex., Tex., Colo., Nebr.; Mexico.

Nomada vierecki Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 211. ♀, ♂.

Nomada (Microjiomada) vierecki convolvuli Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 109. ♀.

3.
Nomada vierecki race cushmani Cockerell, 1926. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 17: 307.

Nomada wheeleri
***authority mismatch
engelmanniae Cockerell. Tex.

Nomada wheeleri engelmanniae Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 39: 649. 9 (3
misdet.).

Nomada wheeleri
***authority mismatch
wheeleri Cockerell. Tex.

Nomada (Micronomada) wheeleri Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 604. ♀.

Nomada wisconsinensis Graenicher
Minn., Wis., Mich., 111.

Nomada wisconsinensis Graenicher, 1911. Pub. Mus. City Milwaukee, Bui. 1: 239.

Genus NOMADA Subgenus CENTRIAS Robertson

Centrias Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 174, 176.

Type-species: No^nada erigeronis Robertson. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 588, 591-593, 608-612. — Viereck
et al., 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 283. -Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 13, 103-104.
—Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 364-365.

Nomada erigeronis Robertson
Kans. and Nebr., east to Mass.

Noynada erigeronis Robertson, 1897. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 7: 341. ♀.

Centrias erigerontis(\) Robertson, 1928. Flowers and Insects, Carlinville, III, pp. 9, 66, 69.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 176. ♀, ♂.

Genus NOMADA Subgenus NOMADULA Cockereli

Nomada subg. Nomadula Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 611.




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Type-species: Nomada articulata Smith. Orig. desig. (=Nomada americana
"Kirby," Robertson, Cockerell).

Taxonomy: Viereck et al., 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 285-287. — Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ.,
Studies 12: 13, 101-103. -Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 25-27. -Mitchell, 1962. N.
C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 365-371 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Nomada articulata Smith
N. Dak. and Nebr., east to New England, south to Fla. and La.

^Nomada americana Kirby, 1837. Fauna Bor.-Amer., p. 269. 9 . Type missing; species

uncertain.
Noynada articulata Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 248. ♂.
Nomada incerta Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 309. ♀.
Nomada (Centrias) americana dacotana Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55:

592. ♂.
Nomada (Nomada) bilobata Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 25. d, (9 misdet.).

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 310.

Nomada australis Mitchell
Fla. to N. C, N. Y., Ind.

Nomada (No7nadula) australis Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 367. ♀.
6.

Nomada crotchii
***authority mismatch
crotchii Cresson. Calif.

No7nada Crotchii Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 81. ♀.

Nomada crotchii
***authority mismatch
nigrior Cockerell. Calif.

Nomada (Xanthidium) crotchii var. nigrior Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc.
55: 564. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1916. Pomona Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 54. cJ-

Nomada erythrochroa Cockerell
Wash., Idaho.

Nomada erythrochroa Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 203. ♀.

Nomada erythrospila Cockerell
Calif.

Nomada (Nomada) erythrospila Cockerell, 1916. Pomona Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 56. ♂.

Nomada frankei Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada frankei Cockerell, 1929. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 37: 443. ♂.

Nomada frieseana Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada Frieseana Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 14: 28. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 41: 237. ♂.
jennci Cockerell. Wash.

Nomada Jennei Cockerell, 1906. Canad. Ent. 38: 281. ♂.

Nomada martinella Cockerell
N. Mex., Colo.

Nomada (Centrias) marti^iella Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 590. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 94: 76. ♀, ♂.

Nomada melliventris Cresson
Calif.

Nomada melliventris Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 82. ♂.

Nomada pascoensis Cockerell
Wash., Calif.

Nomada (Xanthidium) pascoensis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 564. ♂.

Nomada rohweri
***authority mismatch
aureopilosa Swenk. Colo.

Nomada (Micronomada) aureopilosa Swenk, 1913. Nebr. Univ., Studies 12: 111. ♀.

Taxonomy: Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 32.

Nomada rohweri
***authority mismatch
rohweri Cockerell. Colo.

Nomada rohweri Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 22: 438. ♀, ♂.

Nomada rubicunda Olivier
Minn, to N. Y., south to Fla.

No7)iada rubicunda Olivier, 1811. Encycl. Meth., v. 8, p. 365.

Nomada torrida Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 250. ♀.

Nomada scita Cresson
Colo., Nebr., N. Dak.

Nomada scita Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 77. ♂.

Taxonomy: Swenk, 1915. Nebr. Univ., Studies 15: 181. ♀, ♂.




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Nomada scitiformis Cockerell
Oreg.

Nomada (Centrias) scitiformis Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 591. ♂.

Nomada semiscita Cockerell
Colo.

Nomada semiscita Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 14: 28. ♂.

Nomada seneciophila Mitchell
N. C, Fla.

Nomada (Nomadula) seneciophila Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152:
370. ♀, ♂.

Nomada sophiarum Cockerell
N. Mex.

Nomada sophiarum Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 213. ♂.

Genus HEXEPEOLUS Linsley and Michener

Hexepeolus Linsley and Michener, 1937. Pan-Pacific Ent. 13: 77.

Type-species: Hexepeolus mojavensis Linsley and Michener. Orig. desig.

Revision: Linsley and Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 287-289. —Michener, 1944.

Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 82: 274.

Hexepeolus mojavensis Linsley and Michener
Calif.

Hexepeolus mojavensis Linsley and Michener, 1937. Pan-Pacific Ent. 13: 78. ♀, ♂.

Hexepeolus rhodogyne Linsley and Michener
Calif. Host: Ayicylandrena larreae Timb.?

Hexepeolus rhodogyne Linsley and Michener, 1937. Pan-Pacific Ent. 13: 80. ♀, ♂.

Genus PARANOMADA Linsley and Michener

Paranomada Linsley and Michener, 1937. Pan-Pacific Ent. 13: 82.

Type-species: Paranomada nitida Linsley and Michener. Monotypic and orig. desig.

The species of this genus may be cleptoparasites in the nests oi Exomalopsis.

Revision: Linsley and Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 289-291 (genera).

—Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 103-104 (species keys). —Michener, 1944.

Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 82: 274 (genera). —Linsley, 1945. Ent. News 56: 149-151

(species keys).

Paranomada californica Linsley
Calif.

Paranomada californica Linsley, 1945. Ent. News 56: 149. ♀, ♂.

Paranomada nitida Linsley and Michener
Ariz.

Paranomada nitida Linsley and Michener, 1937. Pan-Pacific Ent. 13: 83. ♀.

Paranomada velutina Linsley
Ariz.; Mexico (Baja California).

Paranomada velutina Linsley, 1939. Pan-Pacific Ent. 15: 10. ♂.

Taxonomy: Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 105. ♀, ♂.

Genus HESPERONOMADA Linsley

Hesperonomada Linsley, 1939. Pan-Pacific Ent. 15: 5.

Type-species: Hesperonomada melanantha Linsley. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Revision: Linsley and Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 291-292.

Hesperonomada melanantha Linsley
Calif. Host: lExomalopsis spp.

Hesperonomada melariantha Linsley, 1939. Pan-Pacific Ent. 15: 6. ♀, ♂.

Genus TRIOPASITES Linsley

Triopasites Linsley, 1939. Pan-Pacific Ent. 15: 8.

Type-species: Triopasites timberlakei Linsley. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Revision: Linsley and Michener, 1939. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 65: 293-294. —Linsley, 1943.
Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 99-103.

Triopasites laguna Linsley
Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).

Triopasites laguna Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 102. ♂.

Triopasites micheneri Linsley
Ariz.

Triopasites micheneri Linsley, 1943. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 69: 101. ♀.




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Triopasites pasitura (Cockerell)
Tex. Host: Exomalopsis compactula (Ckll.)?

No7nada pasihira Cockerell, 1935. Amer. Mus. Novitates 766: 6. ♂.

Triopasites penniger (Cockerell)
N. Mex.

Nomada penniger Cockerell, 1894. Ent. News 5: 235. ♀.

Triopasites timberlakei Linsley
Calif.

Triopasites timberlakei Linsley, 1939. Pan-Pacific Ent. 15: 9. ♀.

Genus MELANOMADA Cockerell

Melanomada Cockerell, 1903. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 55: 587.

Type-species: Nomada grindeliae Cockerell. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Melanomada grindeliae (Cockerell)
Nebr., Mont.

Nomada grindeliae Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 210. ♂.

Melanomada heleniella (Cockerell)
Tex., Nebr., Kans.

Nomada (Melanomada) heleniella Cockerell, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 39: 648. ♀, ♂.

Melanomada sidaefloris (Cockerell)
N. Mex.

Nomada pennigera var. sidaefloris Cockerell, 1898. N. Mex. Univ., Bui. 1: 59. ♂.

Subfamily ANTHOPHORINAE

This is a large assemblage of both pollen-collecting and parasitic bees. It is found on all the
continents although it is especially well represented in the Holarctic, Ethiopian and Neotropical
regions. The current classification recognizes about a dozen tribes of which seven are
represented in America north of Mexico. Insofar as known, all of the pollen-collecting species
line their cells with a waxlike substance.

Tribe EXOMALOPSINI

This tribe consists of several American genera which are chiefly or entirely Neotropical in oc-
currence. Only the genera Ancyloscelis and Exomalopsis extend northward into the United
States. Close relatives of the Exomalopsini include two tribes, the Ancylini (Ancyla and Tar-
salia) which inhabit the more arid areas of the Palaearctic and the Tetrapediini (Tetrapedia)
which live in the tropics of the Neotropical Region. While most of the studied Exomalopsini nest
in the ground and are colonial, if not communal, at least some species of the genus
Paratetrapedia, like the Tetrapediini, make their nests in wood.

Taxonomy: Michener and Moure, 1957. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 112: 395-452, 91 figs,
(generic classification).

Biology: Torchio, 1974. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 47: 54-63, 21 tables (nest architecture,
comparative behavior).

Genus EXOMALOPSIS Spinola

Although primarily a genus of Neotropical bees, there are several subgenera represented in
America north of Mexico, especially in the more arid areas of the southwestern United States.
The species of Paranomada, Hesperonomada and Triopasites may be cleptoparasitic in the
nests of these bees.

Revision: Timberlake, 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 55: 85-106. -Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr.
Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 235-240, figs. 68-69 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Genus EXOMALOPSIS Subgenus EXOMALOPSIS Spinola

Exomalopsis Spinola, 1853. Accad. Sci. Torino, Mem. (2) 13: 89.

Type-species: Exomalopsis aureopilosa Spinola. Desig. by Taschenberg, 1883.
(=Exonialopsis fulvopilosa Spinola).
iEpimonispractor Holmberg, 1903. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac. de Hist. Nat., An. (3) 2: 426.
Type-species: Epimonispractor gratiosus Holmberg. Orig. desig.

Exomalopsis birkmanni Cockerell
Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Antigonon leptopus.
Exomalopsis birkmanni Cockerell, 1922. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 10: 265. ♀.




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Exomalopsis pulchella Cresson
Southern Fla.; Cuba.

Exomalopsis pulchella Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 191. ♀, ♂.

Exomalopsis similis Cresson
Southern Fla.; Cuba, Jamaica, Costa Rica. Pollen: Polylectic, visits a wide

variety of flowers for nectar and pollen including Antigonum leptopus, Borreria laevis,
Citrus, Cleome, Cocos nucifera, Coynelina, Kallstroemia, Ludwigia, Malpighia
punicifolia, Mimosa pudica, Piriqueta cistoides, Psidiuin guajava, Rhynchospora
nervosa, Sida, Solanuin, Stachytarpheta, Teliostachya alopecuroidea, Trimezia.

Exomalopsis similis Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 191. ♀.

Exomalopsis penelope Cockerell, 1897. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 24: 161. ♀, ♂.

Exomalopsis ogilviei Cockerell, 1938. Entomologist 71: 281. ♀.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1954. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 104: 109 (synonymy).

Biology: Raw, 1977 (1976). Biotropica 8:270-277, 2 figs., 2 tables (seasonal changes in
numbers and foraging activities).

Exomalopsis zexmeniae Cockerell
South. Tex. to Panama. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of grasses,
composites and Solanaceae.
Exomalopsis zexmeniae Cockerell, 1912. Ent. News 23: 447. ♀.
Exomalopsis azulensis Cockerell, 1949. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 98: 451. ♀.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1954. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 104: 108, figs. 62-64 (synonymy,
taxonomic characters, floral relationships).

Genus EXOMALOPSIS Subgenus PHANOMALOPSIS Michener and Moure

Exomalopsis subg. Phanomalopsis Michener and Moure, 1957. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui.
112:430.

Type-species: Exomalopsis jenseni Friese. Orig. desig.

Exomalopsis snowi Cockerell
South. Tex.

Exomalopsis snowi Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 18: 73. ♂.

Exomalopsis solani Cockerell
Tex., N. Mex., Colo (Pueblo), Ariz.; Mexico (Zacatecas). Pollen: Polylege of a
wide variety of flowers including Acacia, Baileya, Cassia, Chrysothamnus, Chilopsis
linearis, Cleome, Croton, Eriogonum, Flaveria, Haplopappus, Kallstroemia, Larrea,
Petalostemon, Sola7iu7n, Sphaeralcea, Verbesiyia.
Exomalopsis solani Cockerell, 1896. Canad. Ent. 28: 25. ♀.

Biology: Linsley, MacSwain and Smith, 1954. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 55: 83-101.
— Linsley, MacSwain and Smith, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 263-264 (nest). —Michener,
1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 315-317 (cooperative nest provisioning). — Hurd and
Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 40 (nest sites, floral relationships).

Exomalopsis solidaginis Cockerell
N. Mex., Ariz., south. Calif., desert. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers
of Gutierrezia lucida, Heterotheca, Lippia wrightii, Solidago canadensis arizonica.
Exomalopsis solidaginis Cockerell, 1898. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2: 452. ♂.
Exomalopsis verbesinae Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 14: 21. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1907. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 19: 539. ♀, ♂.

Genus EXOMALOPSIS Subgenus ANTHOPHORULA Cockerell

Anthophorula Cockerell, 1897. N. Mex. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 24: 44.

Type-species: Anthophorula compactula Cockerell. Monotypic
Diadasiella Ashmead, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 26: 64.

Type-species: Synhalonia albicans Provancher. Monotypic and orig. desig.
(=Diadasiella coquilletti Ashmead).
Exomalopsis subg. Pachycerapis Cockerell, 1922. Amer. Mus. Novitates 47: 4.
Type-species: Exomalopsis comigera Cockerell. Orig. desig.

Exomalopsis albata Timberlake
Utah., Ariz., south. Calif., desert. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Eriogonum fasciculatum, E. reniforme, E. trichopes, Gutierrezia lucida.
Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) albata Timberlake, 1947. N. Y.Ent. Soc, Jour. 55: 92. ♀, ♂.




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Exomalopsis albicans (Provancher)
Oreg., Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Brassica

campestris, B. incana, Cryptantha intermedia, Eriastrum, Eriogonum fasciculatum,
Euphorbia, Escbscholzia californica, Stephanomeria virgata, Trichostema lanceolatum.
Synhalonia albicans Provancher, 1896. Nat. Canad. 23: 27. ♂.
Diadasiella coquilletti Ashmead, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 26: 64. ♂.

Exomalopsis albovestita Timberlake
South. Calif., desert. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Cryptantha barbigera, Dalea emoryi, Eriogonum trichopes, Petalonyx thurberi.
Exomalopsis (Antkophorula) albovestita Timberlake. 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 55: 98. ♂.

Exomalopsis cerei Timberlake
South. Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Cereus engelmanni.
Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) cerei Timberlake, 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 55: 100. ♀.

Exomalopsis compactula
***authority mismatch
(Cockerell). Tex., N. Mex., Ariz. Parasite: Triopasites pasitura (Ckll.)? Pollen:
Unknown, but visits flowers of Aplopappus spijiulosus, Convolvtilus hermannioides,
Dithyraea wislizenii, Grindelia, Phacelia congesta, Verbesina.
Anthophorula compactula Cockerell, 1897. N. Mex. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 24: 44. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1898. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2: 415. ♀, ♂.

Exomalopsis completa Cockerell
Tex., N. Mex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Convolvulus
hertnannioides, Phacelia congesta.
Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) compactula var. completa Cockerell, 1935. Amer. Mus.
Novitates 766: 5. ♀, ♂.

Exomalopsis cornigera Cockerell
Ariz.

Exomalopsis (Pachycerapis) cornigera Cockerell, 1922. Amer. Mus. Novitates 47: 5. ♂.

Exomalopsis deserticola Timberlake
South. Calif., desert. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Asclepias
erosa, Chilopsis linearis, Cleomella obtusifolia, Eriogonum, reniforme, Heliotropium
spathulatum.
Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) deserticola Timberlake, 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 55: 95. ♀.
S.

Exomalopsis eriogoni Timberlake
South. Calif., deserts. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Cleomella
obtusifolia, Eriogonum reniforme, E. trichopes, Heliotropium spathulatum, Hugelia
virgata. Pedis papposa.
Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) eriogoni Timberlake, 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 55: 94. ♀.
6.

Exomalopsis euphorbiae Timberlake
Ariz., Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Boerhaavia,
Euphorbia.
Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) euphorbiae Timberlake, 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 55: 102.
9,6.

Exomalopsis gutierreziae Timberlake
Ariz. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Gutierrezia.

Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) gutierreziae Timberlake, 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 55: 97.
9.

Exomalopsis palmarum Timberlake
South. Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Eriogonum
inflatum.
Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) palmarum Timberlake, 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 55: 99. ♂.

Exomalopsis rufiventris Timberlake
West. Tex., Ariz. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Boerhaavia,
Tidestromia lanuginosa.
Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) rufiventris Timberlake, 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 55: 101.
9, 6.

Exomalopsis torticornis Cockerell
South. Calif. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Hugelia virgata, but
also visits flowers of Calochortus kennedyi, Centaurea melitensis, Chaenactis
glabriuscula, Chorizanthe parryi, Cojivolvulus arvense, Cryptantha intermedia, Encelia
farinosa, Eriogonum fasciculatum polifolii, Eschscholzia californica, Gutierrezia
californica, Hem,izonia tenella, Lottis scoparius, L. strigosus, Marrubium vulgare,
Mentzelia lindleyi, Navarretia intertexta, Opuntia vaseyi, Sphaeralcea ambigua.
Exomalopsis torticornis Cockerell, 1927. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 20: 399. ♂.

Biology: Hicks, 1936. Canad. Ent. 68: 47 (nest).

Exomalopsis varleyi Timberlake
South. Calif., desert (Warren's Well).

Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) varleyi Timberlake, 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 55: 96. ♂.




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Genus EXOMALOPSIS Subgenus ANTHOPHORISCA Michener and Moure

Exomalopsis subg. Anthophorisca Michener and Moure, 1957. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui.
112: 433.

Type-species: Melissodes pygmaea Cresson. Orig. desig.

Exomalopsis asteris Mitchell
Tex., Ind. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Aster.

Exomalopsis (Anthophorisca) asteris Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152:
236, fig. 68. ♀, ♂.

Exomalopsis chionura Cockerell
Cent. Calif. Pollen: Stores pollen of Grindelia camporum.

Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) chionura Cockerell, 1925. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 14: 203.
9,6.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1957. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 50: 469-475 (larva).

Biology: Rozen and MacNeill, 1957. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 50: 522-529 (nest, life history).

Exomalopsis chlorina Cockerell
N. Mex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Sphaeralcea.

Exomalopsis chlorina Cockerell, 1918. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 2: 477. ♀.

Exomalopsis micheneri Timberlake
Miss. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Gerard ia.

Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) micheneri Timberlake, 1947. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 55: 105.
9, 6.
morgan! (Cockerell). Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Helianthus.

Anthophorula morgani Cockerell, 1914. Entomologist 47: 114. ♀.

Exomalopsis nitens Cockerell
South. Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Aster, Calochortus

splendens, Calycadenia multiglandulosa, C hlorogalum parviflorum, Brodiaea crocea, B.
isioides, Grindelia camporum, G. rubriflorum, Hemizonia fasciculata, Lessingia
germanorum, Lotus scoparius, Malacothamnus arcuatus, Malvastrum, fasciculatum,
Navarretia heterodoxa, Opuntia littoralis, 0. parryi.
Exomalopsis nitens Cockerell, 1915. Pomona Col. Jour. Ent. Zool. 7: 231. ♀.

Exomalopsis pygmaea (Cresson)
Nebr., Colo., Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Helianthus
annuus.
Melissodes pygmaea Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 279. ♀.
Exomalopsis Bruneri Crawford, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 238. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Schwarz, 1896. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 4: 24-26 (sleeping habits).

Exomalopsis sidae Cockerell
Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., South. Calif., Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Apparently
an oligolege of the Malvaceae, visiting flowers of Sida hederacea, Sphaeralcea.
Predator: Philanthus arizonicus Bohart.
Exomalopsis sidae Cockerell, 1897. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 24: 160. ♀, ♂.

Exomalopsis texana Friese
Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Helenium tenuifolium.
Exomalopsis texana Friese, 1899. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 14: 264. ♀, ♂.

Genus ANCYLOSCELIS Latreille

Ancyloscelis Latreille, 1829. In Cuvier, Le Regne Animal, ed. 2, v. 5, p. 355.

Type-species: Ancylosceles ursinus Haliday. First included species.
Ancylosceles{\) Haliday, 1837. Linn. Soc. London, Trans. 17: 320.
Dipedia Friese, 1906. Flora og Fauna, v. 8, p. 92.

Type-species: Ancyloscelis armatus Smith. Desig. by Lutz and Cockerell, 1920
(=Chalcis apifortnis Fabricius).

All species visit flowers of Ipomoea for pollen and nectar, but also visit flowers of other plants
for nectar.

Revision: Michener, 1942. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18: 108-113.

Ancyloscelis apiformis (Fabricius)
Brazil to Tex. Parasite: Anthrax limatulus Say, Monodontom.erus
mexicanus Gahan, Trophocleptria schraderi Mich.?
Chalcis apiformis Fabricius, 1793. Ent. System., p. 195. ♂.
Ancyloscelis armatus Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 367. ♂.
Nomia tarsalis Westwood, 1875. Ent. Soc. London, Trans, p. 221, pi. 5, fig. 5.
Melissodes toluca Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc, p. 219. 9 ( 6 misdet.).




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Exomalopsis chionocincta Cockerell, 1949. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 98: 453. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 325. — Michener, 1954. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., Bui. 104: 110, figs. 50-52 (synonymy, characters). —Moure, 1960. Studia Ent. 3:
114-115 (synonymy, notes on type).

Biology: Michener, 1974. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 47: 19-22, 4 figs, (nest architecture, nests
intermingled with nests of Melitoma leuglossoides; reported as lartnatus). — Torchio,
1974. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 47: 54-63, 2 tables (nest architecture, nests intermingled with
nests of Melitoma leuglossoides, life history, associates; reported as larmatus).

Ancyloscelis sejunctus Cockerell
Tex., Colo., Ariz.

Ancylosceles sejuncta Cockerell, 1933. Amer. Mus. Novitates 595: 1. ♂.
Ancylosceles maculifera Cockerell, 1934. Amer. Mus. Novitates 697: 8. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1935. Amer. Mus. Novitates 766: 4. ♀.

Tribe MELITOMINI

This tribe is found only in the New World and is represented in America north of Mexico by
the genera Diadasia, Melitoma and Ptilothrix. Although species of these genera occupy both
continents, only the genus Diadasia contains numerous species in the more arid parts of North
and South America. As a group the Melitomini have established a specialized dependency upon
the pollens of a limited number of plant families including notably only certain genera in the
Cactaceae, Compositae, Convolvulaceae, Malvaceae and Onagraceae.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1954. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 104: 128 (generic classification).

Biology: Linsley, MacSwain and Smith, 1956. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 55: 83-101, pi. 26
(biological characters). —Linsley and MacSwain, 1952. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 9: 267-290,
pis. 1-6 (biological relationships with Anthophorini).

Genus PTILOTHRIX Smith

Ptilothrix Smith, 1853. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 1, p. 131.

Type-species: Ptilothrix piumatus Smith. Monotypic.
Ptilothryx Marschall, 1873. Nomenclator Zoologicus, p. 269. Emend.
Emphor Patton, 1879. U. S. Geol. Geog. Survey, Bui. 5: 476.

Type-species: Melissodes hombiformis Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.
Energoponus Holmberg, 1903. Mus. Nac Buenos Aires, An. (3) 2: 406.

Type-species: Ptilothrix piumatus Smith. Desig. by Sandhouse, 1943.
(=Energoponus strenuus Holmberg).

Taxonomy: Moure, 1947. Soc. Ent. Argentina, Rev. 13: 24 (synonymy).
hombiformis (Cresson). Kans. and 111. to N. J., south to Tex. and Fla.; Mexico. Pollen: Stores
pollen of Hibiscus, but also visits flowers of Althaea, Cephalanthus, Cirsium, Ipomoea,
Verbena, Vertionia for nectar.
Melissodes bombiforrnis Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc 30: 219. ♀, ♂.
Emphor fuscojubatus Cockerell, 1913. Psyche 20: 107. ♀.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1075, figs. 212-218 (larva). —Mitchell,
1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 240-242, fig. 67 (synonymy, redescription).

Biology: Robertson, 1890. Canad. Ent. 22: 217. — Knab, 1911. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 13: 170.
—Grossbeck, 1911. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 19: 238. —Nichols, 1913. Psyche 20: 107 (as
fuscojubatus). —Robertson, 1914. Ent. News 25: 70. —Robertson, 1918. Canad. Ent. 50:
320. —Robertson, 1925. Psyche 32: 278. —Davis, 1926. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 21: 127.
— Rau, 1930. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 25: 28. — Rau, 1934. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 28:
222. —Michener, 1947. Amer. Midland Nat. 38: 451 (habits).

Ptilothrix sumichrasti (Cresson)
Ariz. (Marana and Sahuarita); Mexico. Parasite: Dasymutilla

connectens (Cameron)?, D. eminentia Mickel?, D. foxi (Ckll.)?, D. phoenix (Fox)?,
Lytta variabilis Duges, Nemognatha chrysomeloides L. , Pseudomethoca praeclara
(Blake)?, Pollen: Stores pollen of Gossypium (cultivated), Ipomoea longifolia, I. pringlei.




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Kallstroemia grandijlora, but visits other flowers like Tribulus terrestis presumably for
nectar.
Melissodes sumichrasti Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc, p. 218. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Linsley, MacSwain and Smith, 1956. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 55: 83-101, pi. 26,
figs. 5, 10 (nest, larva, life history). —Butler, 1967. Pan-Pacific Ent. 43: 8-14 (nest, life
history). — Cazier and Linsley, 1974. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2546: 13 (nest site, floral
relationships).

Genus DIADASIA Fatton

Diadasia Patton, 1879. U. S. Geol. Geog. Survey, Bui. 5: 475.

Type-species: Melissodes enavata Cresson. Orig. desig.
Dasiapis Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 450.

Type-species: Dasiapis ochracea Cockerell. Monotypic.
Leptometria Holmberg, 1903. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, An. (3) 2: 409.

Type-species: Leptometria pereyrae Holmberg. Desig. by Brethes, 1910.
Coquillettapis Viereck, 1909. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 11: 47.

Type-species: Melissodes nigrifrons Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.
(=Coquillettapis melittoides Viereck).
Diadasiyia Moure, 1950. Dusenia 1: 392.

Type-species: Melitoma paraensis Ducke. Orig. desig.
Diadasianad) Michener, 1954. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 104: 129.

Bees of this genus occur only in the Americas and are distributed chiefly in the warm tem-
perate areas of North and South America, although a few species are present in the moist trop-
ics. The species are oligolectic, obtaining pollen primarily from the Malvaceae {Callirhoe, Sida,
Sidalcea, Sphaeralcea), Convolvulaceae (Calystegia, Convolvulus), Compositae (Helianthus),
Cactaceae (Opuntia) and the Onagraceae {Clarkia). The known parasites include species of the
family Bombyliidae (.Anthrax, Villa), Meloidae {Lytta, Tetraonyx), MutiUidae {Dasymutilla,
Sphaeropthalma), and Rhipiphoridae {Rhipiphorus). The bee genus Protepeolus is a clep-
toparasite of at least one species of Diadasia.

Revision: Cockerell, 1905. Amer. Nat. 39: 741-743. — Timberlake, 1941. Brooklyn Ent. Soc,
Bui. 36: 2-11 (key).

Taxonomy: Michener, 1954. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, Bui. 104: 129-131, table 2 (synonymy,
subgeneric characters).

Biology: Lutz and Cockerell, 1920. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 42:583-587 (floral and seasonal
records). —Linsley and MacSwain, 1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 199-235, 2 pis., 2 tables
(nesting habits, nest architecture, floral relationships, parasites). —Linsley and MacSwain,
1958. Evolution 12: 219-223 (floral constancy). — Schlissing, 1970. Ecology 51: 1061-1067
(sequence and timing of foraging). —Cazier and Linsley, 1974. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2546:
14 (floral relationships). — Eickwort, Eickwort and Linsley, 1977. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour.
50:1-17, 9 figs., 3 tables (nest aggregations).

Diadasia afflicta
***authority mismatch
afflicta (Cresson). N. Mex., Tex. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Callirhoe.
Melissodes afflicta Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 217. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Snyder, Barrows and Chabot, 1976. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 49: 200-203, 2 figs, (nest

architecture, pollen mass, insertion of egg).

Diadasia afflicta
***authority mismatch
perafflicta Cockerell. Kans. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Callirhoe.

Diadasia afflicta perafflicta Cockerell, 1905. Amer. Nat. 39: 744. ♂, ♀.

Diadasia afflictula Cockerell
N. Mex.

Diadasia afflictula Cockerell, 1910. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 5: 366. ♂.

Diadasia albovestita Provancher
Calif.

Diadasia albovestita Provancher, 1896. Nat. Canad. 23: 27. ♀.

Didasiad) alborestaO) Fowler, 1899. Canad. Ent. 31: 285.

Diadasia angusticeps Timberlake
Calif. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Clarkia.

Diadasia angusticeps Timberlake, 1939. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 34: 15. ♂, ♀.




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Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 201 (flower relationships).
—MacSwain, Raven and Thorp, 1973. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 70: 26-29 (flower
relationships).

Diadasia australis
***authority mismatch
australis (Cresson). Colo., N. Mex., Tex., Ariz. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of
Opuntia.
Melissodes australis Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 214. ♀, ♂.

Diadasia australis
***authority mismatch
californica Timberlake. Calif., Colo., N. Mex., Calif.; Mexico (Zacatecas). Pollen:
Collects pollen from flowers of Cactaceae, principally Opuntia. Other subspecies of

Diadasia australis
***authority mismatch
are known from Mexico.
Diadasia australis califortiica Timberlake, 1940. Brooklyn Ent. See, Bui. 35: 28. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 201-203.

Diadasia bituberculata (Cresson)
Calif. Parasite: Lytta ytielaena (LeC), Rhipiphorus diadasiae Linsley
and MacSwain, Sphaeropthalma auraria (Blake), S. unicolor (Cress.), Villa apicola Cole,
V. tricellula Cole. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of the introduced Convolvulus
arvensis as well as from the native species of Calystegia and Convolvulus.
Melissodes bituberculata Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 218. ♂.
DidasiaV.) cinerea Fowler, 1899. Canad. Ent. 31: 285. ♂.

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1952. Pan-Pacific Ent. 28: 131-135. —Linsley and MacSwain,
1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 203. — Schlising, 1972. Pan-Pacific Ent. 48: 175-188, 1 fig., 3
tables (foraging and nest provisioning behavior).

Diadasia consociata Timberlake
Calif., Nev., Ariz. Parasite: Anthrax nidicola Cole, Rhipiphorus

dammersi Barber, R. smithi Linsley and MacSwain, Villa apicola Cole. Pollen: Collects
pollen principally from flowers of Sida and may also collect pollen from flowers of
Sphaeralcea.
Diadasia consociata Timberlake, 1939. Brooklyn Ent. See, Bui. 34: 11. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Linsley, MacSwain and Smith, 1952. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 9: 267-290, 6 pis.
(bionomics). —Linsley and MacSwain, 1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 203, 205, pi. 1, fig. 1
(nesting habits, flower relationships, parasites).

Diadasia diminuta (Cresson)
B. C. to Calif., east to Nebr., Kans. and Tex.; Mexico. Ecology: Nests are
sometimes usurped by Osmia seclusa Sandhouse. Parasite: Dasymutilla foxi (Ckll.),
Rhipiphorus sexdens Linsley and MacSwain, Villa perplexa (Coq.). Pollen: Collects
pollen from flowers of Sphaeralcea and Kallstroemia grandiflora.
Melissodes dimimita Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 215. ♂.
Melissodes apacha Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 217. ♀.

Biology: Bohart, 1955. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 57:235-236 (nest usurpation). —Linsley and

MacSwain, 1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 205-211, pi. 2. (nesting habits, flower

relationships, parasites). — Eickwort, Eickwort and Linsley, 1977. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour.

50:1-17, 9 figs., 3 tables (nest aggregation, life history).

Diadasia enavata (Cresson)
Kans., Colo., N. Mex., Tex., Utah, Ariz., Calif.; Mexico. Parasite: Anthrax
nidicola Cole, Dasymutilla fulvohirta (Cress.). Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of
Compositae, principally those oi Helianthus. Diadasia tricincta listed in synonymy
below is almost certainly a synonym of Synhalonia actuosa (Cress.), see Timberlake,
1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 13.

Melissodes enavata Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 280. ♀.

Melissodes lursina Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 281. ♂.

Melissodes densa Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 282. ♂.

Eucera arctos Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym., v. 10, p. 225. Proposed to replace ursina,
preoccupied- in Eucera in Dalla Torre's sense.

Wiadasia S-cincta Provancher, 1896. Nat. Canad. 23: 28. ♀.

Wiadasia tricincta Fowler, 1899. Canad. Ent. 31: 286. Emend.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1075, figs. 206-211 (larva).

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 212, pi. 1, fig. 5 (nesting
habits, flower relationships, parasites).

Diadasia friesei Cockerell
?Calif., Ariz.

Diadasia friesei Cockerell, 1898. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 25: 192. ♀.




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Diadasia laticauda Cockerell
Calif. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Malvastrum and
Sphaeralcea.
Diadasia laticauda Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 103. ♀.
Diadasia crassicauda Cockerell, 1915. Pomona Jour. Ent. Zool. 7: 231. ♂.

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 219 (floral relationships).

Diadasia lutzi
***authority mismatch
deserticola Timberlake. Calif. (Chocolate Mts.). Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of
Sphaeralcea.
Diadasia lutzi deserticola Timberlake, 1940. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 85: 23. ♂, ♀.

Diadasia lutzi
***authority mismatch
difficilis Timberlake. Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Collects pollen from
flowers of Sphaeralcea.
Diadasia lutzi difficilis Timberlake, 1940. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 35: 22. ♂, ♀.

Diadasia lutzi
***authority mismatch
lutzi Cockerell. Wyo., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Collects
pollen from flowers of Sphaeralcea.
Diadasia lutzi Cockerell, 1924. Amer. Mus. Novitates 113: 2. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 212-213, pi. 1, fig. 3 (nesting
habits, flower relationships).

Diadasia martialis Timberlake
South. Calif., Ariz.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Collects pollen from
flowers of Sphaeralcea.
Diadasia martialis Timberlake, 1940. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 35: 25. ♂, ♀.

Diadasia megamorpha Cockerell
N. Mex. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Sphaeralcea and
Kallstroemia grandiflora.
Diadasia megamorpha Cockerell, 1898. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 25: 192. cJ, 9.

Diadasia nigrifrons (Cresson)
Idaho, Calif. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Sidalcea.
Melissodes nigrifrons Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 195. ♀.
DidasiaO) nerea Fowler, 1899. Canad. Ent. 31: 285. ♀, ♂.
Coquillettapis melittoides Viereck, 1909. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 11: 48. ♀.
Diadasia nigrifrons var. epileuca Cockerell, 1925. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 14: 203. ♀.

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 215.

Diadasia nitidifrons Cockerell
Wash., Calif., Utah. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Sphaeralcea.
Diadasia nitidifrons Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. 4: 104. ♂.
Diadasia skinneri Cockerell, 1909. Ent. News 20: 206. ♂.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1947. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 19: 403. ♀.

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 215.

Diadasia ochracea (Cockerell)
Wash., Calif., Ariz., Colo., N. Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Zacatecas). Parasite:
Protepeolus singularis Linsley and Michener, Rhipiphorus sexdens Linsley and
MacSwain, Spamoplius brevicomis Loew. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of
Sphaeralcea and Kallstroemia grandiflora. Diadasia olivacea (Cresson, 1878. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc. 30: 216), described from Mexico, may be a senior synonym
according to Timberlake (1957. hi Linsley and MacSwain, Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15:215);
however, Krombein (1967. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2, suppl. 2: 502) deletes the
species from the fauna of America north of Mexico. The type of D. olivacea was
collected by Sumichrast who made his collections of Hymenoptera in the environs of
Orizaba and Cordoba (see Cresson, 1868. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 1). This is well to
the south of the known southernmost occurrence (Zacatecas) of D. ochracea. The types
of D. olivacea and D. ochracea, both males, must be reexamined in order to determine
the validity of the proposed synonymy.

Dasiapis ochracea Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 450. ♂.

Diadasia blaisdelli Cockerell, 1924. Pan-Pacific Ent. 1: 54. ♀.

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 215-217, pi. 1, fig. 4.
— Eickwort, Eickwort and Linsley, 1977. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 50:1-17, 9 figs., 1 table (nest
aggregations, nest architecture, life history, parasites, as olivacea).

Diadasia opuntiae Cockerell
Coastal south. Calif. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Opuntia.
Diadasia rinconis opuntiae Cockerell, 1901. Canad. Ent. 33: 286. ♀.




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Diadasia palmarum Timberlake
South. Calif, desert. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of
Sphaeralcea.
Diadasia palmarum Timberlake, 1940. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 35: 27. cJ, 9.

Diadasia piercei Cockerell
Tex., Ariz.

Diadasia piercei Cockerell, 1911. Canad. Ent. 43: 132. ♂, ♀.

Diadasia rinconis
***authority mismatch
mimetica Cockerell. Calif, (isl. off coast). Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of
Opuntia. Another subspecies (petrina) is known from Baja California.
Diadasia australis mimetica Cockerell, 1924. Pan-Pacific Ent. 1: 53. ♀.

Diadasia rinconis
***authority mismatch
rinconis Cockerell. Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen:
Collects pollen from flowers of Opuntia.
Diadasia rijiconis Cockerell, 1897. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 24: 154. ♀.
Diadasia rinco7ii{\) Snow, 1906. Kans. Acad. Sci., Trans. 20: 137.

Diadasia sphaeralcearum
***authority mismatch
affinis Timberlake. Tex. to south. Calif, and Nev. Pollen: Collects pollen from
flowers of Sphaeralcea.
Diadasia sphaeralcearum affinis Timberlake, 1939. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 34: 14. ♂, ♀.

Diadasia sphaeralcearum
***authority mismatch
sphaeralcearum Cockerell. N. Mex., Ariz. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers
of Sphaeralcea.
Diadasia sphaeralcearum Cockerell, 1905. Amer. Nat. 39: 744. ♂.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1937. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 19: 403. ♀.

Diadasia tuberculifrons Timberlake
Ariz., Calif., Nev. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of
Sphaeralcea.
Diadasia tuberculifrons Timberlake, 1939. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 34: 13. ♂, ♀.

Diadasia vallicola Timberlake
Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California). Parasite: Rhipiphonis diadasiae
Linsley and MacSwain, Sphaeropthalma blakei Fox, Villa sp. near flavipilosa Cole.
Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Sphaeralcea.
Diadasia vallicola Timberlake, 1940. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 35: 24. ♂.

Biology: Hall and Hurd In Linsley and MacSwain, 1957. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 15: 217-218
(nest, parasites).

Diadasia vestita Timberlake
N. Mex. (Rio Puerco in Bernalillo Co.).

Diadasia vestita Timberlake, 1956. Pan-Pacific Ent. 32: 91. ♂.

Genus MELITOMA Lepeletier and Scrville

Melitoma Lepeletier and Serville, 1828. Encycl. Meth., Hist. Nat. Ins., v. 10, p. 529.

Type-species: Melitoma etiglossoides Lepeletier and Serville. Monotypic.
Entechnia Patton, 1879. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, Bui. 5: 476.

Type-species: Anthophora taurea Say. Monotypic and orig. desig.
Meliphila Schrottky, 1902. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac. de Hist. Nat. An. 7: 310.

Type-species: Apis segmentana Fabricius. Monotypic and orig. desig. {=Meliphila
ipomoeae Schrottky and Melitoma euglossoides Lepeletier and Serville).

All species visit flowers of Ipomoea for pollen and nectar, but also visit a wide variety of
other flowers for nectar.

Melitoma grisella (Cockerell and Porter)
N. Dak., Nebr., Kans., Colo., N. Mex.

E7itechiia grisella Cockerell and Porter, 1899. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 4: 409. ♂.
Entechnia dakotensis Cockerell and Porter, 1899. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 4: 409. ♀.

Biology: Hungerford and Williams, 1912. Ent. News 23: 258. —Cockerell, 1934. Amer. Mus.
Novitates 697: 10. —Linsley, 1960. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 68: 17-18 (floral relationships).

Melitoma segmentaria (Fabricius)
Tex. to Argentina. Parasite: Anthrax cintalapa Cole,

Monodontomerus mandibularis Gahan, Trophocleptria sckraderi Michener?
Apis segmentaria Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 371. ♀.
Melitoma euglossoides Lepeletier and Serville, 1828. Encyl. Meth., Hist. Nat. Ins. v. 10, p.

529.
Anthophora fulvifrons Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 341.
Melissodes^ marginella Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 282. ♂, ♀.
Meliphilia ipomoeae Schrottky, 1902. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, An. 7: 311.




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Taxonomy: Michener, 1954. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 104: 131-132, figs. 89-91 (genitalia).
—Moure, 1960. Studia Ent. 3: 115-116 (synonymy, notes on types).

Biology: Linsley, MacSwain and Smith, 1956. South Calif. Acad. Sci. Bui. 55: 94, figs. 6, 11
(larva). —Michener, 1974. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 47: 19-22 (intermingled nests with
Ancyloscelis lapifonnis, reported as larmatus). — Torchio, 1974: Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour.
47: 54-63, 2 tables (nest association with Ancyloscelis larmatus).

Melitoma taurea (Say)
N. J. to Fla., west to 111., Kans. and Mo. Parasite: Monodontomerus mandibularis
Gahan, Triepeolus donatus (Sm.).
Anthophora taurea Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 410. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 242-244, figs. 7-8
(redescript.).

Biology: Walsh, 1868. Amer. Ent. 1: 10. — Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 7: 25. —Robertson, 1914.
Ent. News 25: 68. -Rau, 1926. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 175. — Rau, 1929. Psyche 36:
155. —Rau, 1934. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 28: 222. —Michener, 1975. Kans. Ent. Soc,
Jour. 48: 194-200, 3 figs, (nesting site, supersedure by Paranthidium jugatorium).

Tribe EUCERINI

This is a very large tribe of pollen-collecting bees which is found on all the continents except
Australia. It is especially diverse in the New World, particularly in the Neotropical Region. In
America north of Mexico, the Eucerini are represented by 15 of the 18 genera known to occur on
the North American continent. Most of the species are solitary, but some live in colonies and all
make their nests in the ground.

Taxonomy: Moure and Michener, 1955. Dusenia 6: 239-331, 35 figs, (generic classification of
Neotropical genera). — LaBerge, 1957. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1837: 1-44, 42 figs, (generic
classification of North and Central American genera). —LaBerge, 1962. Parana Univ., Bol.,
Zool. 11: 1-12 (types of Eucerine bees in Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.). — Rozen, 1965. Amer. Mus.
Novitates 2233: 3-13, figs. 1-34 (larvae).

Genus SYNHALONIA Patton

Synhalonia Patton, 1879. U. S. Geol. Geog. Survey, Bui. 5: 473.

Type-species: Melissodes fitlvitarsis Cresson. Orig. desig.
Eusynhalonia Ashmead, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 26: 63.

Type-species: Melissodes edwardsii Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.
Synalonia Robertson, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 365. Emend.

The bees of this North American genus fly primarily during the spring months and are ob-
served only exceptionally during the summer. A second generation may occur in some species
since specimens have been collected as late as August. Insofar as known, the females do not col-
lect pollen from the flowers of Compositae, but visit the flowers of a wide range of plant fami-
lies, including especially the Ranunculaceae, Leguminosae, Hydrophyllaceae, Boraginaceae, and
Saxifragaceae. At least some of the species are apparently oligolectic

Revision: Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 1-76, 80 figs. (spp. of western U. S.).

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 366-367 (Illinois species).
— Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 74-97. — Cockerell, 1914. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (8) 8: 284-286 (partial key). —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152:
312-323, figs. 87-89 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Biology: Rust and Clement, 1977. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 50:41-43, table 3 (spp. visiting
flowers q{ Collinsia sparsiflora).

Synhalonia acerba (Cresson)
Calif., Oreg., Nev., Utah, Mont. Pollen: Apparently an oligolege of
Arctostapkylos, but also visits flowers of Ribes aureum, Taraxacum vulgare.
Melissodes acerba Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 210. ♀.

Melissodes nevadensis Cresson, 1879 (not 1874). Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 209. ♂. Preocc.
Melissodes intrudens Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 225. N. name.

Taxonomy: Fowler, 1899. Canad. Ent. 10: 138. ♂.




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Synhalonia actuosa (Cresson)
Wash, and Idaho, south to Calif., Utah, Ariz., and N. Mex. Pollen: Polylege,
visits a wide variety of flowers including Agoseris heterophylla, Anisinckia
douglasiana, A. iyitemiedia, Antirrhinum, Aplopappus, Astragalus, Brassica
campestris, Brodiaea laxa, Calochortus, Chaenactis, Cirsium, CoUinsia, Coreopsis
californica, Cryptantha intermedia, Dodecatheon, Eriodictyon califomicum, Erodium
cicutarium, Eschscholzia californica, Haplopappus linearifolius, Helianthus nuttallii,
Hesperochiron californica, Lasihenia chrysostoma, L. gracilis, Layia glandulosa, L.
platyglossa, Lesquerella gordonii, Linanthus, Lotus, Lupinus bicolor, L. densiflorus, L.
nanus, L. succulentus, Medicago hispida, Melilotus, Oenothera pallida, Oreocarya,
Orthocarpus purpurascens, Phacelia ciliata, P. dista^is, P. humilis, Plagiobothrys
califomicus, Prunus, Ranunculus califomicus, Raphanus sativus, Rhamnus,
Rhododendron, Salix, Salvia columbariae, Sambucus, Sisyrinchium bellum, Tamarix
gallica, Trifolium repens, T. tridentatum, Wyethia. Diadasia tricincta Provancher,
listed in this catalog as possibly a synonym of Diadasia enavata (Cresson), may be a
synonym of this species (see Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57:13).

Melissodes actuosa Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 208. ♀.

Synhalonia californica Fowler, 1899. Canad. Ent. 31: 137. ♀. Preocc.

Synhalonia fowleri Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 28. ♀.

Synhalonia territella Cockerell, 1909. Entomologist 38: 146. ♂.

Synhalonia albescens Timberlake
Calif., Ariz., Nev. Pollen: Polylege, visits flowers of Amsinckia, Aster
abatus, Dalea saundersii, Delphinitim parishii, Larrea tridentata, Lycium torreyi,
Oenothera clavaefomiis, Prosopis, Salvia carduacea, Sphaeralcea ambigua, S. orcuttii,
Tamarix.

Synhalonia albesce^is Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 14, figs. 5, 6. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Hurd and Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 42 (floral information).

Synhalonia amsinckiae Timberlake
Wash. (Pullman and Wawawai), Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).

Pollen: Apparently an oligolege of Amsinckia including A. douglasiana, A. intermedia,
A. eastwoodae, A. tessellata, but also visits flowers of Arctostaphylos glauca, Encelia
californica, Lantana sellowiana, Phacelia, Raphanus sativus, Salvia columbariae, S.
mellifera.
Synhalonia amsinckiae Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 15, figs. 7, 8. ♀, ♂.

Synhalonia angustifrons Timberlake
Oreg., Calif., Ariz., Utah; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Polylege,
visits a wide variety of flowers including Amsinckia iyitermedia, Arctostaphylos
mariposa. Astragalus pachypus, Brassica incana, Cercidium, Cryptantha,
Cynoglossum, Dudleya, Encelia californica, Eriogonum, Lantana sellowiana, Larrea
tridentata, Lotus scoparius, Lupinus excubitus, L.formosus, L. paynei, Parkinsonia
aculeata, Penstemon antirrhinoides, P. palmeri, P. spectabilis, Phacelia distans,
Prunus fasciculata, Rhus trilobata. Salvia apiana, S. columbariae, S. dorrii, S.
mellifera, Sambucus, Scrophularia californica.
Synhalonia angustifrons Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 16, figs. 9, 10. ♀, ♂.
aragalli Cockerell. Colo., Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Astragalus, Oxytropis
lambertii.
Synhalonia frater aragalli Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 14: 25. ♀.

Synhalonia argyrophila (Cockerell)
Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Astragalus, Dalea
formosa.
Tetralonia argyrophila Cockerell, 1909. Entomologist 42: 147. ♂.

Synhalonia atriventris (Smith)
Minn, to Mass., south to Ga. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of

Aesculus, Astragalus, Lathyrus, Lupinus, Mertensia, Penstemon hirsutus, Robinia,
Vicia.
Melissodes atriventris Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 310. ♂.
Synhalonia atriventris fuscipes Robertson, 1900. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 10: 54. ♀.

Preocc.
Tetralonia robertsoni Cockerell, 1914. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 13: 283. 9. N. name.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1897. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 7: 353. cJ, 9.

Biology: Rau, 1934. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 28: 211 (nesting habits).




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Synhalonia bakeri Timberlake
N. Mex. (Aztec).

Synhalonia bakeri Timberlake, 1973. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 75: 317. ♂.

Synhalonia belfragii (Cresson)
Mich., 111., Ind., Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Aesculus,
Arabis, Camassia, Cercis canadensis, Claytonia, CoUinsia, Dentaria, Dicentra,
Erythroniuni, Geranium, Hydrophyllum, Isopyrum, Lithospermum, Mertensia,
Penstemon ambiguus, Phacelia, Polemonium, Ranunculus, Viola.
Melissodes belfragii Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 278. ♀.
Melissodes honesta Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 279. ♂.

Synhalonia birkmanniella (Cockerell)
Tex.

Tetralonia birkmanniella Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 93. ♂.

Synhalonia californica
***authority mismatch
californica (Cresson). Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Raphanus
sativus.
Melissodes Californica Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 196. ♂.

Synhalonia californica
***authority mismatch
deserticola Timberlake. South Calif., desert. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, visits
flowers of Amsinckia, Astragalus, Coreopsis californica, Gilia davyi, G. latifolia,
Isomeris, Oenothera, Phacelia, Salvia carduacea, Sphaeralcea, Tamarix gallica.
Synhalonia californica deserticola Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 24. ♀, ♂.

Synhalonia carolinensis (Dalla Torre)
N. C.

Tetralonia atrifrons Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 308. ♀. Preocc.
Eucera carolinensis Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym., v. 10, p. 228. 9. N. name.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 950.

Synhalonia cercidis Timberlake
Okla. (Alabaster Caverns State Park). Pollen: Unknown, but visits
flowers of Cercis canadensis.
Synhalonia cercidis Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 24, figs. 21, 22. ♂.
chrysobotryac (Cockerell). Colo, to Okla., south to Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Astragalus including A. lindheimeri, Cercis canadensis, Ribes longifolium.
Tetralonia chrysobotryac Cockerell, 1908. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 2: 332. ♀, ♂.

Synhalonia chrysophila (Cockerell)
N. Mex., Colo., ?Idaho. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Ribes
aureum.
Tetralonia chrysophila Cockerell, 1914. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 13: 384. ♀.

Synhalonia conformis Timberlake
Okla. (Waurika), Tex. (Midland). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Aster tanacetif alius. Astragalus lindheimeri.
Synhalonia conformis Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 27, figs. 25, 26. ♂, ♀.

Synhalonia cordleyi Viereck
B. C. to Calif., Idaho, Colo., Utah. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, visits
flowers of Agoseris, Amsinckia, Asclepias, Astragalus, Balsamorrhiza, Brodiaea,
Camissonia, Cirsium, Convolvulus, Cryptantha, Encelia, Erigeron, Eriogoyium,
Erysimum, Lupinus, Marrubium, Melilotus, Mesem.bryanthemum, Mirabilis,
Oenothera, Phacelia, Raphanus, Salvia, Sidalcea, Sphaeralcea, Statice, Taraxacum,
Thelypodium, Trifolium, Vicia.
Synhalo7iia Cordleyi Viereck, 1905. Canad. Ent. 16: 316. ♀, ♂.
Tetralonia poetica Cockerell, 1914. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 13: 424. ♂.
Tetralonia cordleyi postica(!) Cockerell, 1935. Pan-Pacific Ent. 11: 53.
Tetralonia cordleyi orophila Cockerell, 1914. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 13: 284. ♀.

Synhalonia crenulaticornis (Cockerell)
Colo., N. Mex.

Melissodes crenulaticornis Cockerell, 1898. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2: 454. ♂.
Melissodes crenulaticornis form maculata Cockerell, 1898. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2:
455. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1899. Entomologist 32: 157. ♀.

Synhalonia cressoniana Cockerell
Tex., Kans., Nebr., Ariz., Utah. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Larrea tridentata.
Synhalonia cressoniana Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 177. ♀.

Biology: Kurd and Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 42, tables 14, 15 (floral
relationships).




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Synhalonia delphinii Timberlake
Wash, to Calif., Utah. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Bloomeria,
Brodiaea, Delphinium, Platystemon, Trifolium.

Synhalonia delphiiiii Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 30, figs. 29, 30. ♀, ♂.

Synhalonia dorsata Timberlake
Calif. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, visits flowers of Amsinckia

intermedia, Brodiaea crocea, Collinsia bicolor. Convolvulus occidentalis. Coreopsis
lanceolata, Eriodictyon califomicum, E. crassifolium, Eschscholzia califomica,
Grindelia, Lathyrus, LoUis scoparius, Lupiyius bicolor, L. fomwsus, L. nanus,
Penstemon antirrhinoides, Salvia columbariae, S. mellifera, Trichostema parishii.

Synhalonia dorsata Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 32. ♂, ♀.

Synhalonia douglasiana (Cockerell)
Wash. (Steamboat Rock).

Tetralonia Douglasiana Cockerell, 1906. Canad. Ent. 38: 278. ♀.

Synhalonia dubitata (Cresson)
Minn, to Pa., south to S. C. and Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Aesculus, Astragalus, Dicentra, Melilotus, Mertensia, Robinia, Salvia.

Melissodes dubitata Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 194. ♀, ♂.

Synhalonia edwardsii (Cresson)
B. C. to Calif., Idaho, Mont., Utah, Nev., Colo., Wyo., N. Mex.; Mexico
(Baja California). Pollen: Polylectic, visits a wide variety of flowers including Allium,
Amsinckia, Astragalus, Abronia, Arnica, Balsamorrhiza, Brassica, Brodiaea, Besseya,
Cirsium, Collinsia sparsiflora. Convolvulus, Conium, Dalea, Daucus, Erysimum,
Eschscholzia, Encelia, Erigeron, Helianthus, Hydrophyllum, Ligustnim, Lithosperum,
Lotus, Lupinus, Malvastrum, Medicago, Melilotus, Mentha, Mesembryanthemum,
Mirabilis, Nemophila, Oenothera, Penstemon, Physocarpus, Phacelia, Phoradendom,
Potentilla, Raphanus Rhamnus, Rubus, Sidalcea, Sphaeralcea, Stachys, Taraxacum,
Trifolium, Thelypodium, Vicia, Viola, Zygadenus.

Melissodes edwardsii Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 195. ♂.

Synhalonia edwardsii race angustior Cockerell, 1897. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 49: 347.
6 (9 misdet.).

Tetralonia edwardsii vagabunda Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 95. ♂.

Biology: Rust and Clement, 1977. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 50:42, table 3 (floral visitation).

Synhalonia frater
***authority mismatch
albopilosa Fowler. Oreg., Calif. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, visits a wide variety of
flowers including Amsinckia, Astragalus, Brodiaea, Camissonia tanacetifolia,
Ceanothus, Chamaebatia, Cirsium, Convolvulus, Lathyrus, Layia, Lotus, Lupinus,
Medicago, Penstemon, Ranunculus, Stachys, Thermopsis, Trifolium, Vicia.
Synhalonia albopilosa Fowler, 1899. Canad. Ent. 10: 138. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1924. Pan-Pacific Ent. 1: 55.

Synhalonia frater
***authority mismatch
frater (Cresson). Colo., Wyo., Utah, Idaho, Oreg., Nev., N. Mex. (Barela Mesa). Pollen:
Apparently polylectic, visits flowers of Astragalus, Hedysarum, Lithospermum,
Lupinus, Medicago, Mertensia, Ribes, Vicia. An unnamed variety of this occurs in
Utah, Colorado and Washington in which the metasoma of the female is entirely black
beyond tergum I.
Melissodes frater Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 197. ♂.
Tetralonia lata lautipes Cockerell, 1924. Amer. Mus. Novitates 113: 2. ♀.

Synhalonia frater
***authority mismatch
lata (Provancher). B. C, Wash., Oreg. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Hydrophyllum.
Melissodes lata Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada, Hym., p. 302. ♀.
Melissodes nigricomis Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada, Hym., p. 302. ♂.
Synhalo7iia edwardsii race latior Cockerell, 1897. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 49: 347. ♂.

Synhalonia fulvitarsis
***authority mismatch
annae (Cockerell). Colo., Wyo., Utah, N. Mex.

Tetralonia annae Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 114. ♀.
Tetralonia annae patruelis Cockerell, 1924. Amer. Mus. Novitates 113: 2. ♀.
Tetralonia rotgeri Cockerell, 1937. Ent. News 48: 256. ♀.

Synhalonia fulvitarsis
***authority mismatch
fulvitarsis (Cresson). Alta. and B. C. to Calif., Nev., Idaho, Colo., Wyo., Kans.
(Lawrence). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Astragalus, Cryptantha, Phlox,
Taraxacum, Thelypodium.
Melissodes fulvitarsis Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 196. ♂.
Tetralonia Yakimensis Cockerell, 1906. Canad. Ent. 38: 278. ♂.
Tetralonia medicata Cockerell, 1911. Canad. Ent. 43: 34. ♀.




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Taxonomy: Patton, 1879. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, Bui. 5: 474. ♀.

Synhalonia fulvohirta (Cresson)
N. C. to Ga. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Elaeagnus, Vicia.

Melissodes fulvohirta Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 213. ♂.

Synhalonia fuscotincta Cockerell
Ariz., Colo.

Synhalonia fuscotincta Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 178. ♂.

Synhalonia hamata (Bradley)
Eastern U. S., west to S. Dak., Colo., Kans., Nebr. and Mo. Pollen:

Apparently polylectic, visits a wide variety of flowers including Aesculus, Asclepias,
Astragalus, Baptisia, Blephilia, Brassica, Camassia, Capsella, Cardaniine, Cercis,
Claytonia, Collinsia, Commandra, Convolvulus, Comus, Crataegus, Delphinium,
Dianthera, Dodacatheon, Ellisia, Erigeron, Fragaria, Geranium, Gleditsia,
Gymnocladus, Heracleum, Hydrophyllum, Iris, Krigia, Lithospermum, Lythrum,
Lobelia, Medicago, Melilotus, Mertensia, Monarda, Nepeta, Oenothera, Oxalis,
Penstemon, Petalostemon, Phlox, Podophyllum, Polemonium, Prunus, Ptelea, Pyrus,
Ranuncuhis, Ribes, Robinia, Rosa, Rubus, Ruellia, Salix, Salvia, Scutellaria, Senecio,
Stellaria, Tradescantia, Trifolium, Verbena, Verbesina, Viburnum,, Vicia, Viola, Vitis,
Zizia.
Tetralonia hamata Bradley, 1942. Ent. News 53: 189. ♂, ♀.
hirsutissima (Cockerell). B. C.

Tetralonia hirsutissima Cockerell, 1916. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 17: 428. ♀.

Synhalonia hurdi Timberlake
B. C. to Calif. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, collects pollen from flowers of
Collinsia sparsiflora, but also visits flowers oi Allium, Brodiaea, Cryptantha, Lupinus,
Phacelia, Taraxacum.
Synhalonia hurdi Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 42, figs. 43, 44. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Rust and Clement, 1977. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 50:41, 43, table 3 (nest, cell
provisions, floral relationships).

Synhalonia illinoensis Robertson
111., Mo., Okla. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Astragalus
lindheimeri, Lithospermum canescens.
Synhalonia illinoensis Robertson, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 49. ♂.

Synhalonia lepida (Cresson)
Colo., to Okla. and Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Actinia,
Astragalus, Cercis, Gaillardia, Lesquerella, Marrubium, Sphaeralcea.
Melissodes lepida Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 198. ♂.

Synhalonia lunata Timberlake
Oreg., Calif. Utah, Ariz.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Apparently

polylectic, visits flowers of Amsinckia intermedia, Arbutus menziesii, Arctostaphylos
glauca, A. mariposa, A. pungens, Brassica, Calendula, Collinsia sparsiflora,
Cryptantha, Isomeris arborea, Encelia californica, Lasthenia chrysostoma, Lupinus
albifrons, L. densiflonis, L. latifolius, L. micranthus, L. nanus, L. succulentus,
Nemophila menziesii, Phacelia, Phlox, Ranunculus occidentalis, Ribes indecorum,
Salix, Salvia sonomensis, Sidalcea malvaeflora, Solanum umbelliferum, Trichostema
parishii, Trifolium tridentatum, Wyethia angustifolia.
Synhalonia lunata Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 46. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Rust and Clement, 1977. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 50:42, table 3 (floral visitation).

Synhalonia lutziana (Cockerell)
Colo. Pollen: Unknown, but a male visited flowers of Sphaeralcea
concinna.

Tetralonia lutziana Cockerell, 1933. Amer. Mus. Novitates 595: 2. ♂.

Synhalonia lycii Cockerell
N. Mex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Lycium, plum, lilac.

Synhalonia lycii Cockerell, 1897. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc 49: 348. ♀.

Synhalonia mohavensis Timberlake
Calif., Nev., Ariz.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Unknown, but
visits flowers of Sphaeralcea ambigua, S. emoryi, S. orcuttii.

Synhalonia mohavejisis Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 50, figs. 55, 56. ♂.

Synhalonia monozona Timberlake
Oreg. (Klamath Co.), Calif. (Sierra Nevada Mts.).

Synhalonia monozona Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 51. ♀.

Synhalonia pagosana (Cockerell)
Colo. (Pagoso Springs).

Tetralonia pagosana Cockerell, 1925. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 16: 228. ♀.

Synhalonia pallidihirta Timberlake
Tex., Mont. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers oi Dalea formosa.

Synhalonia pallidihirta Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 53. ♀.




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Synhalonia phaceliae (Cockerell)
N. Mex., Utah., Ariz. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Descurainia
Sophia, Lesquerella gordonii, Phacelia comingata, Sphaeralcea.
Tetralonia phaceliae Cockerell, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 238. ♀.

Synhalonia primaveris Timberlake
Calif. (Colorado and Mojave Deserts), Nev., Utah, Ariz. (Mohave Co.).
Pollen: Apparently polylectic; visits flowers of Amsi^ickia, Astragalus, Aster, Brassica,
Delphinium, Encelia, Erysimum, Gilia, Hyptis, Isomeris, Larrea, Lotus, Lupinus,
Oenothera, Phacelia, Prunus, Salvia, Sphaeralcea, Tamarix, Thelypodium.
Synhalonia primaveris Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 55, figs. 59, 60. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Hurd and Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 43 (floral relationships).

Synhalonia quadricincta Timberlake
Calif., Nev., Utah. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of

Astragahis, Berberis fremontii, Dalea, Melilotus officinalis, Oenothera clavaeformis var.
auriantiaca, Sphaeralcea ambigua, Stanleya, Tamarix, Thelypodium laciniatum.
Synhalonia quadricincta Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 57, figs. 61, 62. ♀.
6.

Synhalonia rosae Robertson
Va. to Ohio, Mo. and Kans., south to Fla. and Tex. Pollen: Apparently
polylectic; visits flowers of Asclepias, Batodendron, Blephilia, Cortius, Croton,
Dianthera, Diospyros, Elaeagnus, Geranium, Houstonia, Hydrophyllum, Iris, Linaria,
Melilotus, Monarda, Nemophila, Oenothera, Penstemon, Pontederia, Rosa, Rubus,
Stachys, Trifolium, Verbena, Xanthisma.
Synhalonia rosae Robertson, 1900. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 10: 54. ♀.
Tetralonia fedoris Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 93. ♂.

Synhalonia speciosa (Cresson)
S. Dak. to Texas, west to Utah and Idaho. Pollen: Collects pollen from
flowers of Oenothera pallida, but also visits flowers of Balsamorrhiza, Brazoria,
Caragana, Gaillardia, Monarda, Penstemon.
Melissodes speciosa Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 198. ♀.
Melissodes dilecta Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 199. ♂.
Synhalonia gillettei Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 203. ♂.
Synhalonia gillettei snoviana Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 179. ♂.
Synhalonia astragali7ia Cockerell, 1905. Ent. News 16: 271. ♂.

Tetralonia astragalina clarissima Cockerell, 1933. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 11: 372.
6.
Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Entomologist 38: 148. 3. —Bradley, 1942. Ent. News 53: 190.

Biology: Folsom, 1922. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 15: 182 (nesting habits). —Linsley, MacSwain
and Raven, 1963. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 33: 45-46 (floral relationships).

Synhalonia stretchii (Cresson)
Oreg., Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Cirsium, Coreopsis,
Eriodictyon, Fremontodendron, Lupinus, Vicia.
Melissodes stretchii Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 207. ♀.
Synhalonia idiotes Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 105. ♀.

Synhalonia suavis (Cresson)
Colo.

Melissodes suavis Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 210. ♀.

Synhalonia texana Timberlake
Tex. (Dallas). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Cercis canadensis.

Synhalonia texana Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 62, figs. 69, 70. ♂.

Synhalonia tricinctella Timberlake
Calif., Utah. Pollen: Apparently polylectic; visits flowers of

Amsinckia intermedia. Aster abatus, Astragahis tener, Chaenactis fremontii. Coreopsis
califomica, Cryptantha intermedia, Dalea saundersii, Encelia farinosa. Erysimum,
Gilia multicaulis, Haplopappus cooperi, H. linearifolius, Lotus scoparius, L. strigosus,
Malacothrix glabrata, Plagiobothrys califomicus, Rhus trilobata, Ribes indecorum.
Salvia columbariae, Sambucus, Sphaeralcea, Tamarix gallica.
Synhalonia Jiricinctella Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 63, figs. 71, 72. cJ, 9.
truttae Cockerell. N. Mex., Ariz. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Iris missouriensis.

Synhalonia truttae Cockerell, 1905. Entomologist 38: 147. ♂, ♀.

Synhalonia venusta
***authority mismatch
carinata (Timberlake). Cahf.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Apparently strictly
oligolectic on Clarkia unguiculata.
Tetralonia venusta carinata Timberlake, 1961. Pan-Pacific Ent. 37: 212. ♂.




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Biology: MacSwain, Raven and Thorp, 1973. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 70: 31-34, 45, fig. 8 (floral
relationships).

Synhalonia venusta
***authority mismatch
venusta (Timberlake). Calif., Ariz., Nev.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Apparently
oligolectic on Camissonia clavaefortnis, but visits other flowers evidently for nectar
including Larrea tridentata, Sphaeralcea orcuttii.
Tetralonia venusta Timberlake, 1961. Pan-Pacific Ent. 37: 209. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Linsley, MacSwain and Raven, 1963. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 33: 20, 46 (behavior,
floral relationships). —Linsley, MacSwain and Raven, 1964. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 33: 77
(behavior, floral relationships). —MacSwain, Raven and Thorp, 1973. Calif. Univ. Pubs.
Ent. 70: 30, fig. 8 (floral relationships). — Hurd and Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool.
193: 43 (floral relationships).

Synhalonia virgata Cockerell
Oreg., Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Astragalus pomonensis,
Brodiaea capitata, Cirsium, Phacelia, Pogogyne parviflora, Rhododendron, Trichostema
lanata.
Synhalonia belfragei virgata Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 100. ♀.

Synhalonia zonata Timberlake
Oreg., Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Amsinckia intermedia,
Cryptantka, Lupinus na7ius, Nemophila menziesii, Plagiobothrys.
Synhalonia zonata Timberlake, 1969. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 57: 68, figs. 79, 80. ♀, ♂.

Genus SYNTRICHALONIA LaBerge

Syntrichalonia LaBerge, 1957. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1837: 10.

Type-species: Melissodes exquisita Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Syntrichalonia exquisita (Cresson)
Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico (D. P., Durango, Jalisco and Zacatecas).
Pollen: Oligolege, principally composite tribes Helenieae and Heliantheae including
Encelia, Helenium hoopesii, H elianthtis annuus, Heliopsis parviflora, Verbesina
encelioides, V. oreophila, Viguiera dentata, but visits other flowers for nectar.
Melissodes exquisita Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 213. ♀.
Melissodes herricki Cockerell, 1905. Psyche 12: 98. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Zavortink, 1975. Pan-Pacific Ent. 51: 240-242, table 3 (host plants, behavior,
distribution).

Genus EUCERA Scopoli

Eucera Scopoli, 1770. Annus Hist. Nat., v. 4, p. 8.

Type-species: Apis longicomis Linnaeus. Desig. by Latreille, 1810.

Eucera maculata Lepeletier
America. No doubt exotic or incorrectly assigned to Eucera.
Eucera maculata Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 2, p. 129. ♀.

Genus XENOGLOSSA Smith

The bees of this North and Central American genus are dependent solely upon the pollen and
to a large extent upon the nectar of both cultivated and uncultivated Cucurbita (squashes,
gourds and pumpkins). Like the species of the genus Peponapis, the males commonly spend
most of the day and a good part of the night in the wilted and closed flowers of these plants. At
the beginning of the season and before nesting activities are commenced it is also not unusual to
encounter females in the wilted and closed flowers. The pollen collecting devices of the species
are species-specific and apparently this has influenced the ability of the different species to col-
lect and utilize pollens of various Cucurbita, both wild and domestic. These bees are excep-
tionally valuable pollinators of the squashes, gourds and pumpkins.

Revision: Hurd and Linsley, 1964. Hilgardia 35: 384-425, figs. 1-11 (U. S. spp.). —Hurd and
Linsley, 1967. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 60: 988-1007, 19 figs., 2 tables, 5 maps (North and
Centr. Amer. spp.). —Hurd and Linsley, 1970. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 62: 1-39, 11 figs. 4
tables, 3 maps (classification).

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 246-249, figs. 73-74 (eastern
U. S. spp.). — Rozen, 1965. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2233: 6-11, figs. 1-19 (larva).




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Biology: Michelbacher, Smith and Hurd, 1964. Calif. Agr. 18: 2-4, figs, (pollination of
squashes, gourds and pumpkins). —Hurd and Linsley, 1964. Hilgardia 35: 376-382, 2 tables
(bid. summary). —Michelbacher, Hurd and Linsley, 1968. Bee World 49: 159-167, 6 figs,
(feasibility of introducing squash bees into the Old World). —Hurd, Linsley and Whitaker,
1971. Evolution 25: 218-234, 4 figs., 3 tables (squash bees and origin of cultivated
Cucurbita).

Genus XENOGLOSSA Subgenus EOXENOGLOSSA Hurd and Linsley

Xenoglossa subg. Eoxenoglossa Hurd and Linsley, 1970. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 62: 34.
Type-species: Melissodes strenua Cresson. Orig. desig.

Xenoglossa kansensis Cockerell
N. C. and Ga., west to Colo., N. Mex. and Tex. Pollen: Oligolectic on
Ciicurbita foetidisshna and domestic species of Cucurbita.
Xenoglossa strenua var. Kansensis Cockerell, 1905. Psyche 12: 104. ♂.

Xenoglossa strenua (Cresson)
Transcont., Md. to Fla., west to south. Calif., south to San Luis Potosi,

Durango, Baja California and Sinaloa, Mexico. Parasite: Triepeolus remigatus (Fabr.).
Pollen: Oligolectic on Cucurbita foetidissima and domestic species of Cucurbita. Pollen
collecting females have been found occasionally at the flowers of Cucurbita digitata and
C. palmata, but these plants do not appear to be preferred pollen sources.
Melissodes stremia Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 213. ♀, ♂.
Xenoglossa cucurbitarum Cockerell, 1896. Canad. Ent. 28: 192. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1964. Pan-Pacific Ent. 40: 174-182, 17 figs, (larva). — Rozen, 1965. Amer.
Mus. Novitates 2233: 10-11, figs. 15-19 (larva).

Biology: Bohart, 1964. Pan-Pacific Ent. 40: 174-182, 17 figs, (nesting habits, nest architecture,
parasite). -Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 255-262, 20 figs, (parasite).

Genus XENOGLOSSA Subgenus XENOGLOSSA Smith

Xenoglossa Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 315.
Type-species: Xe^ioglossa fiilva Smith. Monotypic.

Species Group Patricia

Xenoglossa angustior Cockerell
Calif., Ariz., N. Mex.; Mexico (Baja California and Sonora). Pollen:
Oligolectic on Cucurbita digitata, C . foetidissima, C. palmata and most, if not all,
domestic Cucurbita grown within its geographic range.
Xenoglossa patricia angustior Cockerell, 1899. Entomologist 33: 64. ♂.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1965. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2233: 8-10, figs. 3-10 (larva).

Xenoglossa patricia Cockerell
N. Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango). Pollen:

Oligolectic on Cucurbita foetidissima and most, if not all, domestic Cucurbita grown
within its geographic range.
Xenoglossa patricia Cockerell, 1896. Canad. Ent. 28: 191. ♂, ♀.

Species Group Fulva

gabbii crawfordi Cockerell. South. Ariz.; Mexico (south to Michoacan and Morelos). Pollen:

Oligolectic on Cucurbita martinezii, C. sororia and most, if not all, domestic Cucurbita
grown within its geographic range. The typical subspecies occurs in southern Mexico
(Oaxaca and Chiapas) and Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Nicaragua, and possibly Panama).

Xenoglossa crawfordi Cockerell, 1910. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 5: 367. ♂.

Xenoglossa dugesi Cockerell, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 55: 194. ♀.

Biology: Michelbacher and Hurd, 1968. Pan-Pacific Ent. 44: 58-68, 1 fig., 3 tables (nest site,
late season foraging behavior). —Michelbacher and Hurd, 1968. Folia Ent. Mexicana 18-19:
110-111 (ecology and distribution).

Genus CEMOLOBUS Robertson

Cemolobus Robertson, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 324.

Type-species: Xenoglossa ipomoeae Robertson. Monotypic and orig. desig.




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Cemolobus ipomoeae (Robertson)
111., Pa., N. C, Ga. Pollen: Oligolectic on species of Ipomoea.
Xenoglossa ipomoeae Robertson, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 65. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: MitcheU, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 250-251, figs. 75, 76
(redescription).

Genus ANTHEDONIA Michener

Anthedon Robertson, 1900. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 10: 53. Preocc.

Type-species: Melissodes compta Cresson. Monotypic.
Anthedonia Michener, 1942. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 50: 282. N. name.
Abda Sandhouse, 1943. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 92: 521. N. name.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1955. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 28: 132-135, 2 figs, (synopsis). — LaBerge,
1957. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1837: 19-22, figs. 19-21 (generic diagnosis).

Anthedonia compta (Cresson)
N. J. and Ga. west to Utah and N. Mex.; Mexico (Durango). Pollen:
Oligolectic on Oenothera biennis, but visits other flowers for nectar.
Melissodes compta Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 199. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1955. Kans. Ent. Soc Jour. 28: 132, fig. 1. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 252-253, fig. 77 (redescription).

Biology: Robertson, 1914. Ent. News 25: 72.

Anthedonia nevadensis (Cresson)
Tex. west to Calif.; Mexico (Durango). Pollen: Oligolectic on Oenothera,
but visits other flowers for nectar.
Melissodes nevadensis Cresson, 1874. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 5: 102. ♂.
Melissodes califomica Smith, 1879. Descr. New Species Hym. Brit. Mus., p. 114. 9, S

Preocc.
Eucera smithii Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym., v. 10, p. 247. 6, 9. N. name.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 328. —LaBerge, 1955. Kans. Ent.
Soc, Jour. 28: 134, fig. 2. ♂, ♀.

Genus SV ASTRA Holmberg

Revision: LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 926-1027 (as subg. Brachymelissodes and
Epimelissodes of the genus Melissodes).

Taxonomy: Michener, LaBerge and Moure, 1955. Dusenia 6: 219-220. —Moure and Michener,
1955. Dusenia 6: 294-298. —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 255-263,
figs. 79-80 (spp. of eastern U. S. ).

Genus SVASTRA Subgenus SVASTRA Holmberg

Svastra Holmberg, 1884. Acad. Nac Cienc. Cordoba, Actas 5: 127.
Type-species: Svastra bombilans Holmberg. Orig. desig.

The typical subgenus does not occur in North America.

Genus SVASTRA Subgenus BRACHYMELISSODES LaBerge

Melissodes subg. Brachymelissodes LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 926.
Type-species: Eucera cressonii Dalla Torre. Orig. desig.

Svastra cressonii (Dalla Torre)
Iowa, Nebr. and east. Colo, south to Tex.; Mexico (Durango). Pollen:
Collects pollen from flowers of Euphorbia marginata and possibly Vemonia, but also
visits other flowers including Cardia, Helianthus, Polygonum.
Melissodes brevicomis Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 281. ♂. Preocc.
Eucera cressonii Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym., v. 10, p. 229. N. name.
Melissodes petulciformis Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 364. ♀.

Taxonomy: Crawford, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 334. 9. — CockereU, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (7) 17: 367.

Biology: Cockerell, 1915. Ent. News 26: 364 (resting cluster).




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Genus SV ASTRA Subgenus EPIMELISSODES Ashmead

Epimelissodes Ashmead, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 26: 63.

Type-species: Melissodes atripes Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Species Group Atripes

atripes atrimitra (LaBerge). N. J. south to Fla., Ala., Miss. Pollen: Unknown, but visits
flowers of Afze I ia, Bradburya virginiana, Buddleia, Chamaecrista, Gerardia,
Gossypiiim herbaceum, Hibiscus, Koellia hysopifolia, Kuhnistera, Monarda punctata,
Passiflora incamata, Priynula vulgaris, Rhus.
Melissodes {Epimelissodes) atripes atrimitra LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 949.
6, 9.

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 259 (floral records).
atripes atripes (Cresson). 111., Mo., and La., west to N. Mex. and Colo. Pollen: Unknown, but
visits flowers o{ Asclepias incamata, Aster, Bidens aristosa, Cassia fasciculata,
Chrysopsis, Cleome serrulata, Dalea lanata, Gaillardia, Gonolobus laevis, Gossypium
herbaceum, Helenium, Helianthus annuus, Ipomoea pandurata, Kuhnistera, Lythrum
alatum, Melilotus alba, Pycnanthemum virgijiianum,, Thelesperma megapotamicum.
Verbena hastata, V. stiicta, Vernonia fasciculata.
Melissodes atripes Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 275. ♀.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1898. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 8: 54. 9, c5. —Mitchell, 1962. N. C.
Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 257, fig. 80 (redescription, floral records).
atripes georgica (Cresson). East coast of Ga. and Fla. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Bidens, Rhus.
Melissodes georgica Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 200. ♂.

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 259 (tax. characters, floral
records).

Species Group Obliqua

aegis (LaBerge). Tex. to Fla., north to N. C. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Aster
pruinosa, Chrysopsis, Helenium tenuifolium, Helianthus annuus, H. radula,
Kuhnistera, Vernonia glauca.
Melissodes (Epimelissodes) aegis LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 959. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 256-257, fig. 79
(redescription, floral records).
Comanche (Cresson). Colo., N. Mex., Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but males visit flowers of
Ximensia californica.
Melissodes comanche Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 276. ♀, ♂.
grandissima (Cockerell). Southeast. Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but the sexes have been collected
at flowers of Ximensia encelioides.
Melissodes gra7idissima Cockerell, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 334. ♀.
Melissodes atripes var. acomanche Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 109. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 361. 6. —LaBerge, 1963. Kans.
Ent. Soc, Jour. 36: 56 (geogr. records).
helianthelli (Cockerell). Tex., and Kans. west to South. Calif.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen:
Unknown, but has been collected at flowers of Gossypium herbaceum, Helianthus
a7i7iuus, Verbesi^ia encelioides.
Melissodes helianthelli Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 525. ♀.
machaerantherae (Cockerell). Tex. (El Paso) to South. Calif.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila,
Sonora). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Asclepias subverticillata. Aster,
Baccharis, Cryptantha oblata, Cucurbita palmata, Haplopappus, Helenium hoopesii,
Heliaiithus, Kallstroemia, Machaeranthera, Melilotus alba, Verbesi7ia oreophila,
Wislizenia refracta.
Melissodes machaerantherae Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 14: 21. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1963. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 36: 55 (geogr. and floral records).




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obliqua caliginosa (Cresson). N. J. to Ga. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Borrichia
frutescens, Cirsium, Cucurbita, Helenium tenuifolium, Heliantkus atrorubens, H.
microcephalum, H. zonatus, Vemonia glanca, V. noveboracensis.
Melissodes caliginosa Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 192. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 261 (redescript.).

obliqua expurgata (Cockerell). Wash, and Idaho south to Calif., Colo, and Ariz.; Mexico (Baja
California). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Achillea, Artemisia, Asclepias,
Brassica adpressa, Centaurea, Centromadia pungens, Chrysopsis grandiflora, C.
lanceolata. Coreopsis lanceolata, Engelmannia pinnatidifa, Gaillardia, Geranium
atropurpureum, Gilia capitata, Grindelia camporum, G. nana, Haplopappus
vemonioides, Helianthus annuus, H. bolanderi, H. ciliaris, H. gracilentus, H. petiolaris,
Heliotropium curassavicuni, Hemizonia pungens, Lepidospartum squamatum,
Medicago saliva, Melilotus alba, Petalostemon flavescens, Pluchea sericea, Ratibida
columnaris, Scabiosa, Senecio douglasii, Solidago, Verbesina encelioides, Wislizenia
refracta.
Melissodes obliqua var. expurgata Cockerell, 1925. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 16: 230. ♂.

obliqua obliqua (Say). Southern Ont. and eastern Mont., south to N. Mex. and N. J.; west of
the Appalachians to Fla.; Mexico (Tamaulipas, Coahuila). Parasite: Triepeolus concavus
(Cress.), T. rufithorax Graenicher, Timulla vagans rufinota Mickel? Pollen: Presumably
oligolectic on the Compositae, but visits a wide variety of flowers including Abutilon
theophrasti. Ambrosia, Asclepias incamatus, A. syriaca. Aster ericoides, Bidens
involucrata, B. aristosa, Blephilia hirsuta, Boltonia asteroides, Carduus crispus.
Cassia, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Chrysopsis, Cirsium discolor, C. lanceolatuni, C.
undulatus, Cleome semilata. Coreopsis tinctoria, C. tripteris. Echinacea pallida,
Erigero7i philadelphus. Euphorbia, Gaillardia, Gossypium herbaceum, Grindelia
squarrosa, Helenium altissimum, H. autumnale, Helianthus annuus, H. divaricatus, H.
grosse-serratus, H. laetiflorus, H. niaximillianus, H. mollis, H. petiolaris, H.
scaberimus, H. strumosus, H. tuberosus, Heliopsis heliayithioides, H. laevis, Ipomoea
pandurata, Kuhnistera purpurea, Lacinaria pycnostachys, Lactuca floridayia. Lobelia
leptostachys, L. siphillitica, Lythrum alatum, L. salicaria, Medicago saliva, Melilotus
alba, Monarda fistulosa, Nepeta cataria, Oenothera biennis, Petalostemon candidens, P.
oligophyllum, Prionopsis ciliata, Psoralen tenuiflora, Pycnanthemum flex uo sum. P.,
pilosum, Ratibida columnaris, R. pinnata, Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata, R.
subtomentosa, R. triloba, Schrankia uyicinata, Silphium integrifolium, S. lacitiiatum, S.
perfoliatum, S. speciosum, S. terebinthinaceum, Solidago missouriensis, S. rigida, S.
serotina, Teucrium canadense, Trifolium pratense, Verbena stricta, Vemonia baldwinia,
V. baldwinia interior, V.fasciculata, Verbesina helianthoides. Zinnia.
Macrocera obliqua Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 403. ♂.

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 259-261, fig. 80
(redescription). — Rozen, 1964. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2170: 9-12, figs. 6, 7, 9-13 (larva).

Biology: Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24: 35. —Custer, 1928. Canad. Ent. 60: 28.
—Custer, 1929. Psyche 36: 293 (nesting habits, cocoon construction). —Rozen, 1964. Amer.
Mus. Novitates 2170:1-13, 15 figs, (nesting habits, parasites, ecology).
texana eluta (LaBerge). Deserts of south. Calif., Ariz.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila). Pollen:
Unknown, but visits flowers of Asparagus, Asteraginus, Helianthus annuus,
Heterotheca subaxillaris.
Melissodes (Epimelissodes) texana eluta LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1000. ♂.
9.
texana texana (Cresson). Kans. and Okla., south to Tex., west to N. Mex. and Colo. Pollen:
Unknown, but visits flowers of Chrysothamnus, Flaveria angustifolia, Helianthus,
Prionopsis ciliatus.
Melissodes texana Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 276. ♀, ♂.
Melissodes texana flaveriae Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 108. ♀.




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Species Group Sila

pallidior LaBerge. Calif. (Riverside Co.). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Hoffmanseggia.
Svastra (Epimelissodes) pallidior LaBerge, 1963. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 36: 52. ♀, ♂.
sila (LaBerge). Ariz., Tex.; Mexico (Baja California and Chihuahua). Pollen: Oligolege of
Compositae especially Baileya pleniradiata and Heterotheca psammophila, but also
visits flowers of Heterotheca subaxillaris, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Psilostrophe
cooperi.
Melissodes (Epimelissodes) sila LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1002. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1963. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 36: 54 (geogr. and floral records).

Biology: Cazier and Linsley, 1974. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2546: 14-15 (floral relationships).

Species Group Petulca

petuica petulca (Cresson). Eastern Tex. north through Kans. to 111., east to Fla., and north
along coast to N. J. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Borrichia fndescens.
Coreopsis cardaminefolia, Gaillardia pulchella, Gossypium herbacenm, Helenium
tenuifolium, Helianthus, Lepachys pinnata, Lithospei-^num canescens, Monarda
citriodora, M. punctata, Pycnanthemum flexuosum, Pyrrhopappus geiseri, Ratibida
columnaris, R. columnifera pulcherrima, Rudbeckia amplexicaulis, R. bicolor, R.
submentosa, Verbesi^ia helianthoides.

Melissodes petulca Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 201. ♀.

Melissodes illiiioeiisis Robertson, 1895. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans 22: 126. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 261-262, fig. 80

(redescription).
petulca suffusa (Cresson). Tex. and Kans. west to Colo, and Ariz.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Nuevo
Leon, Tamaulipas). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Baccharis, Borrichia
fndescens, Chrysopsis hispida. Coreopsis, Gaillardia pulchella, G. suavis, Helenium
autumnale, H. microcephaluyn, Helianthus annuus, Medicago sativa, Monarda
citriodora, M. punctata, Nepeta cataria, Opuntia, Phacelia, Ratibida cohminaris, R.
tagetes, Rudbeckia hirta, Sphaeralcea, Tetragonothera ludoviciana, Thelesperrrw
megapotamicum.

Melissodes suffusa Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc 30: 203. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes townsendi Cockerell, 1896. Entomologist 29: 304. ♂.
sabinensis laterufa (Cockerell). Tex., N. Mex., ?Ariz. (Baboquivari Mts.); Mexico (Coahuila,
Durango).

Melissodes suffusa var. laterufa Cockerell, 1934. Amer. Mus. Novitates 697: 10. ♀.
sabinensis nubila (LaBerge). South. Calif.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Unknown, but
visits flowers of Bebbia juncea. Chrysanthemum segetum, Chrysothamnus, Coreopsis
lanceolata, Corethrogyne filaginifoiia, Encelia farinosa, Gutierrezia califomica, G.
sarothrae, Haplopappus vemonioides, Helianthus annuus, Hemizojiia paniculata,
Heterotheca grandiflora, Senecio douglasii, Stephanomeria exigua.

Melissodes (Epimelissodes) sabinensis nubila LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37:
1024. ♂, ♀.
sabinensis sabinensis (Cockerell). South Calif., Ariz., N. Mex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits

flowers of ^Icaci'a, Dalea albiflora, Haplopappus, Heterotheca, Kallstroemia grandiflora,
Petalostemon, Psilostrophe cooperi, Sida diffusa, Sphaeralcea, Verbesina, Viguiera.

Melissodes sabineiisis Cockerell, 1924. Amer. Mus. Novitates 113: 1. ♂.

Genus SVASTRA Subgenus IDIOMELISSODES LaBerge

Melissodes subg. Idiomelissodes LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1027.

Type-species: Melissodes diiplocincta Cockerell. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1957. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1837: 5, 7, 23-25 (generic status).
—LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 284 (as subgenus of Svastra).




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Svastra duplocincta (Cockerell)
N. Mex. to Calif. (Colorado Desert); Mexico (Baja California,

Chihuahua and Coahuila). Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Ferrocactus wislizeni
and is probably an oligolege of Ferrocactus and possibly other cacti, but visits other
flowers for nectar including Asclepias, Cevallia siimata, Eriogonum, Gossypium
herbaceum, Hoffvianseggia densiflora, Lippia wrightii, Meiochia tomentosa,
Sphaeralcea, Wislizenia refracta var. viamillata.
Melissodes duplocincta Cockerell, 1905. Psyche 12: 103. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Zavortink, 1975. Pan-Pacific Ent. 51: 236-240, tables 1, 2 (host plants, behavior,
distribution).

Genus XENOGLOSSODES Ashmead

?Tetraloniella Ashmead, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 26: 61.

Type-species: Macrocera graia Eversmann. Monotypic and orig. desig.
Xenoglossodes Ashmead, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 26: 63.

Type-species: Melissodes albata Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Revision: Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 74-92.

Xenoglossodes albata (Cresson)
111., S. Dak., Kans., Colo., Okla., Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Petalostemon purpureum.
Melissodes albata Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 281. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Patton, 1879. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, Bui. 5: 474. ♂, ♀.

Xenoglossodes arizonica Cockerell
Ariz., Calif. (Imperial Co.).

Xenoglossodes arizonica Cockerell, 1987. Amer. Mus. Novitates 948: 7. ♂.

Xenoglossodes bishoppi (Cockerell)
Tex.

Melissodes bishoppi Cockerell, 1914. Canad. Ent. 46: 414. ♂.

Xenoglossodes davidsoni (Cockerell)
Calif.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Convolvulus occidentalis. Coreopsis maritima, Encelia califomica.

Xenoglossa davidsoni Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 28. ♀.

Synhalonia hirsutior Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 29. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1935. Pan-Pacific Ent. 11: 53. ♂.

Xenoglossodes eriocarpi (Cockerell)
Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., south. Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Larrea tridentata, Sideranthus gracilis.
Exomalopsis eriocarpi Cockerell, 1898. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2: 453. ♀.

Biology: Hurd and Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contr. Zool. 193: 42 (floral relationships).

Xenoglossodes excurrens Cockerell
Colo., N. Mex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Chrysothamnus
wrightii, Verbesiyia encelioides.
Xenoglossodes excurrens Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 448. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1910. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 5: 259. —Cockerell, 1923. Ent. News
34: 50.

Xenoglossodes gutierreziae Cockerell
N. Mex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Gutieirezia.
Xenoglossides gutien-eziae Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 16: 218. ♀.

Xenoglossodes habrocoma Cockerell
Tex.

Xenoglossodes habrocoma Cockerell, 1935. Amer. Mus. Novitates 766: 7. ♂, ♀.

Xenoglossodes helianthorum Cockerell
Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Helianthus.

Xenoglossodes helianthorum Cockerell, 1914. Canad. Ent. 46: 415. ♂.

Xenoglossodes imitatrix Cockerell and Porter
N. Mex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Sphaeralcea
lobata.

Xenoglossodes imitatrix Cockerell and Porter, 1899. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 4: 407.

6, 9.

Xenoglossodes lippiae
***authority mismatch
lippiae (Cockerell). N. Mex., Ariz. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Lippia
wrightii, Phacelia congesta.
Syyihalonia crenulaticomis lippiae Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 14: 25. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 16: 224. ♀.




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Xenoglossodes lippiae
***authority mismatch
semilippiae (Cockerell). Ariz.

Synhalonia lippiae semilippiae Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 179. ♀.

Xenoglossodes neotomae Cockerell
N. Mex.

Xenoglossodes neotomae Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 314. ♀, ♂.

Xenoglossodes pallidicauda Cockerell
Tex.

Xenoglossodes pallidicauda Cockerell, 1934. Amer. Mus. Novitates 697: 11. ♀.

Xenoglossodes parksi (Cockerell)
Tex. (vicinity of San Antonio). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Convolvulus hennannioides.

Melissodes agilis var. parksi Cockerell, 1935. Amer. Mus. Novitates 766: 5. ♂.

Xenoglossodes pimella (Cockerell)
Ariz.

Melissodes pimella Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 363. ♂.

Xenoglossodes pomonae (Cockerell)
Calif, (cismontane). Pollen: Possibly an oligolege of Hemizonia including
H.fasciculata, H. parryi, H. virgata.

Tetralonia pomonae Cockerell, 1915. Pomona Jour. Ent. Zool. 7: 230. ♂.

Tetralonia pomona(\) Cockerell, 1930. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 5: 410.

Xenoglossodes spissa (Cresson)
Colo., Tex.

Melissodes spissa Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 280. ♀.

Xenoglossodes wilmattae Cockerell
Tex.

Xenoglossodes wilmattae Cockerell, 1917. In W. P. Cockerell, N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 25: 191.
9.

Genus PEPONAPIS Robertson

Although the genus Peponapis is present in both North and South America, different species
occupy each continent, and while these faunas are '\j\ near geographic contact in the Panamani-
an-Colombian region they are evidently isolated from one another. Like the bees of the genus
Xenoglossa, they are solely dependent upon the pollen and to a large extent upon the nectar of
both cultivated and uncultivated Cucurbita (squashes, gourds and pumpkins). Also as in
Xenoglossa, the males commonly spend most of the day and a good part of the night in the
wilted and closed flowers of these plants. It is not unusual to encounter females at the beginning
of the nesting season in the wilted and closed flowers. One species, Peponapis pruinosa (Say)
has been introduced into Hawaii (Oahu and Hawaii), but it is not known whether the species has
become successfully established. The pollen collecting devices of these bees are species-specific
and apparently this has influenced the ability of the different species to collect and utilize pol-
lens of the various Cucurbita, both wild and domestic. At least several of the species have ex-
tended their ranges well beyond their original distribution following the spread and develop-
ment of cultivated Cucurbita. Unquestionably these bees are the most important pollinators of
the squashes, gourds and pumpkins.

Revision: Kurd and Linsley, 1964. Hilgardia 35: 425-472, figs. 1, 2, 12-18 (U. S. spp.). — Hurd
and Linsley, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 835-851, 12 figs., 1 table, 8 maps (U. S. and
Mexican spp.). —Hurd and Linsley, 1970. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 62: 1-39, 11 figs., 4 tables,
3 maps (classification).

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 244-246, fig. 72 (eastern U. S.
sp.). — Rozen, 1965. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2233: 6, 11, figs. 20-27 (larva).

Biology: Michelbacher, Smith and Hurd, 1964. Calif. Agr. 18: 2-4, figs, (pollination of
squashes, gourds and pumpkins). —Hurd and Linsley, 1964. Hilgardia 35: 376-382, 2 tables
(biol. summary). —Michelbacher, Hurd and Linsley, 1968. Bee World 49: 159-167, 6 figs,
(feasibility of introducing squash bees into the Old World). —Hurd, Linsley and Whitaker,
1971. Evolution 25: 218-234, 4 figs., 3 tables (squash bees and origin of cultivated
Cucurbita): —Michelbacher, Hurd and Linsley, 1971. Bee World 52: 156-166, 4 figs,
(experimental introduction of squash bees to improve yields of squashes, gourds and
pumpkins).

Genus PEPONAPIS Subgenus EOPEPONAPIS Hurd and Linsley

Peponapis subg. Eopeponapis Hurd and Linsley, 1970. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 62: 20.
Type-species: Xenoglossa utahensis Cockerell. Orig. desig.




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Peponapis michelbacherorum Hurd and Linsley
South Ariz.; Mexico (Nayarit, Sinaloa and Sonora).

Pollen: Oligolectic on uncultivated mesophytic Cucurbita, viz., Lnndelliana and Sororia
groups, as well as most, if not all, domestic Cucurbita grown within its range.
Peponapis michelbacherorum Hurd and Linsley, 1964. Hilgardia 35: 437, fig. 14. ♂, ♀.

Peponapis utahensis (Cockerell)
Ariz., N. Mex., Tex., ?Utah; Mexico to Costa Rica. Pollen: Oligolectic on
uncultivated, mesophytic Cucurbita, viz., Lundelliana and Sororia groups, as well as
most, if not all, domestic Cucurbita grown within its range. The species was described
from a specimen collected prior to the admission of Arizona and New Mexico into the
Union and there is a possibility that it had been collected even before Utah gained
statehood. Thus the northernmost contemporary record of the species from Tempe,
Arizona may be as far north as the species occurs.
Xenoglossa utahensis Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 182. ♀.

Genus PEPONAPIS Subgenus PEPONAPIS Robertson

Peponapis Robertson, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 324.

Type-species: Macrocera pruinosa Say. Orig. desig.

Pruinosa Species Group

Peponapis limitaris (Cockerell)
South. Tex.; Mexico to Panama. Pollen: Oligolectic on uncultivated,

mesophytic Cucurbita including C.fratema and C. martinezii, as well as most, if not all,
domestic Cucurbita.

Xenoglossa pruinosa limitaris Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 18: 73. ♂.

Tetralonia tenuifasciata Friese, 1916. Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 77: 295, 332. ♀, ♂. Preocc.

Tetralonia tenuimarginata Friese, 1921. Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 82: 75, 78. N. name.

Peponapis pruinosa (Say)
Maine to Ga., west to Idaho and Calif.; Mexico (Central Plateau and west
coast, south to Oaxaca). Pollen: Oligolectic on uncultivated xerophytic Cucurbita
including C.foetidissima and C. galleotti as well as most, if not all, domestic Cucurbita.
The geographic range of the species has been significantly expanded following the
development and widespread cultivation of domestic Cucurbita. The species has been
introduced into Hawaii (Oahu and Hawaii), but it is not known whether it has become
estabhshed. Attempts have also been made to introduce this species into New Zealand,
but so far these have been unsuccessful.

Macrocera pruinosa Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 405. ♂, ♀.

Xenoglossa spriuna Howard, 1901. Insect Book, PI. Viii, fig. 2. i. Lapsus calami.

Xenoglossa angelica Cockerell, 1902. Ent. News 13: 103. ♂, ♀.

Xenoglossa (Peponapis) howardi Cockerell, 1918. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 2: 420. ♂.
9.

Xenoglossa pruinosa var. lutzi Cockerell, 1923. Canad. Ent. 55: 205. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24 (7): 34. — Mathewson, 1968. Kansas Ent.
Soc, Jour. 41: 255-261, 1 fig. (nest construction and life history). — Michelbacher, Hurd and
Linsley, 1971. Bee World 52: 156-166, 4 figs, (experimental introductions). —Hurd, Linsley
and Michelbacher, 1974. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 168: 1-17, 4 figs., 8 tables (nat. history).

Morphology: Mathewson, 1965. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 28: 209-233, 25 figs, (internal).

Genus PEPONAPIS Subgenus XEROPEPONAPIS Hurd and Linsley

Peponapis subg. Xeropeponapis Hurd and Linsley, 1970. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 62: 28.

Type-species: Peponapis timberlakei Hurd and Linsley. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Peponapis timberlakei Hurd and Linsley
Deserts, N. Mex. to CaHf., Nev.; Mexico (Baja California and
Sonora). Pollen: Oligolectic on uncultivated, xerophytic Cuctirbita including C. digitata
and C. pahnata of the Digitata group. There is no evidence that the species collects
pollen from either the xerophytic C.foetidissima or domestic Cucurbita even though
some specimens including females have been collected in these flowers.
Peponapis timberlakei Hurd and Linsley, 1964. Hilgardia 35: 428, figs. 2, 12. ♂, ♀.

Genus PEPONAPIS Subgenus XENOPEPONAPIS Hurd and Linsley

Peponapis subg. Xenopeponapis Hurd and Linsley, 1970. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 62: 29.




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Type-species: Melissodes crassidentata Cockerell. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Peponapis crassidentata (Cockerell)
Southern Tex.; Mexico to Costa Rica. Pollen: Oligolectic on

uncultivated Cucurbita including C. gracilior, C. kellyaua, C. lundelliana, C. niartinezii,
C. radicans, and C. sororia as well as most, if not all, domestic Cucurbita.
Melissodes crassidentata Cockerell, 1949. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 98: 466. ♂.

Genus MELISSODES Latreille

This large genus, which although present in both North and South America as well as the
West Indies, is especially well represented by numerous species in North America. Of the eight
currently recognized subgenera only the subgenus Ecplectica does not extend into America
north of Mexico.

Revision: LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1032-1194, 129 figs. (Pt. I of a gen. rev. of
North and Centr. Amer. spp.). —LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 38: 533-578, 13 figs.
(Pt. II of a gen. rev. treating the subgenera Tachymelissodes, Apomelissodes,
Psilomelissodes, Heliomelissodes). —LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 283-663, 125
figs. (Pt. Ill (final) of a gen. rev. treating the subgenera Callimelissodes and
Eiiyyielissodes).

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 367-371 (Illinois species).

— Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 521-522 (large species). —Cockerell,
1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 74-92. — Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1073,
figs. 199-205 (larva). -Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 263-310, figs.
67-85, 1 table (eastern U. S. spp.). -LaBerge, 1963. Nebr. Univ. State Mus., Bui. 4: 227-242
(geogr. records, n. spp., floral information).

Genus MELISSODES Subgenus MELISSODES Latreille

Melissodes Latreille, 1829. In Cuvier, Regne Animal, ed. 2, v. 5, p. 354.

Type-species: Melissodes fonscolombei Romand. First included species, 1841.

Melissoda Drapiez, 1841. Diet. Classique Sci. Nat., v. 4, p. 241. Emend. Preocc.

Melissodes bimaculata
***authority mismatch
bimaculata (Lepeletier). Maine west to east. N. Dak. and Colo., south to north.
Fla. and east. Tex. Parasite: Triepeolus lunatus concolor Robt. Pollen: Unknown, but
visits flowers oi Abut Hon theophrasti, Agastache nepetoides, Althaea rosea, Arctium
minus, Asclepias tuberosa, A. verticillata. Asparagus, Aster novae-angliae, A.
panicnlata. Astragalus canadensis, Baptisia tinctoria, Bidens aristosa, Blephilia
hirsuta, Brauneria purpurea, Cacalia renifortnis, Campanula americana, C.
rotundifolia. Cassia fasciculata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cicuta maculata, Cirsium
lanceolatum. Convolvulus septum, Cuphea peliolata, Cucurbita pepo, Dalea onobrychis,
Desmodium bracteosum, D. canadense, D. dillenii, D. paniculatum, Dianthera
americana, Dipsacus sylvestris, Echinocysfis lobata, Eupatorium coelestinum, Gaura
biennis, Gerardia grandiflora. Gladiolus, Gossypium herbaceuju, Grindelia, Helenium
autumnale, Helianthus annuus, H. divaricatus, H. grosse-serratus, H. tuberosus.
Hibiscus lasiocarpus, H. militaris, Impatiens biflora, Ipomoea pandurata, I. purpurea,
Jacquemontia temnifolia, Lepachys pinnata, Lespedeza procumbens. Lobelia
leptostachys, L. siphillitica, Lythrum alatum, Malva rotundifolia, M. sylvestris,
Medicago saliva, Melilotus alba, M. officinale, Mentha, Monarda fistulosa, M. mollis,
M. punctata, Nepeta cataria, Oenothera biennis, Oxalis stricta, Petalostemon
purpureum. Petunia, Phystostegia virginiana, Platycodon grandiflorum. Polygonum
pennsylvanicum. Prunella vulgaris, Pycnanthemum flexuosum, Ratibida, Rhus
copallina, Rudbeckia triloba, Sagittaria, Scrophularia marilandica, Scutellaria
lateriflora, Seymeria macrophylla, Sicyos angulatus, Silphium laciyiiatum, S.
perfoliatum, Sisca7i7ia, Solidago, Stachys palustris, Strophostylis, Symphoricarpos
occidentalis, S. orbiculata, Teucrium canadense, Trifolium pratense. Verbena hastata,
V. stricta, V. urticaefolia, V. baldwini interior, Vemonia fasciculata, V. spicata,
Veronica virginica, Vitex agnus-castus.

Macrocera bimaculata Lepeletier, 1825. Encycl. Method. Ins., v. 10, p. 528. ♀.

Macrocera binotata Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 404. ♀, ♂.

Macrocera nigra Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 2, p. 112. ♂.




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Melissodes melanosoma Cockerell, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 266. ♂.

Biology: Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 7: 25 (nest). -Banks, 1902. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 10: 209
(nest). — Folsom, 1922. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 15: 183 (nest). — Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St.
Louis, Trans. 24: 34 (nest).

Melissodes bimaculata
***authority mismatch
nulla LaBerge. South. Fla. and Keys. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Lythrum lineare.
Melissodes (Melissodes) bimaculata nulla LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1109.
6, 9.

Melissodes blanda LaBerge
Tex., Okla. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers oi Borrichia frutescens,
Gaillardia, Opuntia, Spliaeralcea.
Melissodes (Melissodes) blaiida LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1084. ♂, ♀.

coUiciata Cockerell. Ariz., Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Zacatecas, Puebla, Michoacan,
Oaxaca). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Asclepias, Baccharis glittinosa,
Gutierrezia.

Melissodes coUiciata Cockerell, 1910. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 5: 257. ♂.

Melissodes (Melissodes) elusa LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1061. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 655 (synonymy). —LaBerge, 1963. Nebr.

Univ. State Mus., Bui. 4: 234-235 (geogr. records).

Melissodes communis
***authority mismatch
alopex Cockerell. South. Calif, to B. C, east to Alta. and Utah. Pollen: Unknown,
but visits flowers of Asclepias erosa, Cirsium, Clarkia amoena, C. elegans, Cryptantha
interynedia. Datura meteloides, Durantia pluynieri, Eyicelia californica, Eriodictyon
trichocalyx, Eriogonum fasciculatum polifolium, Gilia capitata, Grindelia camporum,
Hugelia virgata, Lotus scoparius, Malvastrum fasciculatum, Medicago sativa,
Melilotus, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Monardella lanceolata, Opuntia
littoralis, Penstemon, Phacelia ramosissima, Salvia apiana, S. camosa, S. clevelandii,
Scabiosa, Spliaeralcea fasciculata, Stacliys apargioides, Stephanomeria exigna,
Trifolium involucrata.

Melissodes alopex Cockerell, 1928. Psyche 35: 233. ♂.

Melissodes communis
***authority mismatch
communis Cresson. Southeastern Ariz., north through eastern Colo, and Wyo. to
N. Dak. and east through 111. and Ind. in the north and through Tex. in the south to the
Atlantic. Pollen: Polylectic, appears to prefer pollen from flowers of Leguminosae and
Labiatae, but visits a wide variety of flowers including Abutilon theophrasti. Althaea
rosea, Amorpha, Asclepias syriaca, A. tuberosa, Baptisia, Befaria racemosa, Blephilia
hirsuta, Brazoria truncata. Campanula, Cassia fasciculata, Chrysopsis, angustifolia,
Cirsium discolor, C. lanceolatum, Cleome serrulata, Convolvulus, Croton, Cncurbita,
Cyrilla parviflora, Dalea multiflora, Dianthera americana, Echium vulgare,
Gossypium herbaceum, Grindelia, Helenium tenuifolium, Helianthus annuus, H.
lenticularis, Heliotropium, Hyrta, Ipomoea, Lactuca, Lythrum alatum, L. lineare,
Malva sylvestris, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, Mentha, Monarda citriodora, M.
fistulosa, M. pectinata, M. punctata, Nepeta cataria, Oenothera elliptica, 0. laciniata,
Opuntia, Passiflora incamata, Petalostemon occidentale, P. purpureum, P. violaceum,
Phaseolus, Platycodon grandiflorium, Prionopsis, Proboscidea louisianica,
Pycnanthemuyn flexuosum, Ratibida columnifera, Rudbeckia, Rhus glabra, Salvia,
Sidalcea reticulata, Solanuni elaeagnifolium, Solidago serotina, Teucrium canadense,
Thelesperma megapotamicum. Verbena stricta, Vernonia baldwini interior, V. glauca.

Melissodes conununis Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 204. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes hortivagans Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 180. ♂, ♀.

Melissodes Martini Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 526. ♀.

Melissodes variabilis Robertson, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 368. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes xanthopteralis Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 362. ♂.

Melissodes ynanni Cockerell, 1924. Amer. Mus. Novitates 113: 1. ♂.

Melissodes hortivagans melanotica Cockerell, 1925. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 16: 231.
9.

Melissodes comptoides Robertson
N. J. to Fla., west to S. Dak., Colo., Ariz. Pollen: Polylectic, appears to
prefer pollen of Euphorbia marginata, Medicago sativa and Melilotus alba, but visits
other flowers including Amphiachyris dracunculoides, Asclepias incamatus. Aster,




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Blephilia hirsuta, Campanula americana, Cassia fasciculata, Cleome serrulata, Cicuta
maculata, Cirsium lanceolatum, Diodea teres, Gossypium herbaceum, Helenium
tenuifolium, Heliantkus annuus, H. petiolaris, Lepachys pinnata, Lespedeza virginica,
Lndwigia altemifoHa, Lycopus americanus, Lythnim alattim, L. lineare, L. salicaria,
Monarda citriodora, M . fistulosa, M. punctata, Petalostemon purpureum, Prunella
vulgaris, Pcynanthemum flexuosum, P. pilosum, P. virgianum, Ratibida, Solidago
serotina, Symplioricarpos, Taxaracuni officinale, Teucrium canadense. Verbena hastata,
V. stricta, Vemonia fasciculata, V. longifolia, V. noveboracensis.

Melissodes comptoides Robertson, 1898. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 8: 52. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes martini hitei Cockerell, 1908. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 2: 331. ♀.

Melissodes gilensis
***authority mismatch
gilensis Cockerell. Ariz., N. Mex., Colo. Pollen: Polylectic, visits flowers of Arabis,
Asclepias tuberosa, Cercidium torreyanum, Cirsium, Lippia lyciddea, Lotus brightii,
Lupinus, Malva, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis, Monarda menthaefolia, M. stricta,
Nolina, Robinia neomexicana. Another subspecies, Melissodes gilensis crenata
LaBerge, occurs in Mexico.

Melissodes gilensis Cockerell, 1896. Entomologist 29: 306. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes epicharina Cockerell, 1905. Psyche 12: 99. ♀.

Melissodes maesta LaBerge
Tex.; Mexico (Coahuila, San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas). Pollen: Unknown,
but visits flowers of Helenium, Monarda citriodora, Phacelia.

Melissodes (Melissodes) maesta LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1095. ♂, ♀.

Melissodes paroselae Cockerell
South. Calif, to southwest. Tex.; Mexico (Baja Calif., Sonora, Chihuahua,
Nayarit). Pollen: Polylectic, visits flowers of Acacia greggii, Argemone, Asclepias
subulata. Aster canescens, Cucurbita, Cleome luteum, Dalea albifrons, Dasylirion
wheeleri, Eriogonum trichopes, Franseria eriocentra, Gaillardia, Gossypium herbaceum,
Haplopappus keterophylla, Heliantkus annuus, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Kallstroemia
grandiflora, Larrea tridentata, Leucophyllum frutescens, Lippia, Lygodesmia juncea,
Medicago sativa, Opuntia, Parosela scoparia, Pedis papposa, Petalostemon, Prosopis
glandulosa, Psilostrophe cooperi, Pyrrhopappus multicatdis, Rhus, Salix, Senecio
longilobus, Thurberia thespesioides, Verbesina e7icelioides, V. exauriculata, Wedelia
incamata, Wislizenia pahneri, W. refracta, Ziiinia grandiflora.

Melissodes parosetae Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 528. ♂.

Melissodes paroselae Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 16: 477. Justified
emendation of parosetae.

Melissodes Helenae Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 365. ♀.

Melissodes communis gratior Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. 12: 85. ♀.

Biology: Mathewson and Daly, 1955. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 28: 120. — Linsley, 1962, Ent. Soc.

Amer., Ann. 55: 161, fig. 8. —Butler, Todd, McGregor and Werner, 1962. Ariz. Univ. Agr.

Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 139: 1-11. — Hurd and Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 41

(floral relationships with Larrea).

Melissodes tepaneca Cresson
Kans., 111. and N. C. south through Tex. and Mexico to Panama. Pollen:
Polylectic, visits flowers oi Abutilon aviceymes, A. theophrasti, Agastache breviflora,
Asclepias syriaca, A. tuberosa. Aster tanacetifolium, Baccharis, Bonichia frutescens,
Brazoria truncata, Callirhoe involucrata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cercidium
texanum. Coreopsis palmata, Comuta grandifloria, Cuphea balsamona, Dalea grisea,
Davilla knuthii, Donnellsmithia hintonii, Eryngium leavenworthii, Eysenhardtia
polystacka, Gaillardia stiavis, Gossypium herbaceum, Grindelia, Helenium
microcephalum. Hibiscus tiliaceus, Ipomoea longifolia, L murucoides, /. triloba,
Lactuca pulcbella, Lindheimeria texana, Lippia, Lythrum alatum, L. lanceolatum,
Marrubium vulgare, Medicago, Monarda punctata, Opuntia lindheimeri, Parkinsonia,
Petalostemon multiflorium, P. purpureum, P. violaceum, Phacelia, Phlox, Prosopis,
Ratibida columnifera pulcherrima, Rubus, Rudbeckia, Salvia, Sida acuta, Sphaeralcea,
Sisyrinchium campestre, Teucrium canadense, Verbesina encelioides. Verbena
officinalis, V. stricta, Vemonia aschenbortiiana.

Melissodes tepaneca Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 210. 9 in part (6
misdet.).

Melissodes petalostemonis Robertson, 1900. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 10: 53. ♀.

Melissodes galvestonensis Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 181. ♀, ♂.




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Melissodes bruesi Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 110. ♀.

Melissodes loena Cockerell, 1909. Entomologist 42: 148. ♂.

Melissodes jnasuca Cockerell, 1909. Entomologist 42: 148. ♂.

Melissodes tepaneca aschenbomiana Cockerell, 1912. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 10: 28.
6.

Melissodes aurescens Cockerell, 1949. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 98: 462. ♀.

Melissodes tepida
***authority mismatch
tepida Cresson. North. Utah to Calif. (Sierra Nevada Mts.), north to south. Idaho and
northwest. Oreg. Pollen: Presumably polylectic, visits flowers of Asclepias, Astragalus
bola^ideri, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Helianthus annuus, Medicago saliva, Melilotus,
Mentha, Trifolium pratense.

Melissodes tepida Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 210. ♀.

Melissodes tepida
***authority mismatch
timberlakei Cockerell. South. Calif, northeast to Sierra Mts., north to southern Oreg.
west of Sierras. Parasite: Triepeolus lineatulus Ckll. and Sandh., T. timberlakei Ckll.
Pollen: Polylectic, visits the flowers of many species of plants for pollen and or nectar
evidently preferring the pollen of Leguminosae, Labiatae, Euphorbiaceae, but also visits
Althaea rosea, Artemisia, Asclepias eriocarpa. Aster, Bellis, Brassica adpressa, B.
geniculata, B. incana, Centaurea cyanus, Centromadia pungens. Chrysanthemum,,
Clarkia amoena, Cleomella, Coreopsis lanceolata, Croton califomicus, Cryptantha
intermedia, Cucurbita, Daucus carota, Durantia plumieri, Eremocarpus setigeriis,
Eriastrum virgatum, Eriogomim fasciculatum, E. gracile, E. iyivolucratum,
Eschscholzia califomica, Gera^iinm, Gilia capitata, Gossypium, Gutierrezia califomica,
G. sarothrae, Helianthus annuus, H. bolanderi, H. petiolaris, Heliotropium
curassavicum, Heynizonia pungens, Hugelia virgata, Ipomoea, Lippia filiform is, L.
lanceolata, Lotus aynericanus, L. scoparius. Madia, Marryibiion vulgare, Medicago
sativa, Melilotus alba, M. iyidica, M esembryayithemuyn crystalliyium, Papaver
heterophyllum, Phacelia ramosissima, Phaseolus, Phyla layiceolata, P. yiodiflora rosea,
Playitago bigelovii, Pluchea borealis, P. caynphorata, P. sericea, Raphayius, Rosa,
Salsola kali, Scabiosa, Seyiecio douglasii, Sicyos, Sida hederacea, Stachys ajugoides, S.
bullata, Stephayiomeria exigua, S. virgata, Trichostema layiceolatuyn, Trifolium
iyivolucratum, T. repeyis, Wislizeyiia refracta.

Melissodes timberlakei Cockerell, 1926. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 18: 624. ♀.

Biology: Linsley, 1946. Econ. Ent., Jour. 39: 20-23, 25 (nesting habits).

Melissodes tepida
***authority mismatch
yumensis LaBerge. Southeast. Calif., south. Nev., southwest. Utah, Ariz.; Mexico (Baja
Calif.). Pollen: Polylectic, visiting flowers of Aster spiyiosa, Cercidium torreyayium,
Chilopsis linearis, Citrullus, Cyywdoyi dactyloyi, Gossypium, Lippia brevipes, Medicago
sativa, Melilotus alba. Phyla yiodiflora, Pluchea, Salix, Sida hederacea, Sphaeralcea
orcutti, Tamarix gallica.
Melissodes (Melissodes) tepida yumensis LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1128. ♂.
9.

Biology: Butler, Todd, McGregor and Werner, 1962. Ariz. Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui.
139: 1-11 (floral relationships).

Melissodes tessellata LaBerge
South, coastal Calif.; Mexico (Baja Calif., Jalisco). Pollen: Polylectic, visits
a wide variety of flowers for pollen and or nectar including Acacia greggii, Asclepias
erosa, Baccharis glutiyiosa, Bebbia juncea, Brassica geyiiculata, Ceyifaurea melitensis,
Chrysayitheynuyn segetuyn, Chrysothamiius vegayius, Clarkia aynoeyia, C. elegayis,
Corethrogyyie beryiardiyia, C . filagiyiifolia, Crotoyi califomicus, Cucurbita foetidissima,
Durayitia plumieri, Eyicelia fariyiosa, Eriogoyium fasciculatum, Gutierrezia beryiardiyia,
G. califomica, G. sarothrae, Haplopappus pahneri, H. veryioyiioides, Heliayithus aymuus,
Hemizoyiia fasciculatuyn, H. payiiculata, Hugelia virgata, Lippia filifomiis, Lotus
scoparius, Malvastrum fasciculatuyn, Marrubium vulgare, Medicago sativa, Melilotus
alba, Moyiardella villosa, Opuyitia parryi, Parkiyisoyiia aculeata, Pluchea caynphorata,
Polygoyiuyn lapathifolium, Salvia apiayia, Seyiecio douglasii, Stephayiomeria virgata,
Trichosteyna layiceolatuyn, Wislizeyiia refracta.
Melissodes (Melissodes) tessellata LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1157, figs.
101-103. ♂, ♀.




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Melissodes thelypodii
***authority mismatch
thelypodii Cockerell. West Tex. to southeast. Calif.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila,
Durango). Pollen: Polylectic, takes pollen from a wide variety of plants including
Carthamnus, Gossypium, Kallstroemia grandiflora, but also visits the flowers of
Asclepias, Astragalus cottonii, Baccharis ghitinosa, C hamaesaracha coronopus,
Cirsium, Convolvulus, Gaillardia, Helianthus annuus, Hoffmanseggia jamesii, Ipomoea
mexicana, Larrea tridentata, Lipjria cuneifolia, Lygodesmia juncea, Medicago sativa,
Melilotus, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Sphaeralcea, Thelypodium linearifolium, Thurberia
thespesioides, Wedeliella incamata. Another subspecies, Meiissodes thelypodii stulta
LaBerge, occurs in Mexico (Colima, Durango, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca and San Luis
Potosi), Guatemala and Honduras.

Meiissodes thelypodii Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 527. ♀.

Meiissodes kallstroemiae Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 16: 216. ♂.

Meiissodes kallstroemiae var. phenacoides Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)
16:217. ♂.

Meiissodes thurheriae Cockerell, 1914. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 16: 31. ♀.

Biology: Butler, Todd, McGregor and Werner, 1962. Ariz. Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui.
139: 1-11. — Cazier and Linsley, 1974. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2546: 14 (floral relationships).

Genus MELISSODES Subgenus APOMELISSODES LaBerge

Meiissodes sxihg. Apomelissodes LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1175.
Type-species: Meiissodes fimbriata Cresson. Orig. desig.

Melissodes apicata Lovell and Cockerell
Maine to Fla. Pollen: Oligolectic, obtains both pollen and nectar
from flowers of Pontederia, but visits other flowers for nectar including Cirsium,
Hydrocotyle umbellata, Melilotus alba, Oenothera speciosa, Stachys floridana,
Trifolium hybridum.
Meiissodes apicata Lovell and Cockerell, 1906. Psyche 13: 111. ♀.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1963. Nebr. Univ. State Mus., Bui. 4: 233-234 (geogr. and floral
records).

Melissodes baileyi Cockerell
Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Callirhoe and Gaillardia.
Meiissodes Baileyi Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 361. ♀.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1963. Nebr. Univ. State Mus., Bui. 4: 231-233. 6 (geogr. and floral
records).

Melissodes fimbriata Cresson
Va. to Ga., west to Tex., Kans. Pollen: Oligolectic, obtains both pollen and
nectar from flowers of Oenothera, but visits other flowers for nectar including
Helianthus petiolaris, Kneiffia.
Meiissodes fimbriata Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 203. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes mitchelli LaBerge
N. C, Ga., Fla. Pollen: Apparently oligolectic, visits flowers of Opuyitia.
Meiissodes (Apomelissodes) mitchelli LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui 38: 556, fig. 7.
cJ, 9.

Genus MELISSODES Subgenus HELIOMELISSODES LaBerge

Meiissodes subg. Heliomelissodes LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1172.
Type-species: Meiissodes desponsa Smith. Orig. desig.

Melissodes desponsa Smith
N. S. to N. C, Ala., west to N. Dak. and Okla. Pollen: Oligolectic, obtains
pollen from flowers of Cirsium, but visits other flowers for nectar including Aster
novaeangliae, Brauneria purpurea, Carduus crispus. Cassia, Centaurea jacea, Coreops
aristosa, Helianthus annuus, H. grosse-serratus. Inula helenium, Monarda fistula sa,
Pontederia cordata, Pycnanthemum, Riidbeckia laciniata, Silphium, perfoliatum,
Solidago canadensis, S. puberula. Verbena striata.

Meiissodes desponsa Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 310. ♀.

Meiissodes daponsa{\) Bridwell, 1899. Kans. Acad. Sci., Trans. 16: 211.

Meiissodes nigripes Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 311. ♀ (♂ misdet.).

Meiissodes cnici Robertson, 1901. Canad. Ent. 33: 230. ♀, ♂.




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Melissodes rivalis Cresson
B. C. and Calif, east to Man., Minn., south to Ari2., N. Max. and Tex. Parasite:
Nemognatha dichroa LeC? Pollen: Apparently oligolectic, obtains pollen from
composites of the tribe Cynareae, especially the genus Cirsium, but visits other flowers
presumably for nectar including Apocynum, Asclepias, Carduus caulescens, Centaurea
americana, Helianthus annuus, Penstemon cyananthus, Rudbeckia, Solidago,
Teucrium, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Verbena.

Melissodes rivalis Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 277. ♂.

Melissodes desponsiformis Cockerell, 1905. In Viereck, Canad. Ent. 37: 320. ♀.

Melissodes my sops Cockerell, 1905. Entomologist 38: 146. ♂, ♀.

Melissodes hexacantha Cockerell, 1905. Psyche 12: 100. ♂.

Melissodes nigrosignata Cockerell, 1905. Psyche 12: 101. ♀.

Melissodes habilis Cockerell, 1925. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 16: 229. ♂.

Biology: Scullen, 1928. Pan-Pacific Ent. 4: 176 (as my sops, nesting habits). — LaBerge, 1956.
Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 38: 571-572 (additional information on nesting habits based on notes
supplied by H. A. Scullen).

Genus MELISSODES Subgenus TACHYMELISSODES LaBerge

Melissodes subg. Tachymelissodes LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1170.
Type-species: Melissodes dagosa Cockerell. Orig. desig.

Melissodes dagosa Cockerell
Idaho and Wash, to Calif, and Colo. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Asclepias, Cirsium, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, Norta altissima, Sphaeralcea,
Thelypodium brachycarpa.
Melissodes dagosa Cockerell, 1909. Canad. Ent. 41: 128. ♂.
Melissodes calloleuca Cockerell, 1924. Pan-Pacific Ent. 1: 55. ♀.

Melissodes opuntiella Cockerell
Utah, Calif., Ariz., Tex.; Mexico (Coahuila Mexico and Zacatecas). Pollen:
Polylectic, obtains pollen from such flowers as Cirsium, Lindheimera texana,
Sphaeralcea pedatifolia, Verbesina encelioides, but visits other flowers including
Cercidium texanum, Erigero7i compositus, Helenium microcephalum, Helianthus
annuus, Opuntia lindheimeri, Parkinsonia, Prosopis, Tetradymia canescens.
Melissodes opuntiella Cockerell, 1911. Canad. Ent. 43: 131. cJ, 9.
Melissodes albocincta Cockerell, 1919. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 2: 119. ♀.

Melissodes sphaeralceae Cockerell
Ariz., N. Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Aguascalientes, Distrito Federal, Mexico,
San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Melilotus alba,
Monarda, Sphaeralcea angustifolia, S.fendleri.
Melissodes sphaeralceae Cockerell, 1896. Entomologist 29: 304. ♂.

Genus MELISSODES Subgenus EUMELISSODES LaBerge

Melissodes subg. Eumelissodes LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1177.
Type-species: Melissodes agilis Cresson. Orig. desig.

Melissodes agilis Cresson
South. Canada, U. S., except Fla.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango).

Pollen: Apparently an oligolege of Helianthus including H. annuus, H. atrorubens, H.
bolanderi, H. ciliaris, H. coronarius, H. divaricatus, H. grosse-serratus, H. laetiflonis,
H. lenticularis, H. maximillianus, H. mollis, H. petiolaris, H. piimilis, H. radulus, H.
rigidus, H. salicifolius, H. scaberrimus, H. subrhomboideus, H. tuberosus, but visits a
wide variety of flowers: Abutilon theophrasti. Althaea rosea, Aplopappus spinulosus,
Arctium, Argemone platyceras, Bidens aristosa, B. laevis, Blephilia hirsuta, Brassica
juncea, Brauneria pallida, Carduus crispus, Carya pecan. Cassia chamaecrista, C.
fasciculata, Centromadia pimgens, Chrysopsis hispidus, Chrysothamnus, Cirsium
altissimum, C. discolor, C. lanceolatiim C. undulatum. Clematis, Cleome lutea, C.
semdata. Convolvulus, Coreopsis lanceolata, C. palmata, C. tripteris. Cosmos, Datura
meteloides, Enceliopsis, Engelmannia pinnatifida, Ericameria palmeri, Eschscholzia
califomica, Eupatorium purpureum, Eustoma artemifolium, Gaillardia cristata, Gilia,
Grindelia squarrosa, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Haplopappus palmeri, Helenium
autumnale, H. laciniatum, Heliopsis, Heliotropium, Hemizonia pungens. Hibiscus,
Ipomoea, Lactuca pulchella, Lepachys pinnata, Liatris pycnostachya, Medicago sativa,
Melilotus alba, Mentha canadensis, Monarda fistulosa, Penstemon, Pepo, Petalostemon




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occidentale, P. purpureum, Phacelia, Physostegia parviflora, Platycodon grandiflomm,
Pluchea camphorata, Prionopsis, Pycnanthemurn flexuosiim , P. pitosum,
Pyrrhopappus multicaulis, Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata, R. triloba, Schrankia
uncinata, Senecio, Silphium iyitegrifolium, S. laciniahim, S. perfoliatum, S. speciosum,
Slum, cicutaefolium, Solidago canadensis, S. serotina, S. trinervata, Teucrium
canadense, Verbena hastata, V. striata, Verbesina encelioides, V. exauriculata, V.
occidentalis, Venionia baldwini interior, V. baldwini occidentalis, V.fasciculata,
Veronica, Vitex agnus-castus, Wislizenia refracta.

Melissodes agilis Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 204. ♂.

Melissodes aurigenia Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 212. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24 (7): 34 (nest site, burrow). —Custer, 1928.

Canad. Ent. 60: 28-31, 2 figs, (possibly this species using same burrow entrance as Svastra

obliqua Say).

Melissodes appressa LaBerge
Calif. Pollen: Oligolege of autumnal flowering Compositae, especially
Gutierrezia, Haplopappus, Heterotheca, but visits other flowers including Alyssum
maritinum. Aster exilis, Centromadia pungens, Croton calif ortiicus, Grindelia
califomica, G. camporum, Helianthus annuus, Heliotropium curassavicum, H.
oculatum, Hemizonia pungens, Lessingia glandidifera, Melilotus alba, Phacelia
crenulata, Pluchea camphorata, Senecio, Solidago confinis, S. occidentalis.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) appressa LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 616. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes bicolorata LaBerge
Northern Calif., Nev., Utah. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
C hrysothamnus, Haplopappus arborescens, Melilotus, Penstemon palmeri.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) bicolorata LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 441. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes bidentis Cockerell
N. Dak. and Minn., east to N. Y., south to Tex. Pollen: Apparently an
oligolege of Compositae, visits flowers o{ Bidens, Echinacea pallida, Gossypium
herbaceum, Helianthus annuus, H. maximill,ianus, H. tuberosus, Physostegia
parviflora, Rudbeckia laciniata, Sonchus terrestris.

Melissodes bidentis Cockerell, 1914. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 14: 362. ♀.

Melissodes bimatris LaBerge
B. C. to Calif., east to Colo, and N. Mex. Pollen: Probably oligolectic,

obtaining pollen principally from flowers of Chrysothamnus including C. nauseosus, C.
n. consimilis, C. n. gnaphalodes, C. n. hololeucus, C. n. ynohavensis, C. n. occidentalis,
C. n. speciosus, C. paniculatiis, C. parryi, C. viridulus, C. viscidiflorus viscidiflorus, and
Haplopappus acradenius, H. arborescens H. palmeri, but also visits flowers of
Artemisia, Aster, Bigelovia, Centromadia pungens, Chaematoris, E riogonum, Grindelia
camporum, Gutierrezia califomica, G. lucida, G. sarothrae, Helianthus, Rhamnus
califomica, Senecio.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) bimatris LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 431. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes boltoniae Robertson
Pa. to Minn, south to Fla. and Tex. Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae,

visiting flowers of Abutilon avicennae, Amphiachyris dracunculoides. Aster ericoides
villosus, A. multiflorus, A. novaeangliae, A. praeatus, Bidens involucrata, Boltonia
asteroides. Cassia, Chrysopsis, Cirsium, Coreopsis aristosa, Helenium altissimum, H.
autumnale, H. tenuifolium, Helianthus annuus, H. grosse-serratus, H. tuberosus,
Heterotheca latifolia, Lythrum, Ratibida pinnata, Rudbeckia triloba, Silphium, Solidago
canadensis, S. missouriensis. Verbena stricta, Vemonia baldwini interior. In the
vicinity of Lawrence, Kansas females have been observed almost invariably collecting
pollen from flowers of Amphiachyris dracunculoides.

Melissodes boltoniae Robertson, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 368. ♀.

Melissodes melandri Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 109. ♀.

Melissodes brevipyga LaBerge
Ariz., Calif., Idaho. Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae, visits flowers of Aster
spinulosus, A. tephrodes, Baccharis emoryi, Chi-ysotham7ius, Gutierrezia califomica, G.
sarothrae, Haplopappus acradenius, Palafoxia linearis. Pedis papposa.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) brevipyga LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 606, figs.
111-112. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes cerussata LaBerge
Calif. (Blythe, Hopkins Well and Ludlow). Pollen: Unknown, but visits
flowers of G era ea canescens and Hoffmanseggia in the fall.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) cemssata LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 436. ♀.




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Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1963. Nebr. Univ. State Mus., Bui. 4: 238-239. ♂.

Melissodes confusa Cresson
Alta., Man. and Sask. south through Calif., Ariz, and N. Mex. to southern
Mexico (Veracruz and Oaxaca). Pollen: Probably oligolectic on a wide range of
Compositae, visits flowers of Agoseris glauca, Aptopappns, Argeynone platyceras, Aster
canescens, Bidens triplinervia var. macrantha, Ceanothus, Cirsmm undulatum,
Cleonie, Cosmos parviflorus, Erigeron uniflorus, Eryngium asperum, Gaillardia,
Geranmin atropurpureum, Grindelia squarrosa, Helenium bigelovii, H. hoopesii,
Heliopsis scabra, Lactuca pulchella, Lotus, Medicago sativa, Monarda pectinata,
Penstemon, Petalostemon purpureum, Phacelia, Polymentha, Ratibida colmnnaris,
Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata, Senecio bigelovii, S. purchianus, Solidago trinervata,
Teucrium occidentale. Verbena stricta, Verbesina eyicelioides, Vicia piilchella.

Melissodes confusa Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 205. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes ruidosensis Cockerell, 1896. Entomologist 29: 305. ♂.

Melissodes tenuitarsis Cockerell, 1905. Psyche 12: 99. ♂.

Melissodes civica Cockerell, 1910. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 5: 258. ♀.

Melissodes atraticomis Cockerell, 1934. Amer. Mus. Novitates 697: 9. ♂.

Melissodes coreopsis Robertson
Alta. east to Minn., south to 111., Tex. and Ariz. Pollen: Oligolectic,

principally Helianthus and related genera, but visits a wide variety of flowers for pollen
and or nectar including Amphiachyris dracunculoides, Amorpha canescens, A.fmticosa,
Aster ericoides villosus, A. tnultiflora, A. novaeangliae, A. paniculatus, A. praeatus,
Bidens involucrata, Boltonia asteroides, Chrysopsis angustifolia, Chrysothamnus
graveolus, Cirsium, Clematis, Cleome serrulata, Cooperia pedunculata. Convolvulus,
Coreopsis grandiflonim, C. palmata, C. tinctoria. Cosmos, Echinacea angustifolia, E.
pallida, E. purpurea, Enicastrum pollichii, Eryngium leavenworthii, Eupatorium
altissiintmi. Euphorbia, Eustoma russellianum, Gaillardia pulchella, Geraniiim,
Gossypium herbaceum, Grindelia squarrosa, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Haplopappus,
Helenium autumnale, H. laciniatum, H. latifolia, H. nudiflorum, H. tenuifolitim,
Heterotheca subaxillaris, Helianthus annuus, H. grosse-serratus, H. maximillianus, H.
petiolaris, H. salicifolius, H. tuberosus, Heliopsis helianthoides, Mamibium vulgare,
Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis, Monarda citriodora, M. pectinata, M.
punctata, Nepeta cataria, Opuntia lindheimeri, 0. macrorhiza, Parosela, Petalostemon
candidum, P. oligophyllum, P. purpureum, Prionopsis ciliata, Psoralea floribunda,
Ratibida coiumnaris, R. pinnata, Rudbeckia amplexicaulis, R. bicolor, R. hirta, R.
laciniata, R. triloba, Salsola pestifer, Silphium perfoliatum, S. speciosum, Solidago
canadensis, S. rigida, S. serotina, Tetragonotheca ludoviciana, Tetraneuris linearifolia,
Trifolium repens. Verbena officinalis, V. stricta, Verbesiyia eyicelioides, Veryioyiia.

Melissodes coreopsis Robertson, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 368. ♀.

Melissodes agilis semiagilis Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 364. ♂.

Melissodes coyifusiformis Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 366. ♀.

Melissodes heliayithophila Cockerell, 1914. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 14: 361. ♂.

Melissodes denticulata Smith
Que. west to N. Dak., south to Fla. and Tex. Pollen: Apparently an

oligolege of Vemoyiia including V. altissiyna, V. baldwiyii, V. b. iyiterior, V.fasciculata,
V. glauca, V. yioveboraceyisis, V. texayia, but visits other flowers for nectar including
Amphiachyris dracuyiculoides, Carduus crispus, Coyivolvulus sepiuyn, Eupatorium
purpurea, Ipomoea payidurata, Pycyiayithemum, Silphium laciyiiatum, Solidago juyicea,
Symphoricarpos, Verbeyia hastata, V. stricta.

Melissodes deyiticulata Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 311. ♂.

Melissodes seyiilis Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 311. ♀.

Melissodes perplexa Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 206. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes vemoyiiayia Robertson, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 368. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes dentiventris Smith
Southeastern Canada, Mass. west to Kans., south to Ga. and Tex. Pollen:
Oligolectic, principally Aster including A. ayioynalus, A. diunosus, A. ericoides, A. e.
villosus, A. yiovaeayigliae, A. payiiculatus, A. sagitifolius, A. turbiyiellus, but visits
flowers of other Compositae as well as other families including Bideyis aristosa, B.
polylepis, Boltoyiia asteroides, Coreopsis tripterus, Chrysopsis mariayia, C.
niicrocephala, E upatoriuyn perfoliatuyn, E. serotiyiuyn, Heliayithus ayiyiuus, H.
divaricatus, H. grosse-serratus, H. radula, Isopappus divaricatus, Lespedeza virgiyiica.




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Lippia lanceolata. Polygonum pennsylvanicum, Solidago canadensis, S. rigida, S.
ulmifolia, Verbena hastata, Vemonia, Veroiiica.

Melissodes dentiventris Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 312. ♂.

Melissodes autuynnalis Robertson, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 369. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes megacerata Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 362. ♂.

Melissodes elegans LaBerge
Tex., Kans. Pollen: Probably an oligolege of Compositae, visits flowers of
Aplopappus divaricatus, Aster, Boltonia asteroides, Cleome, Croton vionanthrogynus,
Eupatorium serotinum, Fagopyrum, Grindelia, Helenium tenuifolium, Heterotheca
latifolia, H. subaxillaris, Polygonum, Prionopsis ciliata, Solidago serotina, Verbesina
encelioides.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) elegans LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 490. ♀, ♂.
cxilis LaBerge. Ariz. (Tucson). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Aster, Viguiera.

Melissodes (Euynelissodes) exilis LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 648. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes expolita LaBerge
Ariz., south. Calif.; Mexico (Sonora). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Baileya, Chrysothamnus, Encelia farinosa, Sphaeralcea emoryi.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) expolita LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 505. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes fasciatella LaBerge
Ariz. Pollen: Presumably an oligolege of fall flowering Compositae, visits
flowers of Chrysothamnus, Erigeron, Gutierrezia, Haplopappus gracilis, Heterotheca
subaxillaris, Viguiera.

Melissodes {Eumelissodes) fasciatella LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 445. ♀.

Melissodes fumosa LaBerge
Md. to Nebr. south to S. C, Ala., Miss. Pollen: Presumably an oligolege of
Compositae and seems to prefer flowers of the genus Solidago including S. ca^iadeiisis,
S. glaberrima, S. ntpestris, S. serotina, but also visits flowers of Asclepias tuberosa.
Aster dumosus, Boltonia asteroides, Chrysopsis microcephala, Eupatorium
lijiearifolium, Grindelia, Helenium, Koellia.

Melissodes (E umelissodes) fumosa LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 486, figs.
90-91. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes gelida LaBerge
Mont, and N. Dak. south to N. Mex. and Tex. Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae
with some preference for flowers of the genus Helianthus including H. annuus, H.
petiolaris, but also visits flowers oi Argemone, Chrysopsis, Cosmos, Echinacea,
Engelmannia pinnatifida, Gaillardia, Lacinaria squarrosa, Monarda pectinata,
Ratibida columnaris, Sphaeralcea, Thelesperma gracile. Verbena stricta, Ver)i07iia.

Melissodes (Einnelissodes) gelida LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 575. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes grindeliae Cockerell
Minn, to Wash., south to southern Calif., Ariz., N. Mex. Pollen: Oligolege
of Compositae, visits flowers of Aster coinmutatus, Chrysopsis hispida, Chrysothamnus
nauseosus, Cleome serrulata, Croton, Grindelia squan-osa, Haplopappus, Helianthus,
Hymenoxys floribunda, H. richardsonii, Liatris punctata, Lupiyius, Melilotus alba, M.
officinalis, Petalostemon occidentale, Phacelia glandulosa, Polymentha, Psilostrophe
gnaphaloides, Ratibida columnaris, R. tagetes, Rudbeckia laciniata. Verbena stricta.

Melissodes grindeliae Cockerell, 1898. Denison Univ. Sci. Labs., Bui. 11: 66. ♂, ♀.

Melissodes humilior Cockerell
Ariz., N. Mex., west Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua). Pollen: Presumably an

oligolege of Compositae, visits flowers of Aster crassulus, A. spinosus, A. tanacetifolius,
Grindelia, Haplopappus acradenius, Helenium autumnale, Heterotheca, Lygodesmia
juncea, Solidago occidentalis, Sphaeralcea emoryi, Verbesina encelioides.

Melissodes humilior Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 447, 450. ♀.

Melissodes intermediella Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 102. ♀.

Melissodes hurdi LaBerge
Calif. (Central Valley). Pollen: Presumably an oligolege of late summer and
fall flowering Compositae including Artemisia, Centromadia pungens, Grindelia
cainporum, Gutierrezia californica, Hemizonia pungens, Heterotheca grandiflora,
Lessingia glandulifera, Solidago.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) hurdi LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 526. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes hymenoxidis Cockerell
Colo., Wyo., Utah, Mont., Calif. Pollen: Presumably an oligolege of late
summer and fall flowering Compositae including Aster foliaceus, Chrysopsis, Grindelia,
Haplopappus suffruticosus, Hymenoxys lingulaefolia, but also visits Lupinus and an
unspecified mint.

Melissodes hymenoxidis Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 22: 443. ♀.




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Taxonomy: Lanham, 1977. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 50: 312 (holotype).
Melissodes fremontii Cockerell, 1907. Entomologist 40: 268. ♂.
Melissodes keUoggi Cockerell, 1919. Ent. News 30: 293. ♂.

Melissodes illata Lovell and Cockerell
P. E. I. to Alta., south to N. C. in the mts. and 111. Pollen: Oligolege
of Compositae, especially Solidago and Aster, visits flowers of Aster aznreus, Cirsiurn
arvense, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum pinnatifidwm, Grindelia, Helianthus
strumosus, Hieracmm auriantiacum , Leontodon, Riidbeckia serotina, Solidago
canadensis, S. gigantea leiophylla, S.juncea, Sonchus, Tanacetum vulgare.
Melissodes illata Lovell and Cockerell, 1906. Psyche 13: 110. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes limbus LaBerge
Ariz., N. Mex. and Tex., to central Mexico (Jalisco and Hidalgo). Pollen:

Oligolege of Compositae, especially Verbesina, Aplopappus and Baileya, visits flowers
of Aplopappus gracilis, A. spinulosns, A. teniiisectus, Argemone, Aster, Baccharis,
Baileya multiradiata, Chrysothamnus, Encelia farinosa, Eriogonum, Gossypium,
herbaceiim, Grindelia, Gntierrezia, Hymenothrix wislizenii, Kallstroeniia grandiflora,
Marrubium vulgare, Melilotus alba. Pedis papposa, Sphaeralcea, Verbesina encelioides,
V. exauriculata, Wedeliella incamata.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) li7nbus LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 585. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes lutulenta LaBerge
B. C. to Sask., south to Calif. Ariz, and Mexico (Guanajuato). Pollen:
Oligolege of Compositae, especially Chrysothamnus, Grindelia and Solidago, visits
Achillea millefolia, Anthemis cotulla. Aster spinosus, Centromadia pungens,
Chaemataxis, Chrysothamnus, Cleome, Grindelia squarrosa, Gntierrezia, Helianthus,
Melilotus alba, Mentzelia veatchiana, Solidago occidentalis.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) lutulenta LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 599. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes manipularis Smith
Fla. to N. C, ?Va. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Chrysopsis,
Kuhnistera, Petalostemon. The Virginia record pertains to a collection made at the
flowers of Eupatorium in Falls Church and has not been verified since it was published
in 1907 by Cockerell.

Melissodes manipularis Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 312. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 329.

Melissodes melanura (Cockerell)
Calif., Nev. Pollen: Presumably an oligolege of summer and fall

flowering Compositae including Aster, Corethrogyne bemardina, Erigeron, Gutierrezia
califomica, G. sarothrae, Haplopappus linearifolius, Lessingia glandulifera, Solidago
elongata, but also visits flowers of Eriogonum virgatum.

Exoynalopsis melanurus Cockerell, 1916. Pomona Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 59. ♀.

Melissodes menuachus Cresson
B. C, Alta. and N. Dak., south to Calif., Tex., and 111.; Mexico (Chihuahua,
Zacatecas). Parasite: Triepeoius occidentalis Cress.? Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae,
especially Grindelia and Solidago, visits flowers of Argemone intermedia, A. platyceras.
Aster laevis, A. multiflora. Cassia chamaecrista, Chrysopsis, Chrysothamnus graveolus
glabrata, Cleome serrulata, Eustoma russellianum, Gaillardia, Grindelia inomata, G.
squarrosa, Gutierrezia calif ornic^mi, G. sarothrae, Helianthus annuus, H. petiolaris,
Hymenothrix wislizenia, Medicago saliva, Melilotus alba, Petalostemon oligocephalum.
Polygonum, Rudbeckia laciniata, Sidalcea neomexicana, Solidago canadensis, S. rigida.
Verbena, Viguiera, Xanthocephalum gymnospemioides.

Melissodes Menuachus Cresson, 1868. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 1: 388. ♂.

Melissodes meimacusH) Uhler, 1877. U. S. Geol. Geog. Survey, Bui. 3: 783.

Melissodes pallida Robertson, 1895. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 22: 127. ♀.

Melissodes Mizeae Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 522. ♀.

Melissodes blakei Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 523. ♀.

Melissodes lavata Cockerell, 1924. Pan-Pacific Ent. 1: 56. ♀.

Melissodes octobris Cockerell, 1934. Ent. News 45: 30. ♀.

Biology: Hicks, 1926. Colo. Univ., Studies 15: 225 (nest site).

Melissodes micheneri LaBerge
Calif. (Sierra Nevada Mts. and Peninsular Mts. of south. Calif.). Pollen:
Oligolege of Compositae, especially Chrysothamnus and Chrysopsis, visits flowers of
Bigelovia, Chrysopsis fastigiata, C. villosa, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Haplopappus
arborescens, H. bloomeri angustatus, Solidago.
Melissodes (Eumelissodes) micheneri LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 642. ♀, ♂.




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Melissodes microsticta Cockerell
B. C. to Sask. south to southern Calif., Nev., Utah., Colo., and Tex.
Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae, visits flowers of Artemisia, Aster adscendens, A.
canescens, A. delectabilis, A.foliaceus, Calyptridium umbellatum, Carduus, Cichorium
intybus, Chrysopsis fastigiata, C. villosus, Chrysothavinus nauseosus, C. n. consimilis,
Corethrogyne, Cryptantha intermedia, Erigeron stenophyllus, Eriogonum stibscaposum,
Gri7idelia sqjiarrosa, Gutierrezia califomica, G. sarothrae, Haplopappus, Helenium
bigelovii, Helianthus, Hemizonia wheeleri, H. wrightii, Malvastrum paniculata,
Pensteynon, Phacelia huniilis, Senecio ionophyllus, Solidago elongata, S. occidentalis,
Sphaeralcea fasciculata.

Melissodes microsticta Cockerell, 1905. hi Viereck, Canad. Ent. 37: 321. ♂.

Melissodes monoensis LaBerge
Calif. (Mono Co.). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Chrysothammis.

Melissodes (Enmelissodes) monoensis LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 623. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes montana Cresson
Colo, and Utah, south through Tex., N. Mex., and Ariz, to south. Mexico
(Oaxaca). Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae, visits flowers of Aplopappus gracilis,
Asclepias, Aster commutatus, Croton, Erigeron, Eriogonum, Grindelia, Gutierrezia,
Helianthus annuus, Heterotkeca psammophila, H. subaxillaris, Polymentha, Senecio
longilobus, Verbesina exauriculata, but also is known to collect pollen from flowers of
Kallstroemia grandiflora.

Melissodes montana Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 202.
Melissodes hirsuta Smith, 1879. Descr. n. spp. Hym. Brit. Mus., p. 116. ♂.

Eucera oajacana Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym. v. 10, p. 242. N. name for hirsuta Smith, a
secondary homonym in Eucera.

Melissodes atrifera Cockerell, 1910. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 5: 256. ♂.

Melissodes atrifera sandiarum Cockerell, 1910. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 5: 257. ♂.

Biology: Cazier and Linsley, 1974. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2546: 14 (floral relationships).

Melissodes moorei Cockerell
Calif. Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae, visits flowers of Corethrogyne,
Erigeron glaucus, Grindelia platyphylla, Hemizonia paniculata, Heterotkeca
grandiflora, Solidago.

Melissodes moorei Cockerell, 1926. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 18: 624. ♀.

Melissodes nivea Robertson
N. Y. to Minn, and Kans., south to N. C, Ala., and Miss. Pollen: Oligolege of
Compositae, especially Solidago, Aster and Liatris, visits flowers of Aster ericoides, A.
sagittif alius, Bidens laevis, Boltoyiia asterioides, Chrysopsis mariana, Gerardia,
Helenium, Helianthus annuus, H. atroruhens, Lacinaria, Lepachys pinnata, Liatris
graminifolia, Prionopsis ciliata, Solidago canadensis, S. lanceolata, S. rigida, S.
serotina, Vemonia glauca.

Melissodes yiivea Robertson, 1895. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 22: 127. ♀.

Melissodes ochraea LaBerge
South. Calif., Ariz. Pollen: Presumably an oligolege of Compositae, visits
flowers of Baccharis, Chrysothamnus, Gutierrezia, Haplopappus acradeyiius.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) ochraea LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 428. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes pallidisignata Cockerell
B. C. to Man., south through south. Calif, and N. Mex. to central
Mexico (Aguascalientes). Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae especially Haplopappus,
Chrysothaynnus, Layia, Erigeron and Grindelia, visits flowers of Aplopappus gracilis.
Aster adsceyidens delectabilis, Ceyitromadia pungens, Chrysopsis hispida,
Chrysothaynnus nauseosus, C. n. ynojavensis, C. ri. occideyitalis, C. viscidiflorus typicus,
Cirsium, Cleome semdata, Ericameria palmeri, Grindelia camporum, G. latifolia, G.
platyhylla, G. squarrosa, Gutierrezia califomica, G. sarothrae, Haplopappus acradenius,
H. vemoyiioides, Heliayithus, Heliotropium, Heynizoyiia pimgens, Heterotkeca
grayidiflora, Lepachys, Lessiyigia glayidulifera, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba,
Petalosteynon occideyitalis, Pluckea persica, Psilostropke gnaphalodes, Seyiecio
ioyiophyllus, Solidago canadeyisis, S. coyifiyiis, S. occideyitalis, Wislizeyiia refracta.

Melissodes yiigrosignata pallidisignata Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 180. ♀.

Melissodes meyiuacka vemoyiensis Viereck, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 320. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes praelauta Cockerell, 1905. Psyche 12: 102. ♂.

Biology: Thorp and Chemsak, 1964. Pan-Pacific Ent. 40: 75-83, 2 figs, (life history).




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Melissodes paucipuncta LaBerge
Ariz. Pollen: Possibly oligolectic on Opuntia, a male has been taken at
flowers of Bebbia.
Melissodes (Eumelissodes) paucipuncta LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 650. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes paulula LaBerge
Wash, to southern Calif. Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae, especially

Haplopappus, Gutierrezia, and Solidago, visits flowers of Baccharis emoryi, Croton
califomicus, Ericameria palmeri, Erigeron canadensis, Eriogonum fasciculatum, E.
gracile, Gutierrezia califomica, G. sarothrae, Haplopappus acradenius, H. arborescens,
H. vemonioides, Pluchea camphorata, Salsola kali, Senecio douglasii, Solidago
califomica, S. elongata, S. occidentalis.
Melissodes (Eumelissodes) paulula LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 631. 9, tJ.

Melissodes perlusa Cockerell
Alta. and Man., south to Iowa and Ariz. Pollen: Possibly an oligolege of
Helianthus including H. annuus, H. petiolaris, but also visits flowers of Bigelovia,
Brauneria pallida, Grindelia, Medicago saliva, Mentha canadensis, Petalostemon
oligophyllum, Ratibida columnaris.
Melissodes semiagilis perlusa Cockerell, 1925. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 16: 231. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1914. Canad. Ent. 46: 413. ♀.

Melissodes perpolita LaBerge
Ariz., N. Mex., Colo., (?)Utah. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Aster,
Chaemataxis, Grindelia, Haplopappus spinulosus.
Melissodes (Eumelissodes) perpolita LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 443. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes personatella Cockerell
Central and southern Calif.; Guatemala (Jicaro). Pollen: Unknown, but
visits flowers of Eriogonum gracile, E. subscaposum, Gutierrezia califomica, G.
sarothrae, Hagardia squamosa, Haplopappus palmeri, H. vemoyiioides, Hemizonia
panictdata, Heterotheca grandiflora, Palafoxia linearis.
Melissodes personatella Cockerell, 1901. Canad. Ent. 33: 297. ♂.
pcxa LaBerge. Ariz.; Mexico (Coahuila, Chihuahua). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Lepidium alyssoides.
Melissodes (Eumelissodes) pexa LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 621. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes pilleata LaBerge
N. C. Pollen: Possibly an oligolege of Compositae, visits flowers of Aster,
Chrysopsis, Gerardia flavia, Haplopappus, Kuhyiistera pinnata, Liatris.
Melissodes (Eumelissodes) pilleata LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 459. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes pullatella LaBerge
Oreg. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Grindelia.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) piillatella LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 620. ♀.

Melissodes relucens LaBerge
N. Mex. (Mesilla Park), Tex. (El Paso and Big Bend Natl. Pk.). Pollen:
Unknown, but visits flowers of Chrysopsis hirsutissima, Haplopappus heterophylla.
Melissodes (Eumelissodes) relucens LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 437. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes robustior Cockerell
Wash., Oreg., Idaho, Nev., Calif. Parasite: Nemognatha hurdi MacSwain,
Sphaeropthalma unicolor (Cress.). Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae, especially
Helianthus including H. annuus, H. bolanderi, H. gracilentus, H. lenticularis, H.
petiolaris, but also visits flowers of Asclepias, Aster, Brassica adpressa, B. geniculata,
B. incana, Chaenactis artemisifoliae, C. glabriuscula, Chrysothamnus, Cichorium,
Cirsium lanceolatum. Coreopsis grandiflora, C. lanceolata, C. tinctoria, Corethrogyne
bemardina, Cosmos, Encelia califomica, E . farinosa, Gaillardia, Godetia bottae,
Grindelia camporum, G. elata, Gutierrezia califomica, G. sarothrae, Haplopappus
vemonioides, Hemizonia paniculata, H. pungeyis, H. wrightii, Heterotheca grandiflora,
Latuca serriola, Lythrum califomicum, Marrubium vulgare, Scabiosa atropurpurea,
Senecio douglasii, Solidago califomica, S. confinis, Stephanomeria exigua.
Melissodes robustior Cockerell, 1915. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 16: 482. ♀, ♂.

Biology: MacSwain, 1958. Pan-Pacific Ent. 34: 40. — Chemsak and Thorp, 1962. Pan-Pacific
Ent. 38: 53-55 (nest).

Melissodes rustica (Say)
N. S. to Sask., south to Ga., La., N. Mex. and southern Mexico (Oaxaca), but not
known in Tex. and Okla. Parasite: Triepeolus eldredi CklL, T. pectoralis (Robt.). Pollen:
Oligolege of Compositae, especially Solidago, Aster, Griyidelia, Aplopappus, analyzed
cell provisions of nests in Wyo. showed that females obtained pollen exclusively from
Eriophyllum integrifolium; visits flowers of Abutilon theophrasti, Amphiachyris
dracunuloides, Aplopappus gracilis, Asclepias, Aster anomalus, A. commutatus, A.




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crenulis, A. dumosus, A. ericoides, A. e. villosus, A. exiguus, A. grandiflorus, A. laevis,
A. lateriflorus, A. multiflonis, A. novaeangliae, A. paniciilatus, A. praeustus, A.
sagittifolius, A. salicifolius, A. turbinellus, Bacckaris, Bidens aristosa, B. laevis, B.
asteroides, Centaurea jimcea, Chrysopsis, C. mariana, Cirsiicm arvense, C.
lanceolatum, Cleome iiitea, C. semdata, Coreopsis tripteris. Cosmos, Epilobium
perfoliatum, Gaillardia, Griyidelia squarrosa, Helenmm autiimnale, H. tenuifolium,
Helianthus atromhens, H. divaricatus, H. grosse-serrahis, H. maximillianus, H.
petiolaris, H. radula, H. tuberosus, Heliopsis helianthoides, Hieracium scabrum,
Lycopus americanus, Marrubium viilgare, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis, Mentha,
Physostegia parviflora, Polymentha, Ratibida coiumnaris, R. pinnata, Rudbeckia
laciniata, R. subtomentosa, R. triloba, Silphium perfoliatum, Solidago altissima, S.
canadensis, S. graminifolia, S. juncea, S. nemoralis, S. rigida, S. rugosa, S. serotina.
Spiraea alba. Verbena hastata, V. stricta, Verbesina virginica, Vernonia fasciculata, V.
glauca.

Macrocera rustica Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 406. ♂, ♀.

Melissodes assimilis Smith, 1879. Descr. n. spp. Hym. Brit. Mus., p. 114. ♀.

Melissodes ambigua Smith, 1879. Descr. n. spp. Hym. Brit. Mus., p. 116. ♀.

Melissodes festinata Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada, Hym. v. 2, p. 300.
9, (J.

Melissodes simillima Robertson, 1897. Acad. Sci. St. -Louis, Trans. 7: 355. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes asteris Robertson, 1914. Ent. News 25: 373. ♀.

Taxonomy: Clement, 1973. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 46: 521, figs. 3-6 (larva).

Biology: Clement, 1973. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 46: 516-525, 6 figs., 1 table (nest architecture,
pollen stores, parasite).

Melissodes saponellus Cockerell
Wash., Oreg., Calif., Utah, Colo. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Bahia oblongifolia, Chaenactis stevioides, Encelia actoni, Sphaeralcea, Trifolium.
Melissodes saponellus Cockerell, 1908. Canad. Ent. 40: 234. ♀.

Biology: LaBerge, 1963. Nebr. Univ. State Mus., Bui. 4: 241 (interspecific copulation).

Melissodes semilupina Cockerell
B. C. south to Calif., east to Colo, and N. Mex. Pollen: Oligolege of
Compositae, especially Chrysothamnus and Haplopapptis, visits flowers of
Chrysothamnus nauseosus, C. n. consimilis, C. viscidiflorus typicus, Cleome,
Gutierrezia califomica, Haplopappus vemonioides. Hemitonia paniculata, Solidago
occidentalis.

Melissodes menuacha semilupina Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 29. ♂.

Melissodes chrysothamni Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 524. ♀.

Melissodes snowii Cresson
Alta., Man., Colo., N. Mex., Nebr., N. Dak. Pollen: Probably an oligolege of
Compositae, especially Helianthus and Solidago, visits flowers of Aster, Cleome
serrulata, Gaillardia, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Helianthus petiolaris, H. sitbrhomboideus,
Lacinaria punctata, Medicago saliva, Solidago missouriensis, S. nemoralis, S. rigida.

Melissodes snowii Cresson, 1872. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 24: 211. d. "

Melissodes subagilis Cockerell
Minn., Alta. and Wash, south to northern Calif., Ariz, and Tex. Pollen:
Oligolege of Grindelia including G. naiia, G. squarrosa, but visits other flowers
including Aplopappus gracilis, A. spinulosus, A. tenuisectus. Aster adscendens,
Baccharis, Baileya multiradiata, Bigelovia wrightii, Chrysopsis hispida,
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Cleome serrulata, Erigeron, Gossypiu7n herbaceum,
Gutierrezia sarothrae, Haplopappus acradenius, Helianthus annuus, H. maximillianus,
H. petiolaris, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Medicago sativa, Pedis papposa, Petalostemon,
Prionopsis ciliata, Ratibida tagetes, Salsola pestifer, Silphium, Solidago rigida, S.
serotina, Sphaeralcea, Verbena hastata, Verbesina exauriculata.

Melissodes agilis var. subagilis Cockerell, 1905. Entomologist 38: 145. ♂.

Melissodes pecosella Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 179. ♀.

Tetraloniella excurrens melanaspis Cockerell, 1925. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 16: 228.
9.

Xenoglossodes albertensis Cockerell, 1937. Canad. Ent. 69: 87. ♀.

Biology: Hicks, 1926. Colo. Univ., Studies 15: 225 (nest).




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Melissodes subillata LaBerge
Que. to Sask., south to N. C. and 111. Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae, visits
flowers of Aster azureus, Clirysantliemum leucanthemum, Ciclioriuni mtybiis, Cirsium
arvense, Coreopsis ffrandiflora, C. lanceolata, Echinacea pallida, Epilohiuin
angustifolium, Eupatorium macidatum, Gaillardia aristafa, Helianthus
maximillianKS, H. petiolaris, Hieraceum auriantiacum, Latuca pulchella, Petalostemon
oligophylium, Platycodon grandiflorium, Psoralea lanceolata, Ratibida columnaris,
Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata, Solidago graviinifolium, So7ichus arvensis glabrescens,
Teucrium occidentalis, Vernonia fasciculata.
Melissodes (Eumelissodes) subillata LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 568, figs.
99-101. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes submenuacha Cockerell
Colo., Ariz., N. Mex., western Tex. Pollen: Probably an oligolege of
Compositae, visits flowers oi Aplopappus gracilis, Bidens, Cleome serrulata,
Haplopappus heteropbylla, Helianthus annuus, H. petiolaris, Hymenothrix wislizeni,
Medicago sativa, Verbesina encelioides, V. oreophila.

Melissodes menuacha var. submenuacha Cockerell, 1897. Entomologist 30: 137. ♂.

Melissodes Heivetti Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 527. ♀.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1963. Nebr. Univ. State Mus., Bui. 4: 241-242 (geogr. and floral
records).

Melissodes tincta LaBerge
Minn, and Mich, south to Tex. and Fla. Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae, seems
to prefer Chrysopsis and Aster, visits flowers oi Aster longicaulus, Chrysopsis
microcephala, Helianthus maxiynilliaiius, Verbesina encelioides.
Melissodes (Euvielissodes) tincta LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 493. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes trinodis Robertson
Southeast. Canada, Kans. and N. Dak. east to Maine and Ga. Parasite:
Triepeolus helianthi (Robt.). Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae, especially Helianthus
including H. annuus, H. a. coronarius, H. atrorubens, H. divaricatus, H. grosse-serratus,
H. maxiniillianus, H. mollis, H. salicifolius, H. tuberosus, but also visits flowers of
Arctium, Asclepias incarnata, Aster anomalus, A. praeatus, Bidens aristosa, B. laevis,
Blephilia hirsuta, Carduus crispus, Cassia chaniaecrista, Cirsimn lanceolata. Coreopsis
palmata, C. tripteris, Dichophyllum marginatum, Grindelia, Helenium altissimum, H.
autumnale, Heliopsis helianthoides, Lepachys pinnata, Liatris, Monarda fistulosa,
Pepo, Petalostemon purpureum, Ratibida columnaris, Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata, R.
subnieiitosa, R. triloba, Solidago canadensis, S. rupestris, S. ulmifolia, Syniphoricarpos,
Teucrium canadense. Verbena hastata, V. stricta, Vernonia glauca, V. baldwini interior,
Veronica.
Melissodes trinodis Robertson, 1901. Canad. Ent. 33: 231. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Graenicher, 1905. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 3: 164 (nest).

Melissodes tristis Cockerell
Nebr. to Calif., south through Tex. and Ariz, to southern Mexico (Puebla).

Pollen: Most polylectic of all the species of the subgenus Eu)uelissodes, seems to prefer
flowers of the Leguminosae, Compositae and Malvaceae, visits flowers of Acacia,
Actinea acaulis, A. richardsonii, Allionia incarnata, Arabis, Argemone, Asclepias
galloides, A. verficillata. Aster canescens, A. spinosa, A. tayiacetifolium, Astrgalus,
Baccharis, Bahia, Baileya multiradiata, Berberis trifoliata, B. wilcoxii, Canotia
holocantha, Ceanothus fendleri, C. greggii, Celtis pallida, Cercidium texanum, Cevalia
sinuata, Chilopsis linearis, C. saligua, Chrysopsis hispida, Chrysothamnus, Cirsium
ochrocentrnm, C. undulatum, Cleome luteum, C. serrulata. Convolvulus, Croton
luteovirens, Dalea lasianthera, Dasylirion wheeleri, Encelia, Engelmannia pinnatifida,
Erigeron canadensis, Eriogonum trichopes. Euphorbia albo))iarginata, Eysenhardtia
polystacha, E. spinosa, Gaillardia pinnatifida, G. pulchella, G. suavis, Gaura, Gilia
calcarea, Gossypium herbaceum, Grindelia, Gutierrezia califoniica, Haplopappus
gracilis, H. laricifolius, Helenium autumnale, H. hoopesii, H. laciniatum, Helianthus
anyiuus, H. ciliaris, H. petiolaris, Hoffmanseggia densiflora, H. jamesii, Hymenothrix
wislizenii. Iris mios, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Larrea tridentata, Lepidium,
Lesquerella ovalifolia, Lippia cuneifolia, L. ligustrina, Lotus, Lupinus, Lygodesmia
juncea, Malvastrum cockerelli, Marrubium vulgare, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, M.
officinalis, Mentzelia multiflora, Mertensia franciscayia. Mimosa borealis, Monarda
citriodora, M. pectinata, Mortonia scabrella, Nepefa cataria, Nolina microcarpa.



Superfamily APOIDEA 215S

Opuntia basilaris, 0. lindheimeri, 0. macrorhiza, Parkinsonia, Pedis papposa,
Penstemon superba, Petalostemon candidnm, P.flavescens, P. occidentatum, Phacelia
glandulosa, P. popei, Philadelphus microphyUus, Polemonium, Prionopsis, Prosopis
juliflom, Psoralea tenuiflora, Pyracantha, Ratibida columnaris, R. tagetes, Rhus, Rosa,
Salix, Salsola kali, S. pestifer. Salvia lemmoni, Sapindxis drummondii, S. sapinarius,
Senecio longilobiis, S. werneriaefolius, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Solidago annua, S.
stetiolobus, Sphaeralcea angustifolia, S. coccinea, S. enioryi, S. laxa, S. lobata, S.
marginata, Stephanomeria, Tamarix gallica, Thurberia thespesioides. Verbena stricta,
Verbesina encelioides, Vemonia, Vicia, Wislize^iia refracta, Zexnienia podocephala.
Zinnia grandiflora.

Melissodes tristis Cockerell, 1894. Ent. News 5: 234. ♂.

Melissodes pallidicincta Cockerell, 1896. Entomologist 29: 306. ♀.

Melissodes tristis var. malvina Cockerell, 1902. Entomologist 35: 177. ♂.

Melissodes semitristis Cockerell, 1905. Psyche 12: 102. ♂.

Melissodes pallidicincta erythrina Cockerell, 1925. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 16: 231. ♂.

Biology: Linsley, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 161, fig. 8 (sleep). —Kurd and Linsley, 1975.

Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 41-42, fig. 17 (intrafloral relationships with Larrea).

Melissodes utahensis LaBerge
Utah and Nev., south to south. Calif, and Ariz., Nebr. Pollen: Unknown,
but visits flowers of Chrysothamnus including C. nauseosus, Chaemataxis, Eriogonum
heermannii, Gutierrezia califomiica.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) utahensis LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 602, figs.
109-110. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes velutina (Cockerell)
South, and cent. Calif. Pollen: Poly lege, especially of Polemoniaceae and
Compositae, visits flowers of Acanthopappus sphaerocephalus. Aster abatus,
Chorizanthe staticoides, Cirsium, Coreopsis lanceolata, Cryptantha intermedia, Encelia
actoni, Eremocarpus setigerus, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Gutierrezia califomica, G.
sarothrae, G. stricta, Helianthus gracilentus, Heliotropium curassavicum var. oculatum,
Hugelia ambigua, H. virgata, Lotus scoparius^, Marrubium vulgare, Mirabilis laevis,
Monarda lanceolata, Prosopis, Salvia columbariae, Trichostema lanatum.

Exomalopsis vehitinus Cockerell, 1916. Pomona Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 58. ♀.

Melissodes verbesinarum Cockerell
Wash, to southern Calif., east to Nev. and Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua to
Jalisco). Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae, visits flowers of Actijiea, Argemone
platyceras, Aster canescens, A. tanacetifolius, Baileya multiradiata, Bigelovia, Cevallia
sinuata, Chaenactis, Chrysothamnus, Croton califomicus, Encelia califomica,
Erigeron, Eysenhardtia polystachya, Geraea canescens, Grindelia, Gutierrezia lucida,
Haplopappus acradenius, Lygodesmia juncea. Pedis papposa, Psilostrophe cooperi,
Sphaeralcea, Tamarix, Verbesina encelioides.

Melissodes pecosella verbesinarum Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 180. ♀.

Melissodes vernalis LaBerge
Wash, and Nev. to southern Calif, and Ariz.; Mexico (Baja California,

Sonora, and Hidalgo). Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae, especially Encelia and Geraea,
visits flowers of Aster abatus, A. agnatus, Baileya multiradiata, Bebbia juncea,
Chilopsis linearis, Encelia farinosa, Geraea canescens, Hyptis emoryi, Melilotus,
Prosopis, Psilostrophe cooperi, Sphaeralcea ambigua, Viguiera deltoides.

Melissodes (Eumelissodes) vernalis LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 608, figs.
113-114. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes vernoniae Robertson
Ind., and N. Dak., west to Idaho, south to N. Mex. and Tex. Pollen:

Polylectic, collects pollen of Vemonia, also probably uses pollen from Helianthus and
possibly Ipomoea, visits flowers oi Bideyis, Gaillardia pulchella, Grindelia, Helianthus
tuberosus, Heliopsis helianthoides, Ipomoea pandurata, Lacinaria, Laduca pulchella,
Liatris, Monarda fistulosa. Polygonum, Rudbeckia hirta, Silphium laciniatum, S.
speciosum. Verbena stricta, Vemonia altissima, V . fasciculata, V. baldwini interior, V.
longifolia, V. texana.

Melissodes vernoniae Robertson, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 323. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes confusiformis incondita Cockerell, 1925. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 16: 230.
9.




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Melissodes wheeleri Cockerell
Mich, and N. Dak., south to La., Tex. and Ariz. Pollen: Oligolege of
Compositae, especially Gaillardia, Helianthns and Rudbeckia, visits flowers of
Anthemis cotula, Asclepias tuberosa, Cleome serrulata. Coreopsis, Echinacea,
Engelmannia bipinnatifida, Gaillardia pulchella, Grindelia squarrosa, Helianthus
annuus, H. debilis, H. petiolaris, Opuntia, Petalostemon purpiireum, Ratibida
columnaris, Rudbeckia bicolor, R. grandiflora, R. hirta, Silphium asperimum,
Sphaeralcea.
Melissodes wheeleri Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: HI. 9.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1906. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 17: 367. ♂.

Genus MELISSODES Subgenus PSILOMELISSODES LaBerge

Melissodes subg. Psilomelissodes LaBerge, 1956. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 37: 1173.
Type-species: Melissodes intorta Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Melissodes intorta Cresson
Kans., Tex. Pollen: Probably dependent upon the pollen of the Malvaceous

Genus Callirhoe including C. digitata, C. involucrata, C. leiocarpa, but also visits
flowers of Asclepias latifolia, Gaillardia, Rorippa sinuata.
Melissodes intorta Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 278. ♂.
Melissodes wickhami Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 112. ♀.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1963. Nebr. Univ. State Mus., BuL 4: 234 (geogr. and floral records).
Genus MELISSODES Subgenus CALLIMELISSODES LaBerge

Melissodes subg. Callimelissodes LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 294.
Type-species: Melissodes iupina Cresson. Orig. desig.

Melissodes ablusa Cockerell
Calif. (Millbrae, Bolinas).

Melissodes metenua ablusa Cockerell, 1926. Pan-Pacific Ent. 3: 85. ♀.

Melissodes clarkiae LaBerge
Oreg., Calif. Pollen: Probably oligolectic on Clarkia including C. amoena, C.
biloba, C. cylindrica, C. dudleyana, C. gracilis albicaulis, C. speciosa, C. uyigtiiculata, C.
William sonii.
Melissodes (Callimelissodes) clarkiae LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 315, figs.
50-53. ♀, ♂.

Biology: MacSwain, Raven and Thorp, 1973. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 70: 29-31 (floral

relationships).

Melissodes coloradensis Cresson
N. C, Ohio, Ind., Ill, Wis., Mo., Nebr., Kans., Wyo., Colo., N. Mex., Ariz.,

Utah, north. Calif. Pollen: Oligolege of Compositae, with Helianthus including H.

annuus, H. atrorubens, H. divaricatus, H. grosse-serratus, H. mollis, H. petiolaris, H.

scaberrimus and H. tuberosus as the primary source of pollen, but also visits flowers of

Cirsium discolor, C. lanceolatum. Coreopsis tripteris, Heliopsis helianthoides, H. laevis,

Liatris pycnostachya, Lythrum alatum, Rudbeckia laciniata, Silphium integrifolium, S.

laciyiiatum, S. perfoliatum, S. terebinthinaceum, Solanum, Solidago serotina. Verbena

hastata, V. stricta, Vemonia baldwini interior, V.fascictilatum.
Melissodes coloradensis Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc 30: 200. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes composita Tucker
Mont, south to Ariz., N. Mex. Ecology: Nests in ground individually, but

many individuals use a communal entrance. Parasite: Triepeolus helianthi Robt.? Pollen:

Unknown, but visits flowers of Grindelia squarrosa, Haplopappus gracilis, Thurberia

thespesioides.
Melissodes Iupina composita Tucker, 1909. Kans. Acad. Sci., Trans. 22: 281. ♂.

Biology: Hurd and Linsley, 1959. Ent. News 70: 141-146 (nest).

Melissodes glenwoodensis Cockerell
N. Dak. south to N. Mex., west to Wash, and southern Calif. Pollen:
Oligolege of Compositae, especially Chrysothamnus including C. nauseosus coiisiinilis,
C. n. mojavensis, C. n. speciosus, C. viscidiflorus typicus, but visits other flowers
including Cirsium, Grindelia squarrosa, Haplopappus vemonioides, Helianthus
petiolaris, Solidago trinervata.
Melissodes glenwoodensis Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 522. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 107.




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Melissodes lupina Cresson
Mont, to Wash., south to Colo., Utah, Nev., Calif.; Mexico (Baja Calif.). Pollen:
Oligolege of Compositae, but visits a wide variety of flowers including Achillea,
Adenostegia, Adenostoma fasciculatum, Arctium, Asclepias, Aster chilensis, A. exilis,
Bigelovia, Brassica, Calochortus nuttalli, Caiycadenia, Castanopsis, Centaurea
solstitialis, Chaenactis artemisiaefolia, C. glabriuscula, Chrysopsis villosus,
Chrysothamnus nanseosus speciosus, C. viscidiflorus typicus, Cirsium, Clarkia
amoena, C. bottae, Cleome semilata, Cordylanthus, Coreopsis lanceolatum, C. tinctoris,
Coretkrogyne bemardense, C. filaginifolia, Cosmos, Croton califomicus, Cryptantha
intermedia, Cucurbita, Encelia, Epilobium, Eremocarpvs setigerus, E rigeron foliosus,
Eriodictyon angiistifolium, E riogonum fasciculatum , E. gracile, E. latifolium,
Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Grindelia camporum, G. elata, G. squarrosa, Gutierrezia
califomica, G. sarothrae, Haplopappus arboresce7is, H. bloomeri angustatus, H. palmeri,
Hemizonia fasciculata, H.fitchi, H. heennannii, H. lobbii, H. luzulaefolia, H.
paniculata, H. pungens, H. wrightii, Heterotheca grandiflora, Holodiscus discolor, Iris
hartwegi, Lessingia, Ligustrum, Limnanthes, Lotus, Lythnan califomica. Madia,
Malacothrix, Marrubium vulgare, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, M. indica,
Monardella, Nemophila, Perezia microcephala, Phacelia heterophylla, P. humilis,
Phalacroseris bolanderi, Pimpinella, Polygonum auberti, Raphanus, Rhamnus
califomica. Salvia carduacea, Seyiecio, Solidago califomica, S. elongata, S. occidentalis,
Stephanomeria exigua, S. virgata, Trichostema laxum, Trifolium repens. Verbena,
Vicia.

Melissodes lupina Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 210. ♂.

Melissodes intermediella var. catalinensis Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4:
102. ♀.

Melissodes catalinensis vanduzeei Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 12: 86. ♀.

Melissodes lustra LaBerge
Idaho, Oreg., Nev., Calif.; Mexico (Baja Calif.). Pollen: Oligolectic, depending
upon plants of Compositae for pollen, particularly Gutierrezia, Chrysothamnus and
Haplopappus, visits flowers of Aster, Baccharis piiularis, Bigelovia, Chrysothamnus
nauseosus nauseosus, C. n. consimilis, C. n. speciosus, C. viriduhis, C. viscidiflorus
typicus, Cleome, Croton califomicus, Eriogonum latifolium, Grindelia camporum, G.
sarothrae, Haplopappus bloomeri angustatus, H. palmeri, H. vemonioides, Heterotheca
grandiflora, Melilotus alba, Senecio douglasii.

Melissodes (Callimelissodes) lustra LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 334, fig. 59. ♀.
i.

Melissodes metenua Cockerell
Wash, to northern Calif., Idaho, Wyo., Utah. Pollen: Unknown, but visits
flowers of Cosmos, Eriogonum, Melilotus alba.

Melissodes metenua Cockerell, 1924. Pan-Pacific Ent. 1: 56. ♀.

Melissodes minuscula LaBerge
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers oiCressa cretica,
Heliotropium curassavicum, Melilotus.

Melissodes (Callimelissodes) minuscula LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 323. ♀.
6.

Melissodes nigracauda LaBerge
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Erigeron, Senecio
douglasii, Stephanomeria exigua.

Melissodes (Callimelissodes) nigracauda LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 327, figs.
54-57. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes plumosa LaBerge
Wash, to Calif., (?)N. Dak. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Encelia
califomica, Helianthus petiolaris.

Melissodes (Callimelissodes) plumosa LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 308, figs.
42-45. ♀, ♂.

Melissodes stearnsi Cockerell
Wash., Oreg., Calif. Pollen: Possibly an oligolege of Compositae, but visits a
wide variety of flowers including Althaea rosea, Asclepias eriocarpa. Aster exilis,
Brassica, Centaurea solstitialis, Cirsium, Cleome, Corethrogyne bemardense, C.
virgata, Cucurbita, Datura meteloides, Eremocarpus setigerus, Eriogonum setiger, Gilia
virgata, Grindelia, Gutierrezia califomica, G. sarothrae, Haplopappus pahneri, H.
parishii, Helianthus aimuus, Heliotropium curassavicu))t, Hemizonia fasciculata, H.
pungens, Hugelia virgata, Marrubium vulgare, Medicago sativa, Melilotus, Navarretia,
Phacelia, Silybum marianum, Trichostema lanceolatum.

Melissodes stearnsi Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 101. ♀.




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Melissodes tribas LaBerge
Calif. (San Diego).

Melissodes (Callimelissodes) tribas LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 42: 326. ♀.

Melissodes tuckeri Cockerell
Mont., S. Dak., Nebr., Kans., Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Aster, Heterotheca subaxillaris.

Melissodes Tuckeri Cockerell, 1909. Canad. Ent. 41: 129. ♀.

Genus MELISSODES Subgenus UNASSIGNED

Melissodes scotti Cockerell
Calif. (San Clemente Isl.).

Melissodes scotti Cockerell, 1939. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 23: 430. ♀.

Unrecognized Species of the Genus Melissodes Latreille

The types of the below listed are either lost or destroyed (see LaBerge, 1961. Kans. Univ. Sci.
Bui. 42: 654).

Melissodes americana (Lepeletier)
Carolina, 111.

Macrocera americana Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 2, p. 92. ♂.
intermedia Cresson. Tex.

Melissodes intermedia Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 278. ♀.

Melissodes pennsylvanica (Lepeletier)
Pa.

Macrocera pennsylvanica Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 2, p. 97. ♂.

Melissodes philadelphica (Lepeletier)
Pa.

Macrocera Philadelphica Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 2, p. 110. ♂.

Nomina Nuda in the Genus MELISSODES Latreille

Melissodes maura Bray, 1917. Jour. Ent. Zool. 9: 94.
Melissodes pullata Bray, 1917. Jour. Ent. Zool. 9: 94.

Genus FLORILEGUS Robertson

Revision: Urban, 1970. Bol. Parana Univ. Federal, Zool. 3 (12): 245-280, 4 figs, (included spp.).
Genus FLORILEGUS Subgenus FLORILEGUS Robertson

Florilegns Robertson, 1900. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 10: 53.
Type-species: Melissodes condigna Cresson. Monotypic.

Florilegus condignus (Cresson)
N. J. to Fla., west to Nebr., Colo., N. Mex., south to Argentina. Pollen:
Polylectic, visits a wide variety of flowers in the United States where it exhibits a
preference for those of the Leguminosae and particularly Medicago sativa.

Melissodes condigna Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 207. ♀.

Melissodes palustris Robertson, 1892. Amer. Nat. 26: 273. ♂.

Tetralonia quadrata Bertoni and Schrottky, 1910. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Syst. p. 572. ♂, ♀.

Florilegus pavoninus Cockerell, 1914. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 22: 316. ♀.

Florilegus barticanus Cockerell, 1918. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bui. 38: 690. ♂.

Tetralonia ecuadoria Friese, 1923. Arkiv. f. Zool. 15 (13): 3. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 253-255, fig. 78
(redescription). —LaBerge and Ribble, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 948-949, figs. 8-11
(cocoon, larva).

Biology: LaBerge and Ribble, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 944-950, 11 figs., 1 table
(nesting behavior, nest architecture, floral relationships).

Genus GAESISCHIA Michener, LaBerge and Moure

Revision: Urban, 1963. Bol. Parana Univ. Federal, Zool. 3 (4): 79-129, 7 figs., 1 map, 2 tables
(Included spp.).

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1958. Pan-Pacific Ent. 34: 195-201, 3 figs, (diagnostic characteristics,
classification).




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Genus GAESISCHIA Subgenus GAESISCHIA Michener, LaBerge and Moure

Gaesischia Michener, LaBerge and Moure, 1955. Dusenia 6: 220.

Type-species: Svastra fulgurans Holmberg. Orig. desig.
Gaesischia Subgenus Prodasynhalonia LaBerge, 1958. Pan-Pacific Ent. 34: 199.

Type-species: Gaesischia mexicana LaBerge. Monotypic and orig. desig.

The typical subgenus occurs south of the United States.

Genus GAESISCHIA Subgenus GAESISCHIANA Michener, LaBerge and Moure

Gaesischia subg. Gaesischiana Michener, LaBerge and Moure, 1955. Dusenia 6: 224.

Type-species: Gaesischia (Gaesischiana) exul Michener, LaBerge and Moure. Orig.
desig.
Gaesischia subg. Agaesischia Moure and Michener, 1955. Dusenia 6: 273.
Type-species: Eucera patellicomis Ducke. Orig. desig.

Gaesischia exul Michener, LaBerge and Moure
Ariz, to Colombia. Pollen: Polylectic, visits flowers of

Andira ijiemiis, Caesalpinia eriostachys, Dalbergia rehisa, Myrospermum fructescens,
Parkinsonia aculeata, Piscidia carthagenensis, Pterocarpus rohrii.
Gaesischia (Gaesischiana) exul Michener, LaBerge and Moure, 1955. Dusenia 6: 224. ♂.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1958. Pan-Pacific Ent. 34: 198. ♀.

Biology: Frankie and Baker, 1974. An. Inst. Nac. Univ. Auton. Mexico 45, ser. Botanica 1:
4-5, 1 fig., 1 table (group foraging). —Jones and Buchmann, 1974. Anim. Behaviour 22: 483,
tables 1, 2 (u. v. floral patterns as orientation cues). —Frankie, Opler and Bawa, 1976.
Jour. Ecol. 64: 1049-1057, 1 fig., 4 tables (foraging behavior).

Genus SIMANTHEDON Zavortink

Simanthedon Zavortink, 1975. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. 40: 232.

Type-species: Simanthedon linsleyi Zavortink. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Simanthedon linsleyi Zavortink
Southeastern Ariz. (Cochise Co.), N. Mex. (Eddy Co.); Mexico (Durango).
Pollen: Polylectic, especially Menodora scabra, Agave palmeri. Datura meteloides,
Polygala racemosa, but also visits other flowers for nectar and or pollen including
Cevallia sinuata, Conyza, Desmanthus cooleyi, Hoffmanseggia densiflora, Ipomoea
hirsutula, Mentzelia pumila. Salvia reflexa, Solanum elaeagnifolium.
Simanthedon linsleyi Zavortink, 1975. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. 40: 236, 2 figs. 6,9.

Genus MARTINAPIS Cockerell

Genus MARTINAPIS Subgenus MARTINAPIS Cockerell

Another subgenus, Svastropsis Moure and Michener, is found in Argentina.

Melissodes subg. Martinella Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 450. Preocc.

Type-species: Melissodes Inteicomis Cockerell. Monotypic.
Martinapis Cockerell, 1929. Entomologist 62: 19. N. name.

Revision: Zavortink and LaBerge, 1976. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 34: 119-145, 2 figs., 3 tables
(included spp.).

Martinapis luteicornis (Cockerell)
Kans. (Dodge City), west. Tex., N. Mex. and east. Ariz. (Cochise and
Graham Counties); Mexico (Chihuahua and Durango). Pollen: Polylectic, seems to prefer
to visit plants in the families Leguminosae and Zygophyllaceae for pollen and nectar
including Dalea, Hoffmanseggia, Larrea, and Petalostemon, although a female has been
recorded collecting pollen from Solanum elaeagnifolium; visitation records include
flowers of Acacia, Andropus camosus, Baileya multiradiata, Cevallia siiiuata,
Chilopsis linearis, Chrysothamnus, Dalea lanata, D. scoparia, D. tenninalis. Datura
inoxia, Fallugia paradoxa, Gaura suffulta, Hoffmanseggia glauca, Larrea tridentata,
Lygodesmia pincea, Melilotus alba, Mentzelia multiflora, Petalostemon, Prosopis
glandulosa var. torreyanum, Solidago occidentalis, Tribulus, Verbesijia encelioides,
Xanthisma texanum.
Melissodes luteicornis Cockerell, 1896. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 18: 293. ♂.




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Taxonomy: Zavortink and LaBerge, 1976. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 34: 130-140, fig. 2
(redescription).

Biology: Linsley and Hurd, 1959. Ent. News 70: 67 (pollen source). — Linsley and Cazier,

1970. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 43: table 1 (pollen source). —Hurd and Linsley, 1975. Smithsn.

Contrib. Zool. 193: 41, tables 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 (floral relationship with Larrea, as luteicomis).

—Zavortink and LaBerge, 1976. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 34: 140-143, tables 1-3 (floral

relationships, seasonal periods of activity).

Martinapis occidentalis Zavortink and LaBerge
South. Calif. (Colorado and south. Mojave Deserts), and
southwest. Ariz. (Lower Colorado Valley); Mexico (Baja California and Sonora). Pollen:
Polylectic, seems to prefer to visit plants in the families Compositae, Leguminosae,
Solanaceae and Zygophyllaceae for pollen and nectar including Cercidium, Dalea,
Datura, Larrea, Palafoxia, Solanum; floral visitation records include Cercidium
floridum, Dalea emoryi, Eyicelia, Helianthus niveus, Larrea tridentata, Palafoxia
linearis, Wislizeyiia refracta.

Martinapis occidentalis Zavortink and LaBerge, 1976. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 34: 121, figs. 1,
2. ♂, ♀.

Biology: MacSwain, 1957. Pan-Pacific Ent. 33: 70 (floral relationships, as luteicomis).
—Hurd and Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 41, table 12 (floral relationship with
Larrea, as luteicomis in part). —Zavortink and LaBerge, 1976. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 34:
128-129 (floral relationships, daily and seasonal periods of activity).

Genus MELISSOPTILA Holmberg

Revision: Urban, 1968. Rev. Brasil. Ent. 13: 1-94, 70 figs., 3 maps (included spp.).
Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1957. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1837: 37-38 (tax. characters).

Genus MELISSOPTILA Subgenus MELISSOPTILA Holmberg

Melissoptila Holmberg, 1884. Cordoba. Acad. Nac. de Cien., Actas 5: 119.

Type-species: Melissoptila tandilensis Holmberg. Monotypic.
Thyreotremata Holmberg, 1887. Cordoba. Acad. Nac. de Cien., Bol. 10: 225. Nomen nudum.
Thyreothremma Holmberg, 1903. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, An. (3) 2: 391.

Type-species: Melissoptila tandilensis Holmberg. Desig. by Sandhouse, 1943.
{=Thyreothremma rhopalocera Holmberg).

The typical subgenus does not occur in North America.

Genus MELISSOPTILA Subgenus PTILOMELISSA Moure

Ptilomelissa Moure, 1943. Rev. de Ent. 14: 482.

Type-species: Ptilomelissa ochromelaena Moure. Monotypic.

Melissoptila otomita (Cresson)
Tex. (Brownsville); Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama.
Melissodes otomita Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 209. ♂.
Melissodes pinguis Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 216. ♀, ♂.
Melissodes pinguis var. veluti^iella Cockerell, 1897. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 24: 158. ♀.
Tetralonia joseana Friese, 1916. Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 77: 330. ♂, ♀.
Exomalopsis nifitecta Cockerell, 1949. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 98: 454. ♀.
Exomalopsis nifitecta var. palliditecta Cockerell, 1949. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 98: 454. ♀.

Taxonomy: LaBerge, 1957. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1837: 38 (synonymy, selects otomita
instead of pinguis under provision of first reviser). -^Urban, 1968. Rev. Brasil. Ent. 13:
67-71, figs. 29, 44, 53-65, map 1 (as pinguis).

Morphology: Graf, 1970. Bol. Federal Univ. Parana, Zool. 3: 281-287, 1 pL, figs. 1-3 (salivary
glands).

^ Tribe ANTHOPHORINI

This is a large tribe of pollen-collecting bees that is found throughout much of the world.
Although the Anthophorini contains several genera, most of the species belong to the Old World




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Genus Amegilla and the genus Anthophora which occurs on all the continents except Australia.
In the New World the tribe is represented by the apparently endemic, North American Deltop-
tila and Emphoropsis and by Anthophora which, although present in both North and South
America, is especially well represented by numerous species in North America. While most of
the studied Anthophorini nest in the ground, at least members of the subgenus Clisodon make
their nests in wood.

Genus ANTHOPHORA Latreille

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 64-72. — Michener, 1936. Amer. Mus.
Novitates 876: 1-2 (small group only). —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui.
152: 323-331, figs. 90-93 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Genus ANTHOPHORA Subgenus ANTHOPHORA Latreille

Podalirius Latreille, 1802. Hist. Hat. Fourmis, p. 430. Name suppressed by Intematl.

Comn. Zool. NomencL, Op. 151, 1944.
Anthophora Latreille, 1803. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., v. 18, p. 167. Proposed unnecessarily to
replace Podalirius Latreille.

Type-species: Apis acervorum Linnaeus. Desig. by Intematl. Comn. Zool. Nomencl.,
Op. 151, 1944. (=Apis pilipes Fabricius).
Lasius Panzer, [1801-1802]. Faunae Ins. German., h. 86, no. 16. Name suppressed by

Intematl. Comn. Zool. Nomencl., Op. 151, 1944.
Podalirius subg. Paramegilla Friese, 1897. Die Bienen Europas, v. 3, p. 18.

Type-species: Apis ireos Pallas. Desig. by Sandhouse, 1943.
Anthophoroides Cockerell and Cockerell, 1901. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 7: 48.

Type-species: Podalirius vallorum Cockerell. Monotypic and orig. desig.
Anthemoessa Robertson, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 372. Preocc.

Type-species: Anthophora abrupta Say. Monotypic and orig. desig.
Melea Sandhouse, 1943. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 92: 526. N. name.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1951. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 59: 51-62 (western U. S. spp.).

—Michener, 1960. Queensland Nat. 16: 63 (status of Amegilla).

Anthophora abrupta Say
N. Y. to Fla., west to Mich., south to La. and Tex. Parasite: Homia m.

miyiutipennis Riley, M onodontomerus mandibularis Gahan, M. montivagus Ashm.,
Physocephala sagittaria (Say), Xeromelecta califomica (Cress.)., X. intemipta (Cress.).
Pollen: Unknown, but visits a wide variety of flowers including Aescidus, Asclepias,
Azalea, Blephilia, Cirsium, Convolvulus, Comus, Delphinium, Dianthera, Diospyros,
Fransera, Gillenia, Hydrophyllum, Iris, Leonurus, Melilotus, Mertensia, Monarda,
Nepeta, Oenothera, Penstemon, Polygonatum, Rosa, Rubus, Scutellaria, Stachys,
Teucrium, Trifolium, Triosteum, Vicia.

Anthophora abrupta Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 409. ♂.

Anthophora sponsa Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 339. ♀.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1080, figs. 232, 233 (larva).

Biology: Walsh, 1868. Amer. Ent. 1: 9 (as sponsa). — Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 7: 25. — Frison,
1922. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 48: 137-156. -Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24 (7):
35. —Rau, 1926. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 166. —Rau, 1929. Jour. Compar. Psychol. 9:
53. -Rau, 1929. Psyche 36: 156.

Anthophora abruptella Cockerell
Calif. Parasite: Sphaeropthalma unicolor (Cress.). Pollen: Unknown, but
visits flowers of Amsinckia intermedia, Eriodictyon califomicum, Phacelia dista7is, P.
ramosissima.
Anthophora abruptella Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 72. ♀.

Anthophora affabilis Cresson
Calif., Utah, Colo., N. Mex., Tex. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of
Camissonia clavaeformis, Oenothera caespitosa, 0. deltoides.
A7ithophora affabilis Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc 30: 189. cJ, 9.

Anthophora aterrima Cockerell
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Satureja douglasii,
Thermopsis macrophyllus.
Anthophora aterrima Cockerell, 1924. Pan-Pacific Ent. 1: 51. ♀, ♂.




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Anthophora bomboides
***authority mismatch
bomboides Kirby. Ont. to Ga., west to Wis. and Man. Parasite: Monodontomerus
mandibularis Gahan. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Ceanothus, Penstemon.
Anthophora bomboides Kirby, 1837. In Richardson, Faune Bor.-Amer., v. 4, p. 271. ♂.
Anthophora canadensis Cresson, 1869. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 292. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1936. Canad. Ent. 68: 276 (key to this and following subspecies of

bomboides).

Anthophora bomboides
***authority mismatch
neomexicana Cockerell. S. Dak., Wyo., Idaho, Colo., N. Mex., Calif. (Mono Co.),
?Nebr., ?Tex. Parasite: Homia neomexicana (Ckll.), Monodontomerus montivagus
Ashm., Sphaeropthalma unicolor (Cress.), Xeromelecta califomica (Cress.).
Anthophora bomboides var. neomexicana Cockerell, 1900. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 5:
408.
Biology: Hicks, 1926. Colo. Univ., Studies 15: 224 (nest). —Hicks, 1931. Canad. Ent. 63: 175

(nest, parasite).

Anthophora bomboides
***authority mismatch
scutellaris Swenk. Nebr., Colo.

Anthophora scutellaris Swenk, 1909. Ent. News 20: 391. ♀.

Anthophora bomboides
***authority mismatch
sodalis Cresson. Wash., Oreg., east. Calif., Nev., ?Man., ?Alta.

Anthophora sodalis Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 212. ♂.

Anthophora bomboides
***authority mismatch
solitaria Ritsema. B. C, ?Calif.

Anthophora insularis Smith, 1879 (not 1857). Descr. New Species Hym. Brit. Mus., p. 124.
9 . Preocc.

Anthophora solitaria Ritsema, 1880. Tijdschr. v. Ent. 23: xcvii. N. name.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 331.

Anthophora bomboides
***authority mismatch
stanfordiana Cockerell. B. C, Wash., Oreg., Calif. Parasite: Dasymutilla aureola
(Cress.), Homia minutipennis occidentalis Linsley, Xeromelecta califomica (Cress.).
Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Castilleja latifolia. Delphinium including D.
hesperium, Dudleya, Eriodictyon califomicum, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Penstemon,
Phacelia distajis, P. imbricata, Raphanus sativa, Rosa califomica, Stanleya pinnata.
Anthophora stanfordiana Cockerell, 1904. Ent. News 15: 32. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1007, 1078, figs. 7-15, 219-222, 225
(larva).

Biology: Kellogg, 1908. Amer. Ins., p. 517. — Nininger, 1920. Psyche 27: 135. —Linsley and

MacSwain, 1942. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 7: 189 (habits).

Anthophora bomboides
***authority mismatch
willing! Cockerell. Sask.

Anthophora bomboides Willingi Cockerell, 1911. Canad. Ent. 43: 34. ♂.
califomica albomarginata Timberlake. Ariz., Calif., desert. Pollen: Unknown, but visits

flowers of Aster spinosa, Chilopsis linearis, Dalea, Heliotropium curassavicum, Larrea
tridentata, Phyla nodiflora, Prosopis glandulosa. Salvia columbariae.

Anthophora califomica albomarginata Timberlake, 1937. Amer. Mus. Novitates 958: 13. ♀.
6.
califomica califomica Cresson. Colo., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Baja Calif.). Pollen:
Unknown, but visits a wide variety of flowers including Amsinckia douglasiana, A.
intermedia. Astragalus pomonensis, Castilleja latifolia, Cercidium floridum, Dalea
califomica, Diidleya aloides, Eriodictyon califomicum, Isomeris arborea, Lantana
montevidensis, Lotus scoparius, Lupinus, Oenothera, Penstemon spectabilis, Phacelia
distatis, P. imbricata, Pholisma racemosa, Raphanus sativus, Rubus ursinus. Salvia
columbariae, S. mellifera, Scrophularia califomica, S. laciniata, Senecio douglasii,
Solanum xantii.

Anthophora califomica Cresson, 1869. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 290. ♂.

Anthophora 5-fasciata Provancher, 1895. Nat. Canad. 22: 172. ♂.

Anthophora tarsata stibtarsata Cockerell, 1904. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 3: 88. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1897. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 24: 154. ♂.
califomica erysimi Cockerell. Calif. (San Miguel Is.). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Erysimum insulare.
Anthophora califomica erysimi Cockerell, 1937. Pan-Pacific Ent. 13: 150. ♀.




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Anthophora californica
***authority mismatch
texana Cresson. Colo., N. Mex., Ariz., Tex.; Mexico (Zacatecas). Pollen: Unknown,
hilt visits flowers of Caesalpinia falcaria, Chilopsis linearis, Larrea tridentata.
Anthophora texana Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 282. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 335. ♂.

Anthophora capistrata Cresson
Tex.; ?Mexico (Baja Calif.).

Anthophora capistrata Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 187. ♂.

Anthophora centriformis
***authority mismatch
centriformis Cresson. Nev., Calif. (Sierra Nevada Mts.).

Anthophora centriformis Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 212. ♂.

Anthophora centriformis
***authority mismatch
vierecki Cockerell. N. Mex., Nev., Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Beloperone californica, Hyptis emoryi, Lotus scoparius, Lupinus odoratus, Nama
parryi, Penstemon spectabilis, Scutellaria angustifolia.
Anthophora centriformis vierecki Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 69. ♂.

Anthophora chlorops
***authority mismatch
chlorops Michener. Wash.

Anthophora chlorops Michener, 1936. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 31: 92. ♀.

Anthophora chlorops
***authority mismatch
utahensis Michener. Utah.

Anthophora chlorops utahensis Michener, 1936. Amer. Mus. Novitates 876: 2. ♀.

Anthophora citreostrigata Dours
North America. (No recent records; doubtless not Nearctic).

Anthophora citreo-strigata Dours, 1868. Soc. Linn. Nord France, Mem. 71: 95. ♀.

Anthophora coptognatha Timberlake
Ariz., Calif, deserts. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Dalea
fremontii, Lantana, Larrea tridentata, Lycium, Prosopis, Salvia pilosa.
Anthophora coptognatha Timberlake, 1951. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 59: 54. ♂, ♀.

Anthophora crotchii Cresson
B. C, Wash., Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits a wide variety of flowers

including Amsinckia douglasiana, A. eastwoodae, A. intermedia, Astragalus, Brassica,
Brodiaea capitata, Caulanthus heterophyllus. Delphinium parryi, Eriodictyon, Lantana
montevidensis, Lupinus, Mamibium vulgare, Oenothera, Orthocarpus purpurascens,
Raphanus sativus. Salvia carduacea, S. columbariae, Trichostema parishii.
Anthophora crotchii Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 192. ♂.
Anthophora Washingtoni Cockerell, 1905. In Viereck, Canad. Ent. 37: 313. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1904. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 3: 161. ♂.

Anthophora dammersi Timberlake
Calif. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Camissonia kemensis, but
also visits flowers of Amsinckia douglasiana, A. intermedia, Beleperone californica,
Chaenactis fremontii, Salazaria m,exicana. Salvia carduacea.
Anthophora dammersi Timberlake, 1937. Amer. Mus. Novitates 958: 15. ♂, ♀.

Anthophora edwardsii
***authority mismatch
edwardsii Cresson. Wash, to Calif., Nev. and Utah. Parasite: Anthrax sp. near fur
0. S., Dasymutilla aureola (Cress.), M electa separata callura (CklL), Meloe fransiscana
Van Dyke, Mythicomyia sp. near pusilla Melander, Nemognatha scutellaris LeC,
Sphaeropthalma unicolor (Cress.), Tricrania stansburyi Hald., Xeromelecta californica
(Cress.). Pollen: Collects pollen from Amsinckia and Astragalus, but visits these and a
wide variety of other flowers for nectar including Brassica, Brodiaea, Cryptantha,
Erodium, Eriogonum, Lantana, Layia, Lupinus, Mentzelia, Orthocarpus, Phacelia,
Plagiobothrys, Prunus, Raphamis. Ribes, Salix, Salvia, Solanum. Predator: Anthrenus
scrophulariae (L.). Ptinus califomicus Pic.
Anthophora edwardsii Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 190. 9, cj.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1958. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1082, figs. 228, 234, 235 (larva).
—Timberlake, 1951. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 59: 62.

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1941. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 40: 130. —Thorp, 1969.
Amer. Midland Nat. 82: 321-337, 7 figs., 1 map, 2 tables (nest, flight behavior, flower
relationships, «nemies).

Anthophora edwardsii
***authority mismatch
gohrmanae Cockerell. Colo., N. Mex., Calif.

Anthophora gohrmanae Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 454. ♂.
Anthophora gohrmanae var. coloradensis Michener, 1936. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 31: 92.
6, 9.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1951. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 59: 62.




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Anthophora fedorica Cockerell
Tex.

Anthophora fedorica Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 70. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1908. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 9: 71. ♀.

Anthophora forbesi Cockerell
Ariz., Calif. (Death Valley), Mexico (Baja Calif.). Parasite: Melecta separata
arizonica (CklL). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Larrea tridentata.
Anthophora forbesi Cockerell, 1907. Canad. Ent. 39: 354. ♀.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1951. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 59: 59. ♂.

Biology: Lutz and Cockerell, 1920. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 42: 574 (parasite).

Anthophora frontata Say
La.

Anthophora frontata Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 409. ♂.

Anthophora fulvicauda Timberlake
Calif. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Camissonia clavaeformis,
but also visits flowers of Chilopsis Imearis, Eriodictyon crassifolium, Stephanomeria
exigua.
Anthophora fulvicauda Timberlake, 1937. Amer. Mus. Novitates 958: 14. ♀, ♂.

Anthophora fulvicollis Timberlake
Calif., Ariz. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Camissonia
clavaeformis.
Anthophora fulvicollis Timberlake, 1951. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 59: 59. ♂.

Anthophora fumipennis Swenk
Nebr.

Anthophora fumipennis Swenk, 1909. Ent. News 20: 391. ♀.

Anthophora fuscipennis Smith
North America. (No recent records).

Anthophora fuscipennis Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 338. ♀.

Anthophora lesquerellae (Cockerell)
N. Mex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Lesquerella fendleri,
Lycium, Ungnadia speciosa.
Podalirius lesquerellae Cockerell, 1896. Canad. Ent. 28: 197. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1897. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19: 399. ♂.

Anthophora linsleyi Timberlake
South. Calif., arid regions. Parasite: Anthrax nidicola Cole, Homia

boharti Linsley, Hylemya cilicrura Rond., Lytta chloris Fall, L. occipitalis Horn, L.
purpurascens Fall, Monodontomerus moyitivagus Ashm., Myopa nibida (Bigot),
Nemognatha scutellaris LeC, Sphaeropthalma unicolor (Cress.)., Triepeolus mojavensii
Linsley, Xeromelecta califomica (Cress.). Pollen: Primarily associated with flowers of
Salvia carduacea, but also visits flowers of Amsinckia intermedia, Dalea saundersii, D.
schottii, Larrea tridentata, Lupinus odoratus, Monardella exilis, Phacelia distans,
Salazaria. Predator: Ptinus califomicus Pic, Trogoderma ajax Casey, T. simplex
Jayne.
Anthophora linsleyi Timberlake, 1941. Pan-Pacific Ent. 17: 34. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1082, figs. 227, 236, 237 (larva).

Biology: Linsley and MacSwain, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 27: 402-417 (parasites, predators,
scavengers). —Ferguson, 1962. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 27: 76 (parasites). — Hurd and
Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 43 (nest, floral relationships).

Anthophora marginata Smith
N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico.

Anthophora marginata Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 339. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 331. ♀, ♂.

Anthophora montana Cresson
Colo., Tex., N. Mex., Ariz. Parasite: Sphaeropthalma unicolor (Cress.).

Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Cleome serrulata. Delphinium, Lycium vulgare,
Mentzelia pumila. Salvia lanceolata.
Anthophora montana Cresson, 1869. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 290. ♀.

Biology: Linsley, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 161, fig. 9.

Anthophora nebracensis Swenk
Nebr. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Monarda fisttilosa.

Anthophora nebracensis Swenk, 1909. Ent. News 20: 390. ♀.
negiecta Timberlake and Cockerell. Calif. Pollen: Collects pollen from flowers of Camissonia
clavaeformis, but also visits flowers of Abronia villosa, Amsinckia douglasiana, A.
intermedia, A. tessellata, Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus, Arctostaphylos, Astragalus




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pomonensis, Delphinium, Ephedra, Isomeris arborea, Lantana montevidensis, Lotus
rigidus, Lupinus bicolor, Melilotus alba, Phacelia distans. Ranunculus, Rhus ovata,
Salix, Salvia columbariae, S. pilosa. Sisymbrium irio, Trichostema lanatum.
Anthophora neglecta Timberlake and Cockerell, 1936. In Cockerell, Amer. Mus. Novitates
831:4. ♂, ♀.

Anthophora nigrita Dours
"Indiana." No recent records; probably not North American.
Anthophora nigrita Dours, 1869. Soc. Linn. Nord France, Mem. 2: 137. ♂.
Podilirius nigratus(\) Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym., v. 10, p. 278.

Taxonomy: Moure, 1960. Studia Ent. 3: 118-119 (status oi A. nigrita (Fabr.) and A. nigrita
Dours).

Anthophora occidentalis Cresson
B. C, Mont., S. Dak., Oreg., Wyo., Kans., Colo., Utah, N. Mex., Ariz.
Parasite: Anthrax fur (0. S.), Chrysnra smaragdicolor (Walk.), Dasymutilla dugesii
(Ckll. and Casad), D.fulvohirta (Cress.), Homia m. minutipennis Riley, H.

Anthophora neomexicana
***authority mismatch
(Ckll.), Monodontomerus montivagus Ashm., Nemognatha hirida Cress.,
N. piezata Fabr., Sphaeropthalma unicolor (Cress.), Triepeolus sp., Xeromelecta
califomica (Cress.). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Carduus, Cleome serrulata,
Convolvulus sepium.
Anthophora occidentalis Cresson, 1869. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 292. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Johnson, 19(^3. Ent. News 14: 290. — Hungerford and Williams, 1912. Ent. News 23:
259. —Long, 1925. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Yearbook 24: 340. — Mickel, 1928. Ent. News 39:
69. -Porter, 1951. Iowa State Coll. Jour. Sci. 26: 23-30, 19 figs. -Hobbs, Nummi and
Virostek, 1961. Canad. Ent. 93: 142-148 (nests, nesting site, nest associates).

Anthophora pacifica
***authority mismatch
infernalis (Dalla Torre). Utah, Nev., south. Calif. Parasite: Melecta pacifica fulvida
Cress. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers oi Amsinckia intermedia, Arctostaphylos
glandulosa, A. glauca, Buddleia, Lantana montevidensis, Lupinus bicolor, Pedicularis
densiflora, Rhus laurina, Ribes indecorum, R. nevadensis, R. speciosum, Solanum,
douglasii.
Anthophora carbonaria Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 210. ♀. Preocc.
Podalirius infernalis Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym., v. 10, p. 273. N. name.
Anthophora corvicolor Cockerell, 1905. Ent. News 16: 81. ♀.

Anthophora pacifica
***authority mismatch
pacifica Cresson. B. C, Wash., Oreg., north. Calif., Nev. Pollen: Unknown, but visits
flowers of Arctostaphylos glauca, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Cynoglossum grandis,
Eriodictyon califomicum, Erodium botrys, Lantana montevidensis, Lasthenia
chrysostoma, Lotus glaber, Lupiyius bicolor, L. densiflorus, Pedicularis densiflora,
Ribes indecorum, R. malvaceum, Salix lasiolepis.
Anthophora pacifica Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc 30: 190. ♂.
Anthophora ignava Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 210. ♀.

Anthophora pernicis Timberlake
Ariz., Nev. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers oi Ribes cereum.

Anthophora pernicis Timberlake, 1951. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 59: 58. ♂.

Anthophora platti Timberlake
South. Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Lantana montividensis,
Salix, Salvia mellifera.
Anthophora platti Timberlake, 1951. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 59: 60. ♂, ♀.

Anthophora porterae Cockerell
Wyo., Colo., N. Mex., Calif, (desert). Pollen: Polylectic, visits flowers of
Astragalus including A. crotalariae, A. fremontii, Lupimis, Oenothera deltoides, Ribes.
Anthophora porterae Cockerell, 1900. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 5: 407. ♂, ♀.
Anthophora porterae var. semiflava Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 183. ♂.
Anthophora porterae var. watsoni Cockerell 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 238. ♂.
Anthophora porterae mut. Thalassiana Cockerell, 1920. Nature 105: 518. ♂.

Anthophora raui Rohwer
Mo., Colo, to N. Y.

Anthophora raui Rohwer, 1923. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc. 25: 100. ♀.

Biology: Rau, 1926. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 179. — Rau, 1929. Psyche 36: 555.

Anthophora smithii Cresson
S. Dak., Kans., Colo., Tex., N. Mex., Ariz. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers
of Carduus, Cleome serrulata, Ctiicus, Grindelia subalpi^ia, Petalostemon oligophyllus.
Salvia pitcheri. Verbena macdougali.
Anthophora smithii Cresson, 1869. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 289. ♂, ♀.
Podalirius cardui Cockerell, 1897. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 24: 155. ♂.




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Biology: Banks, 1902. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 10: 212. — Linsley, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann.
55: 161-162, fig. 9.

Anthophora subignava Cockerell
Colo.

Anthophora subignava Cockerell, 1929. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 37: 443. ♀.

Anthophora urbana
***authority mismatch
catalinae Cockerell. Calif. (Santa Catalina Isl.).

Anthophora catalinae Cockerell, 1901. Canad. Ent. 33: 297. ♀.

Anthophora urbana
***authority mismatch
Clementina Cockerell. Calif. (San Clemente Isl).

Anthophora catalinae Clementina Cockerell, 1939. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 23: 430. ♀, ♂.

Anthophora urbana
***authority mismatch
nicolai Cockerell. Calif. (San Nicolas Isl).

Anthophora nicolai Cockerell, 1939. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 23: 429. ♀, ♂.

Anthophora urbana
***authority mismatch
urbana Cresson. Idaho, Wash., Colo., Utah, N. Mex., Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Baja

California and Sonora). Parasite: Meloe niger Kirby, Xeromelecta califomica (Cress.),
Zodion obliquefasciatum (Macq.)? Pollen: Highly polylectic, taking pollen and or nectar
from a great variety of annuals and perennials including Allium, Amsinckia interm.edia,
Amorpha califomica, Arctostaphylos drupacea, A. glandulosa, A. glauca, A. nevadensis,
Artemisia tridentata, Asclepias eriocarpa, A. sitblata. Aster cayiescens. Astragalus
parishii, Baileya, Bebbia juncea, Brassica campestris, B. geniculata, Brodiaea crocea, B.
laxa, B. lutea, Cakile edentula, Calycadenia multiglandulosa, Camisso7iia, Centaurea
solstitialis, Cercidium floridum, Chaenactis artemisiaefolia, C. glabriuscxda,
Chaemabatia foliolosa, Chamaenarion angustifolium, Chilopsis linearis, Chrysopsis
fastigiata, C. villosa, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Cirsium califomicum, Clarkia biloba,
C. cylindrica, C. rhomboidea, C. unguiculata. Clematis lasiantha, Cleomella obtusifolia.
Convolvulus arvense, C. occidentalis, Cordylanthus nevinii, Corethrogyne, Cryptantha
intermedia, Dalea califomica, D. emoryi, D. saundersii, Durantia plumieri, Epilobium,
Eriastnim densiflora, E. sapphirinum, E. virgatum, Erigeron divergens, E.
stenophyllus, Eriodictyon califomicum, E. parryi, E. trichocalyx, Eriogonum
confertiflorum, E . fasciculatum, E. nodosum, E. nudum, E. subscaposiim, Eryngium
aristatulum, Geraea canescens, Gilia capitata, G. tricolor, Gormania obtusata, Grindelia
camporum, Gutierrezia califomica, G. lucida, G. sarothrae, Haplopappus acradenius, H.
linearifolius, H. palmeri, H. squarrosus, H. vemonioides, Helianthus annuus, H.
gracilentus, Heliotropium curassavicum, Hemizonia paniculata, H. pungens, H.
wheeleri, Hoffmanseggia, Horkelia bemardina, Hyptis emoryi. Iris, Lantana
montividensis, Larrea tridentata, Lathyms splendens, Lepidospartum squamatum,
Lessingia germanorum, Lonicera japonica, Lotus argophyllus, L. davidsonii, L.
hamatus, L. leucophaeus, L. piirshianus, L. scoparius, Lupinus lobbii, L. superbus,
Lythrum califomicum,, Malacothamnus densiflorus, Marrubiiim vulgare, Medicago
sativa, Melilotus alba, Mentzelia multiflora, Mimulus guttatus, Mirabilis laevis,
Monardella lanceolata, M. linoides, M. odoratissima, M. stricta, M. villosa, Navarretia,
Oenothera, Palafoxia linearis, Penstemon antirrhinoides, P. grinnellii, P. heterophyllus,
P. heterodoxus, P. palmeri, P. spectabilis, Pentachaeta aurea, Phacelia cicutaria, P.
ciliata, P. distans, P.frigida, P. imbricata, P. ramosissima, Phyllodoce breweri,
Potentilla glandulosa, Prosopis glandulosa. Ranunculus califomicus, Raphanus
sativus, Rhus laurina, Rosa califomica, Salazaria mexicana, Salvia apiana, S.
carduacea, S. camosa, S. clevelandii, S. mellifera, S. pachyphylla, S. pilosa,
Scrophularia califomica, Senecio douglasii, S. integerrimus. Sisymbrium, Solamim
douglasii, Solidago califomica, S. multiradiata, S. occidentalis, Stachys bullata, S.
califomica, Stephanomeria exigua, S. pauciflora, S. virgata, Streptanthus tortuosus,
Trichostema lanceolatum, T. laxum, T. parishii, Verbena califomica, Vicia americana,
Wislizenia refracta, Zauschneria califomica. Predator: Trogoderma hicisuluin LeC, T.
stemale Jayne.
Anthophora urbana Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc. 30: 188. ♀, ♂.
Podalirius alamosanus Cockerell, 1896. Canad. Ent. 28: 195. ♀.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1080, figs. 223, 224, 226 (larva).

Biology: Davidson, 1897. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. 1: 4 (as montana). —Linsley, 1962.
Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 161, fig. 9 (sleep). —Mayer and Johansen, 1976. Pan-Pacific Ent.
52: 120-125 (nest site, nest architecture, adult activity, development of life stages,
parasites, predators, associates).




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Anthophora ursina
***authority mismatch
californiensis Michener. Calif.

Anthophom simillima var. californiensis Michener, 1935. Pan-Pacific Ent. 11: 182. ♂, ♀.

Anthophora ursina
***authority mismatch
simillima Cresson. Wash., Wyo., Colo., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but
visits flowers ot Astragalus.

Anthophora simillima Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 189. ♂.

Antkophora euops Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 451. ♂.

Taxonomy: Patton, 1879. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, Bui. 5: 478. ♂, ♀.
Biology: Hicks, 1926. Colo. Univ., Studies 15: 225.

Anthophora ursina
***authority mismatch
ursina Cresson. Wis. and 111, east to New England, south tc Ga., ?N. Mex. Parasite:
Melecta pacifica atla^itica Linsley? Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Aesculus,
Asclepias, Astragalus, Azalea, Cercis, Collinsia, Delphinium, Dicentra, Dodacatheon,
Geranium, Lithospemium, Lonicera, Mertensia, Monarda, Pedicularis, Penstemon,
Phlox, Physalis, Polygonatum, Polymonium, Ribes, Scutellaria, Trifolium, Vaccinium,,
Vicia, Viola.
Anthophora ursina Cresson, 1869. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 291. ♂.
Anthophora pyralitarsis Dours, 1869. Soc. Linn. Nord France, Mem. 2: 160. ♂.

Taxonomy: Robertson, 1905. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 31: 372. 9, d. — Timberlake, 1951. N. Y.
Ent. Soc, Jour. 59: 57.

Anthophora vallorum (Cockerell)
N. Mex.; Mexico. Parasite: Homia neomexicana (CklL). Pollen:
Unknown, but visits flowers of Chilopsis, Ipomoea, Proboscidea, Solanum
elaeagnifolium.
Podalirius vallorum Cockerell, 1896. Canad. Ent. 28: 195. ♂, ♀.

Anthophora vannigera Timberlake
Calif., Ariz. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Isomeris arborea,
Lycium fremontii, L. torreyi, Phacelia distans. Salvia pilosa.
Anthophora vannigera Timberlake, 1951. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 59: 56. ♂.

Anthophora walshii Cresson
Mass., Wis., 111., Iowa, Nebr., Mo., Kans., Colo., Tex., ?Ariz. Pollen: Unknown,
but visits flowers of Abutilon, Bapfisia, Blephilia, Cassia, Chamaecrista, Cirsium,
HeliantMis, Lespedeza, Lobelia, Petalostemon, Ruellia, Teucrium.
Anthophora walshii Cresson, 1869. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 290. ♂, ♀.

Genus ANTHOPHORA Subgenus CLISODON Patton

Clisodon Patton, 1879. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, Bui. 5: 479.

Type-species: Anthophora furcata terminalis Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.
(=Anthophora terminalis Cresson).

Anthophora furcata furcata (Panzer) and other subspecies not listed here are Palearctic

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1936. Canad. Ent. 68: 276 (key). —Timberlake, 1951. N. Y. Ent. Soc,

Jour. 59: 51 (status).
furcata neofurcata (Sladen). B. C.

Clisodon neofurcata Sladen, 1919. Canad. Ent. 51: 125. ♂, ♀.
furcata pernigra Cresson. Nev., Calif.

Anthophora pernigra Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 210. ♀.

furcata sperryi (Cockerell). Ariz.

Clisodon terminalis sperryi Cockerell, 1937. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 36: 107. ♂.
furcata syringae (Cockerell). Wash., Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Castilleia,
Solidago, Syringa.

Podalirius syringae Cockerell, 1898. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 50: 54. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1924. Pan-Pacific Ent. 1: 50. —Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35:
1082, figs. 229-231 (larva).
furcata terminalis Cresson. Alta. and ?B. C. to Que., south to Colo., Utah, N. Mex., Ariz., 111.
and N. C. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Allium, Blephilia, Linum lewisii,
Medicago, Mertensia, Movarda, Penstemon, Polemonium, Pontederia cordata, Prunella,
Rosa, Salvia, Scutellaria, Stachys palustris.
Anthophora terminalis Cresson, 1869. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 292. ♀, ♂.
Ceratina bidentata Provancher, 1882. Nat. Canad. 13: 234. ♂.




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Anthophora nudata Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada, Hym., p. 336. ♂.
Anthophora subglobulosa Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada, Hym., v. 2,

p. 297. ♂.
Anthophora nubiterrae Viereck, 1903. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 29: 45. ♂.

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 328-330, figs. 91, 92, table 10
(redescription, synonymy).

Biology: Cockerell, 1903. Birds and Nature, v. 14, p. 127. — Medler, 1964. Canad. Ent. 96:
1332-1336, 4 figs.

Genus ANTHOPHORA Subgenus MICRANTHOPHORA Cockerell

Anthophora subg. Micranthophora Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 66.
Type-species: Anthophora curta Provancher. Grig, desig.

Anthophora abroniae Timberlake
Ariz., Calif.; Mexico. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Abronia
including A. villosa, Chaenactis fremontii, C. glabriuscula, Geraea canescens,
Heliotropiuni curassavicum.

Anthophora abroniae Timberlake, 1937. Amer. Mus. Novitates 958: 6. ♂, ♀.

Anthophora albata Cresson
Kans., Colo.

Anthophora albata Cresson, 1876. Davenport Acad. Sci., Proc. 1: 211. ♀.

Anthophora arthuri Cockerell
Colo. Parasite: Zacosmia maculata (Cress.).

Anthophora arthuri Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 72. ♀.

Anthophora cockerelli Timberlake
Calif., deserts. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Cleomella
obttisifolia, Dalea, Heliotropittm curassavicum, Wislizenia refracta.

Anthophora cockerelli Timberlake, 1937. Amer. Mus. Novitates 958: 4. ♂, ♀.

Anthophora columbariae Timberlake and Cockerell
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Chaenactis fremontii, C. glabriuscula, Cryptantha intermedia, Lotus scoparius,
Lupinus nanus, Phacelia minor, Salvia carduacea, S. columbariae. Salvia mellifera,
Sphaeralcea ambigua, Trifolium variegatum.

Anthophora (Micranthophora) columbariae Timberlake and Cockerell, 1937. In Cockerell,
Amer. Mus. Novitates 948: 9. ♂, ♀.

Anthophora curta
***authority mismatch
curta Provancher. Calif.; Mexico (Baja California). Parasite: Zacosmia maculata

(Cress.). Pollen: Polylectic, visits a wide variety of flowers including Abronia villosa,
Acacia greggii, Baileya pleniradiata, Bebbia juncea, Calycadenia tenella, Centaurea
melitensis, C. solstitialis, Chaenactis artemisaefolia, C . fremontii, C. glabriuscula, C.
tenuifolia, Chrysopsis villosa, Chrysothamnus 7iauseosus, Chrysanthemum coronaria,
Cnicxis, Convolvulus arvense. Coreopsis lanceolata, Corethrogyne bemardina, Croton
califomicus, Cryptantha intermedia, C. lepida, Curcurbita foetidissima, Eyicelia actoni,
E. califomica, E . farinosa, Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Eriogonum fasciculatum,
Eriophyllum multicaule, Grindelia camporum, G. elata, Gutierrezia califomica, G.
lucida, G. sarothrae, Haplopappus palmeri, Helianthus annuus, H. gracilentus,
Heliotropium curassavicum, Hemizonia fasciculata, H. paniculata, H. pungens, H.
wrightii, Heterotheca grandiflora, Jaumea carnosa, Layia platyglossa, Lotus scoparius,
Melilotus alba, Palafoxia linearis, Pentachaeta aurea, Peucephyllum schottii, Phacelia
distans. Phyla nodiflora rosea, Raphanus sativus, Salvia columbariae, Senecio
califomica, S. douglasii, Stephanomeria exigua, S. virgata, Trichostema lanceolatiim, T.
parishii, Vigiiiera laciniata, V. multiflora.

Anthophora curta Provancher, 1895. Nat. Canad. 22: 173. ♀.

Anthophora curta var. ensenadensis Cockerell, 1941. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Trans. 9:
349. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1907. Ent. News 18: 396. ♂.

Anthophora curta
***authority mismatch
melanops Cockerell. Colo., Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico. Parasite: Zacosmia maculata
(Cress.). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Cleome, Dithyraea wislizeni. Pedis
papposa, Wedeiia incartiata.
Anthophora curta var. melanops Cockerell, 1926. Pan-Pacific Ent. 3: 84. ♂.

Biology: Hicks, 1934. Colo. Univ., Studies 21: 265 (nest, parasite).




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Anthophora erythrothorax Michener
Calif.

Anthophora erythrothorax Michener, 1936. Brooklyn Ent. See, Bui. 31: 93. ♀.

Anthophora estebana
***authority mismatch
Cockerell. South. Calif, deserts; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Unknown, but visits
flowers of Bebbia juncea, Chaenactis fremontii, Dalea, Encelia farinosa, Hyptis enioryi,
Peucephyllum schottii.
Anthophora estebana Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 12: 81. ♂.

Anthophora exigua Cresson
N. Mex., Nev., Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Chaenactis
fremontii, Chrysothamnus nauseosus speciosus, C. viscidiflorus, Haplopappus
linearifolius, H. monactis, Lessingia, Penstemon, Senecio douglasii.
Anthophora exigua Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 211. ♀, ♂.

Anthophora flavocincta Huard
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Artemisia, Cressa cretica,
Heliotropiiim curassavicum, Hemizonia paniculata.
Anthophora nigrocincta Provancher, 1895. Nat. Canad. 22: 172. ♂. Preocc.
Anthophora flavocincta Huard, 1897. Nat. Canad. 24: 25. N. name.
Anthophora anstrutheri Cockerell, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 71. ♀.

Anthophora flexipes Cresson
Utah, Colo., Nev., Calif. Parasite: Anthrax limatulus Marst., Zacosmia
^ maculata (Cress.), Zonitis (Neozonitis) hesperis Selander. Pollen: Polylectic, stores
pollen from a wide variety of flowers.
Anthophora flexipes Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 211. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Torchio and Youssef, 1968. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 41: 289-302, 21 figs, (life history).

Anthophora hololeuca Cockerell
Ariz., South. Calif.; Mexico (Baja California and Sonora). Pollen: Polylege,
most commonly taken at flowers of Dalea, Acacia and Cercidi^im, but visits other
flowers including Abronia, Acamptopappus, Bebbia, Croton, Cryptantha, Heliotropiiim,
Koeberlinia, Larrea, Oenothera, Palafoxia, Stepkanomeria.
Anthophora hololeuca Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 12: 82. ♀, ♂.

Anthophora maculifrons Cresson
N. Mex., Nev., Cahf.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Unknown, but
visits flowers of Chrysothamnus including C. nauseosus, C. viscidiflorus, Helianthus
annuus.
Anthophora maculifrons Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 210. ♀, ♂.

Anthophora mortuaria Timberlake
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Heliotropiiim
curassavicum, Pluchea sericea.
Anthophora mortuaria Timberlake, 1937. Amer. Mus. Novitates 958: 10. ♂, ♀.

Anthophora nigritula Cockerell
Calif.

Anthophora nigritula Cockerell, 1924. Pan-Pacific Ent. 1: 52. ♀.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1936. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 31: 93. ♂.

Anthophora pachyodonta Cockerell
Nev., South. Calif.; Mexico (Baja California), deserts. Pollen:
Unknown, but visits flowers of Bebbia juncea, Encelia farinosa, Heiiotropium
curassavicum, Sphaeralcea emoryi, S. orcutti.
Anthophora pachyodonta Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 12: 80. 6.^

Anthophora peritomae Cockerell
Wyo., Utah, Colo., N. Mex. Parasite: Anthrax limatulus artemisia

Marst, Zacosmia maculata (Cress.). Pollen: Stores pollen from flowers oi Grindelia
squarrosa, but visits other flowers including Chrysopsis, Chrysothaynnus, Helianthus
annuus, Solidago canade^isis.
Anthophora curta var. peritomae Cockerell, 1905. Ent. News 16: 272. ♂.
Anthophora peritomae var. interspersa Cockerell, 1907. Ent. News 18: 397. ♂.
Anthophora peritomae var. tinctula Cockerell, 1907. Ent. News 18: 397. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1907. Ent. News 18: 396. cJ, 9.

Biology: Torchio, 1971. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib., Sci. 206: 1-14, 13 figs, (life history).

Anthophora petrophila Cockerell
N. Mex., Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Acamptopappus
sphaerocephalus, Amsinckia intermedia, A. tessellata. Aster canescens. Astragalus,
Baileya pleniradiata, Bebbia juncea, Chaenactis brachypappa, C. carphoclinia, C.
glabriuscula, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Dalea saundersii, Erigeron foliosus,
Eriophylliim confertiflorum, Geraea canescens, Gutierrezia lucida, Haplopappus
acradenius, H. cooperi, H. linearifolius, H. monactis, Lessingia tenuis, Lotus davidsonii.




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L. scopayius, Monardella exilis, Salvia pilosa, Stephanomeria exigua, S. pauciflora S.
virgata.
Anthophora curta petrophila Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 15. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1907. Ent. News 18: 395. ♂.

Anthophora phenax (Cockerell)
Tex. to South. Calif., Mexico. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Lycium including L. torreyi.
Podalirius phenax Cockerell, 1898. Canad. Ent. 30: 146. ♂.

Anthophora rhodothorax Michener
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Chrysopsis villosa,
Erigeron, Lessingia glayidulifera, Monardella stricta.
Anthophora rhodothorax Michener, 1936. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 31: 94. ♀, ♂.
Anthophora emarginata Timberlake, 1937. Amer. Mus. Novitates 958: 11. ♂, ♀.

Anthophora salazariae Timberlake
Calif., deserts. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Baileya, Bebbia
juncea, Chaenactis carphoclinia, C.fremontii, Dalea saundersii, Erodium cicutarium,
Haplopappus cooperi, Larrea tridentata, Lotus scoparius, Oenothera clavaeformis, 0.
desertorum, Phacelia distans, Palafoxia linearis, Salazaria mexicana, Salvia
columbariae, Senecio longilob^is.
Anthophora salazariae Timberlake, 1937. Amer. Mus. Novitates 958: 7. ♀, ♂.

Genus EMPHOROPSIS Ashmead

Emphoropsis Ashmead, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 26: 60.

Type-species: Habropoda floridana Smith. Desig. by Cockerell and Cockerell, 1901.
Meliturgopsis Ashmead, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 26: 62.

Type-species: Emphoropsis murina Cockerell. First included species, Cockerell,
1909. (= Emphoropsis murihirta murina Cockerell).
Psithyrus subg. Laboriopsithyrus Prison, 1927. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 53: 69.

Type-species: Bombus laboriosus Fabricius. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 99-100.

Emphoropsis birkmanni Cockerell
Tex.

Emphoropsis Birkmanni Cockerell, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 265. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1934. Amer. Mus. Novitates 732: 2. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Cockerell, 1934. Amer. Mus. Novitates 732: 2 (nest).

Emphoropsis cineraria (Smith)
B. C, Wash., Calif. Parasite: Melecta thoracica (Sm.), M. pacifica Cress.
Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Arctostaphylos mariposa, A. patula, Ribes.
Anthophora cineraria Smith, 1879. Descr. New Species Hym. Brit. Mus., p. 124. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1904. Canad. Ent. 36: 302.

Biology: Torchio and Youssef, 1968. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 41: 300 (parasite).

Emphoropsis citula Cockerell
Colo.

Emphoropsis citulus Cockerell, 1929. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 37: 442. ♂.

Emphoropsis cressoni (Dalla Torre)
Wyo., Colo. ?B. C. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Delphinium,
Ribes longiflorum.
Anthophora mucida Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 191. ♀. Preocc.
Podalirius cressoni Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym., v. 10, p. 264. N. name.
Emphoropsis mucida \&r. johnsoni Cockerell, 1905. Entomologist 38: 59. ♀, ♂.
Emphoropsis mucida var. ventralis Michener, 1936. Amer. Mus. Novitates 876: 3. ♀.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1907. Colo. Univ., Studies 4: 256. S. —Michener, 1936. Amer. Mus.
Novitates 876: Z. 9 , 6 .

Emphoropsis dammersi Timberlake
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Arctostaphylos including
A. glauca, A. pungens.
Emphoropsis dammersi Timberlake, 1937. Amer. Mus. Novitates 958: 2. ♀, ♂.

Emphoropsis depressa (Fowler)
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Amsinckia intermedia,

Arbutus menziesii, Arctostaphylos glauca, Berbens califoniica, Brassica, Ceanothus




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soredatus, Eriodictyon calif ornicum, Lupinus albifrons, Phacelia, Ribes indecorum.
Salvia columbariae, S. mellifera, S. sonomensis, Vicia.
Habropoda depressa Fowler, 1899. Canad. Ent. 31: 283. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Fowler, 1899. Canad. Ent. 31: 283 (nest, adult habits).

Emphoropsis excellens Timberlake
Calif. (Kern Co.). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of
Cfirysothamnus.
Eviphoropsis excellens Timberlake, 1962. Ent. News 73: 36. ♀, ♂.

Emphoropsis interspersa Cockerell
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Amsinckia douglasiana, A.
intermedia. Astragalus, Salvia mellifera.
Emphoropsis interspersa Cockerell, 1905. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 99. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1924. Pan-Pacific Ent. 1: 50.

Emphoropsis laboriosa
***authority mismatch
fedorensis Cockerell. Tex.

Emphoropsis floridana \ar. fedorensis Cockerell, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37: 265. ♂, ♀.

Emphoropsis laboriosa
***authority mismatch
laboriosa (Fabricius). 111. to New England, south to Miss, and Fla. Pollen: Unknown,
but visits flowers of Cercis, Cirsiuni, Dicentra, Gelsemium sempei-virens, Lupinus,
Mains, Melilotus, Pnmus, Vaccinium, Vicia.
Bombus laboriosus Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 352.
Anthophora floridana Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 339. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 332-333, fig. 95
(redescription, synonymy).

Biology: Ornduff, 1970. Arnold Arboretum, Jour. 51: 1-17 (floral visitation).

Emphoropsis miserabilis (Cresson)
Wash., Oreg. Calif.; Mexico (Baja Calif.). Pollen: Stores pollen of
Abro7iia, Convolvulus, L«pmas, but visits flowers of Arctostaphylos, Cirsium,
Erysimum, Lantana, Lotus, Lupinus, Phacelia, Raphanus for nectar.
Anthophora miserabilis Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 191. ♂.

Taxonomy: Torchio and Stephen, 1961. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 54: 683-687, 7 figs, (larva and
pupa).

Biology: Stephen and Torchio, 1961. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 54: 687-692, 2 figs, (nest, life

history).

Emphoropsis morrisoni (Cresson)
Colo.

Anthophora morrisoni Cresson, 1878. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 30: 192. ♂.

Emphoropsis murihirta Cockerell
B. C, Calif.

Emphoropsis murihirta Cockerell, 1905. Ent. News 16: 81. ♂.

Emphoropsis murina Cockerell
Calif.

Emphoropsis murihirta murina Cockerell, 1909. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 36: 414. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1924. Pan-Pacific Ent. 1: 49. ♂, ♀.

Emphoropsis pallida Timberlake
South. Calif., Ariz., Utah, deserts. Parasite: Lytta magister Horn, Zonitis
(Neozonitis) n. sp. Pollen: Apparently an oligolege of Larrea tridentata, but visits
flowers of other plants including Compositae, Lupinus, Camissonia, Phacelia Crenulata
for nectar and sometimes for pollen.
Emphoropisis pallida Timberlake, 1937. Amer. Mus. Novitates 958: 1. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Bohart, Torchio, Maeta and Rust, 1972. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 45: 381-392, 14 figs,
(life history). —Kurd and Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 44 (pollen
relationships).

Emphoropsis pascoensis (Cockerell)
Wash.

Habropoda floridana var. pascoensis Cockerell, 1898. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 50: 54.
9.

Emphoropsis rugosissima Cockerell
Calif., Nev.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Collects pollen from

flowers of Camissonia clavaeformis, C. kemensis, but also visits flowers of Abronia
maritima, Amsinckia intermedia, Lupinus bicolor, L. iianus, Lotus scoparius, Phacelia
distans, Salvia mellifera, Stanleya pinnata.
Emphoropsis rugosissima Cockerell, 1905. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 18: 182. ♀.




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Biology: Linsley, MacSwain and Raven, 1963. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 33: 46 (floral

relationships).

Emphoropsis salviae Michener
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers oi Salvia.

Emphoropsis salviae Michener, 1936. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 31: 95. ♂.

Emphoropsis salviarum (Cockerell)
N. Mex., Ariz. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Salvia.

Habropoda salviarum Cockerell, 1898. N. Mex. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 24: 42. ♂, ♀.

Emphoropsis semifulva Cockerell
Calif.

Emphoropsis semifulva Cockerell, 1905. South. Cahf. Acad. Sci., Bui. 4: 99. ♂.

Emphoropsis tristissima Cockerell
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Amsinckia intermedia,
Arctostaphylos patula, Collinsia bicolor, Lupinus bicolor, L. nanus, Phacelia distaiis.
Salvia sonomensis.
Emphoropsis infemalis tristissima Cockerell, 1904. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 3: 161. ♀.

Emphoropsis vierecki Cockerell
Colo., N. Mex.

Emphoropsis vierecki Cockerell, 1909. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 36: 414. ♀.

Tribe MELECTINI

All the members of this tribe are cleptoparasites in the nests of other anthophorid bees. The
Melectini occur on all the continents except Australia.

Revision: Linsley, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 429-468, 9 figs. (Nearctic spp.). —Kurd and
Linsley, 1951. Calif. Ins. Survey, Bui. 1: 119-140, 1 pi., 5 maps (U. S. spp.). — Lieftinck,
1972. Tijdschr. Ent. 115: 253-324, 57 figs., 2 pis., 2 maps, 1 table (generic revision of
smaller genera of Old World melectines, distribution and host relationships, comments on
N. Amer. genera).

Taxonomy: Hurd, 1953. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 26: 35-37, 1 map (generic distribution in
Americas). — Rozen, 1969. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2382: 1-24, 56 figs, (larva).

Genus MELECTA Latreille

Genus MELECTA Subgenus MELECTA Latreille

Melecta Latreille, 1802. Hist. Nat. Fourmis, p. 427.

Type-species: Apis albifrons Forster. Desig. by Latreille, 1810 (=Apis punctata
Fabricius), see Day and Fitton, 1977. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 9: 40.
Symmorpha Klug, 1807. Mag. f. Insektenk. 6: 198, 227.

Type-species: Apis albifrons Forster. Monotypic {=Apis punctata Fabricius).
Bombomelecta Patton, 1879. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, Bui., p. 370.

Type-species: Melecta thoracica Cresson. Monotypic.

Melecta bohartorum Linsley
Calif., Nev.

Melecta (Melecta) bohartorum Linsley, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 442. ♀.

Melecta pacifica
***authority mismatch
atlantica Linsley. Kans. and Nebr., to N. J., south to Ga. and Ala. Host: Anthophora
ursina ursina Cress.?

Melecta (Melecta) atlantica Linsley, 1943. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 51: 225. ♀.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1948. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc 50: 17. 9, cJ. —Michener, 1954. Kans. Ent.
Soc, Jour. 27: 66. -Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 492-493, fig. 117
(redescription).

Melecta pacifica
***authority mismatch
fulvida Cresson. Wash., Oreg. northeast. Calif., Idaho, Wyo., Colo., Utah, Nev., Ariz.,
N. Mex., Tex. Host: Anthophora pacifica infemalis (Dalla Torre), Emphoropsis
cineraria Smith.
Melecta fulvida Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 204. ♀.
Bombomelecta semifulva Cockerell, 1921. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 7: 212. ♂.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1948. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 50: 17. 6. —Hurd and Linsley, 1951. Calif.
Ins. Survey, Bui. 1: 128, map 4.

Biology: Torchio and Youssef, 1968. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 41: 30 (induced parasitization; as
M. pacifica).




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Melecta pacifica
***authority mismatch
pacifica Cresson. Calif.

Melecta pacifica Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 91. ♂.

Taxonomy: Hurd and Linsley, 1951. Calif. Ins. Survey, Bui. 1: 127, map 4.

Melecta separata
***authority mismatch
alfredi (Cockerell). N. Mex.

Bombomelecta alfredi Cockerell, 1895. Psyche 7 (sup.): 11. ♂.

Melecta separata
***authority mismatch
arizonica (Cockerell). Ariz. Host: Anthophora forbesii Ckll.

Bombomelecta arizonica Cockerell, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 267. ♀.

Biology: Lutz and Cockerell, 1920. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 42: 574 (host).

Melecta separata
***authority mismatch
callura (Cockerell). B. C, to Calif., Idaho, Utah, Colo., Ariz., N. Mex. Host:
Anthophora edwardsii Cress. Parasite: Sphaeroptlialma unicolor (Cress.).
Bombomelecta callura Cockerell, 1926. Pan-Pacific Ent. 3: 58. ♂.

Taxonomy: Rozen, 1969. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2382: 8-10, figs. 2-8 (larva).

Biology: Thorp, 1969. Amer. Midland Nat. 82: 330-331 (host). —Thorp, 1969. Amer. Midland
Nat. 82: 338-345, 7 figs, (behavior, ecology).

Melecta separata
***authority mismatch
johnsoni (Cockerell). Colo.

Bombomelecta johnsoni Cockerell, 1905. Ent. News 16: 270. ♂.

Melecta separata
***authority mismatch
mojavensis Linsley. Calif. (Mojave Desert).

Melecta (Melecta) separata mojaveiisis Linsley, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 446. ♀, ♂.

Melecta separata
***authority mismatch
separata Cr^son. Calif., Oreg., Wash., Idaho.

Melecta separata Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 204. ♀.

Melecta thoracica Cresson
Wash., Oreg., Calif. (Sierra Nevada Mts.), Nev., Utah, Colo., Wyo., Nebr., S.
Dak., Kans. Host: E^nphoropsis cineraria (Sm.).
Melecta thoracica Cresson, 1875. Rpt. Geog. Geol. Expl. and Survey west of 100th

Meridian, v. 5, p. 726.
Melecta (Melecta) sierrae Linsley, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 437. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Linsley, 1945. Ent. News 56: 151, fig. 1. 9. —Hurd and Linsley, 1951. Calif. Ins.
Survey, Bui. 1: 126, map. 2.

Biology: Linsley, 1943. Pan-Pacific Ent. 19: 160 (habits, as M. sierrae).

Genus MELECTA Subgenus MELECTOMIMUS Linsley

Melecta subg. Melectomimus Linsley, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 448.
Type-species: Melecta edwardsii Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Melecta edwardsii Cresson
Calif., Nev.; Mexico (Baja California). Host: lEmphoropsis sp.
Melecta edwardsii Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 92. ♂.
Botnbomelecta zygos Viereck, 1903. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 29: 179. ♀.

Genus XEROMELECTA Linsley

Another subgenus, Nesomelecta, is found in the West Indies.

Genus XEROMELECTA Subgenus XEROMELECTA Linsley

Melecta subg. Xeromelecta Linsley, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 450.

Type-species: Bombomelecta larreae Cockerell. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Xeromelecta larreae (Cockerell)
N. Mex. to Nev., south. Calif.

Bombomelecta larreae Cockerell, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32: 361. ♀.
Bombomelecta azygos Viereck, 1903. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 29: 181. ♂.

Genus XEROMELECTA Subgenus MELECTOMORPHA Linsley

Melecta subg. Melectomorpha Linsley, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 451.
Type-species: Melecta califomica Cresson. Orig. desig.

Xeromelecta californica (Cresson)
B. C. to Calif, east to 111., Mo., Okla., Tex.; Mexico (Baja California,

Puebla and Zacatecas). Host: Anthophora abrupta Say, A. bomboides neomexicana Ckll.,




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A. bomboides stanfordiana CklL, A. edtvardsii Cress., A. Imsleyi Timb., ^4. occidentalis
Cress., A. urbana Cress. Parasite: Sphaeropthahna anthophora (Ashm.), S. unkolor
(Cress.).

Melecta californica Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 91. ♂, ♀.

Melecta miranda Fox, 1893. Ent. News 4: 143. ♀.

Pseudomelecta pasadenensis Cockerell, 1910. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 5: 27. ♀.

Melecta sladeni Viereck, 1924. Canad. Ent. 56: 15. ♀.

Taxonomy: Kurd and Linsley, 1951. Calif. Ins. Survey, Bui. 1: 128, map 5. — Hurd, 1953.
Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 26: 35-36 (Mexican distrib.). — Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui.
35: 1083, figs. 238-242 (larva). -Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152:
494-496, fig. 119 (redescript.). — Rozen, 1969. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2382: 10.

Biology: Hicks, 1926. Colo. Univ., Studies 15: 224 (as californica mimiida). — Mickel, 1928.
Ent. News 39: 73 (as californica 7niranda). —Linsley and MacSwain, 1942. Amer. Midland
Nat. 27: 408, f. 10. — Hobbs, Nummi and Virostek, 1961. Canad. Ent. 93: 146. —Linsley,
1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 162-163, fig. 8.

interrupta (Cresson). Minn., Wis., and 111., south to Tex., west to Wyo., Colo, and Ariz.; Mexico
(Chihuahua, Durango and Zacatecas). Host: Anthophora abrupta Say.
Melecta interrupta Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 275. ♀, ♂.
Melecta interrupta \ax. fallugiae Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 14: 23. ♀.
Melecta interrupta var. rociadensis Cockerell, 1904. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 14: 23. ♂.

Taxonomy: Hurd and Linsley, 1951. Calif. Ins. Survey, Bui. 1: 133, map 5. —Hurd, 1953.
Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 26: 36 (Mexican distrib.). —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta.
Tech. Bui. 152: 496-497, fig. 119 (redescription).

Genus BRACHYMELECTA Linsley

Brachymelecta Linsley, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 458.

Type-species: Melecta/ vtucida Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Brachymelecta mucida (Cresson)
Nev.

Melecta? mucida Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 205. ♂.

Genus ZACOSMIA Ashmead

Zacosmia Ashmead, 1898. Psyche 8: 282.

Type-species: Melecta maculata Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.
Micromelecta Baker, 1906. Invertebrata Pacifica, v. 1, p. 143.

Type-species: Melecta maculata Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.

Zacosmia maculata
***authority mismatch
desertorum Cockerell. North. Mexico to south. Calif., Ariz., Tex.

Zacosmia maculata desertorum Cockerell, 1916. Canad. Ent. 48: 391. ♂.

Zacosmia maculata
***authority mismatch
maculata (Cresson). Alta. and Wash, to Calif., Idaho, Utah, Colo, and Wyo. Host:
Anthophora (M icranthophora) arthuri CklL, A. (M.) curta melanops CklL, A. (M.)
flexipes Cress., A. (M.) peritomae CklL Parasite: Anthrax limatulus larrea Marston.
Melecta maculata Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 204. ♀, ♂.
Melecta (Pseudomelecta/) suffusa Viereck, 1924. Canad. Ent. 56: 15. ♀. N. syn.

Taxonomy: Hurd and Linsley, 1951. Calif. Ins. Survey, Bui. 1: 122. —Hurd, 1953. Kans. Ent.
Soc, Jour. 26: 37, fig. (Mexican distrib.). —Rozen, 1969. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2382: 14-15,
figs. 24-30 (larva).

Biology: Hicks, 1934. Colo. Univ., Studies 21 (4): 265-267. — Torchio and Youssef, 1968. Kans.
Ent. Soc, Jour. 41: 289-302, 21 figs, (ecology, immature stages). —Torchio, 1971. Los
Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 206: 1-10, 13 figs., 1 table (ecology).

Tribe CENTRIDINI

This is a New World group of pollen-collecting bees which are especially abundant in the trop-
ics although some species are present in the warm temparate regions of both continents. The
tribe contains two genera, Centris and Epicharis, but only the genus Centris occurs in America
north of Mexico.




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Taxonomy: Rozen, 1965. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2233: 13-26, figs. 35-72 (larvae).

Genus CENTRIS Fabricius

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1940. Pan-Pacific Ent. 16: 138-141 (Calif, spp.). — Michener, 1951.
Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 24: 1-11 (subgenera). -Snelling, 1956. Pan-Pacific Ent. 32: 1-8 (Calif,
spp.). -Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 333-338, figs. 96, 97 (eastern
U. S. spp.). —Snelling, 1966. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 112: 1-33 (nomencl. and
tax. of some N. Amer. spp.). —Snelling, 1974. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 259: 1-41,
44 figs, (distr. and tax. of some N. Amer. spp.).

Biology: Kurd and Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contrib. ZooL 193: 44-46 (intrafloral ecol. of
Larrea visiting spp.). — Alcock, Jones and Buchmann, 1976. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 49:
469-474, 5 figs., 1 table (nesting behavior).

Genus CENTRIS Subgenus XEROCENTRIS Snelling

Centris subg. Xerocentris Snelling, 1974. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 259: 3.
Type-species: Centris calif omica Timberlake. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Snelling, 1974. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 259: 3-5 (key to N. Amer.
spp.).

Centris californica Timberlake
Calif., Ariz.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Apparently oligolectic on
Wislizenia refracta, but also visits flowers of Cleomella obtusifolia.
Centris californica Timberlake, 1940. Pan-Pacific Ent. 16: 139. ♀.

Centris hoffmanseggiae Cockerell
N. Hex., Ariz., south Calif, and Santa Lucia Mts. in coastal central
Calif. Pollen: Polylectic, visits flowers of Astragalus, Cercidiuvi, Dicentra chrysantha,
Larrea trideiitata, Lotiis scoparius, Lupinus densiflorus, Medicago sativa, Melilotus,
Penstemon antirrhinoides, Prosopis glandulosa.
Centris hoffmanseggiae Cockerell, 1897. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19: 395. 6 ( 9

misdet.).
Centris hoffmanseggiae davidsoni Cockerell, 1904. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 3: 160. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32: 363.

Centris pallida Fox
Ariz., south Calif, deserts and Santa Catalina Island; Mexico (Baja California and
Sonora). Pollen: Polylectic, chiefly Acacia greggii, Cercidium torreyanum, Dalea emoryi,
D. spinosa, Larrea tridentata, Olneya tesota, Prosopis pubescens, but also visits other
flowers including Asclepias erosa, Aster spinosa, Cirsium, Parkinsonia aculeata.
. Centris pallida Fox, 1899. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 51: 66. ♀.

Centris pallida callognatha Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sei., Proc. (4) 12: 78. ♀.
Centris trichosoma Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 12: 78. ♂.

Biology: Alcock, Jones and Buchmann, 1976. Jour. ZooL, London 179: 189-199, 3 pis., 2 figs., 2
tables (nest site, adult behavior including emergence, mating). —Alcock, Jones and
Buchmann, 1976. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 49: 472-474, figs. 4, 5, table 1 (nest architecture,
nesting behavior). —Alcock, 1976. Psyche 83: 121-131, 2 figs., 1 table (social organization of
male populations).

Centris rhodomelas Timberlake
Calif. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Psoralea macrostachya.

Centris rhodomelas Timberlake, 1940. Pan-Pacific Ent. 16: 139. ♀, ♂.

Centris tiburonensis Cockerell
Ariz., south. Calif.; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen: Polylectic, chiefly
Dalea including D. emoryi, D. schottii, D. spinosa, but visits other flowers for nectar
and or pollen including Acacia greggii, Asclepias, Cercidium torreyanum, Koeberlinia
spinosa, Olneya tesota.
Centris tiburonensis Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 12: 78. ♀.

Genus CENTRIS Subgenus PARACENTRIS Cameron

Paracentris Cameron, 1903. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 29: 235.

Type-species: Paracentris fulvohirta Cameron. Monotypic
Centris subg. Penthemisia Moure, 1950. Dusenia 1: 390.

Type-species: Hemisia Chilensis Spinola. Orig. desig.
Centris subg. Trichocentris Snelling, 1956. Pan-Pacific Ent. 32: 4.




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Type-species: Centris rhodoleuca Cockerell. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Snelling, 1974. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 259: 5-20, figs, (key to N.
Amer. spp.).

Centris angustifrons Snelling
Ariz. (Huachuca Mts.).

Centris (Paracentris) angustifrons Snelling, 1966. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 112:
13. ♀.

Centris aterrima Smith
South. Ariz.; Mexico.

Centris aterrima Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 378. ♂.

Centris atripes Mocsary
Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif. (Brawley); Mexico to Costa Rica. Pollen: Polylectic,
visits flowers of Dalea, Hyptis, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Koeberlinia spinosa, Larrea
tridentata, Solanum elaeagnifolium.
Centris atripes Mocsary, 1899. Termes. Fuzetek 22: 254. ♂.
Centris atriventris Fox, 1899. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 51: 68. ♀, ♂. Preocc.
Centris foxi Friese, 1900. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 15: 350. N. name.

Centris caesalpiniae
***authority mismatch
Cockerell. Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico (Chihuahua). Pollen: Polylectic, visits

flowers of Acacia, Asclepias brachystephana, Baccharis, Cevallia sinuata, Eriogonum,
Hoffmanseggia densiflora, H.falcaria, Robinia, Solanum elaeagnifolium, S. rostratzim,,
Verbesina encelioides.
Centris caesalpiniae Cockerell, 1897. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19: 394. ♀, ♂.
Centris morsei Cockerell, 1897. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 49: 355. ♂.
Centris marginata Fox, 1899. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 51: 67. ♂.

Centris cockerelli
***authority mismatch
cockerelli Fox. Tex., N. Mex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas);

intergrades with following subspecies in western N. Mex., Chihuahua, eastern Ariz, and
Sonora. Pollen: Presumably polylectic, visits flowers of Dalea formosa, Hoffmanseggia,
Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyanum.
Centris Cockerelli Fox, 1899. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 51: 68. ♀.

Centris cockerelli
***authority mismatch
resoluta Cockerell. Ariz., Nev., south. Calif.; Mexico (Baja California and Sonora).
Pollen: Polylectic, chiefly Cercidium torreyanum, Dalea, Krameria, Larrea tridentata,
Prosopis, but visits other flowers for nectar and possibly pollen.
Centris cockerelli resoluta Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 12: 76. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Alcock, Jones and Buchmann, 1976. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 49: 471-472, fig. 3, table 1

(nest architecture, nesting behavior).

Centris lanosa Cresson
Kans., Tex., and western Fla.

Centris lanosa Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 284. ♂.

Centris subhyalina Fox, 1899. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 51: 69. ♀.

Centris birkmannii Friese, 1900. Termes. Fuzetek 23: 44.

Centris mexicana Smith
Ariz., N. Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, D. F., Durango, Michoacan, Nuevo
Leon, and Sonora). Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Cevallia sinuata,
Hoffmanseggia densiflora, Melilotus alba, Menodora scabra.

Centris mexicana Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 2, p. 378. "♀"=♂.

Centris rhodopus Cockerell
Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., south. Calif.; Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, and
Sonora). Pollen: Polylectic, visits flowers of a wide variety of plants including Acacia
greggii, Asclepias, Bebbia juncea, Centaurea, Cercidium torreyanum, Cevallia sinuata,
Chilopsis linearis, Croton califomicus, Dalea schottii, D. spinosa, Eriogonum inflatum,
Eriodictyon, Eriophyllum, Hoffmanseggia densiflora, H.falcaria, Larrea tridentata,
Lupinus, Palafoxia linearis, Prosopis glandulosa, Solanum elaeagnifolium, S.
rostratum, Solidago confinis, Tamarix, Wislizenia refracta.

Centris caesalpiniae var. rhodopus Cockerell, 1897. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19: 394.
9,6.

Centris rhodopus var. pulchrior Cockerell, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32: 363. ♂.

Centris rhodoleuca Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 12: 75. ♂.

Biology: Alcock, Jones and Buchmann, 1976. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 49: 469-471, figs. 1, 2,
table 1 (nest architecture, nesting behavior).




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Centris zacateca Snelling
Ariz., N. Mex.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco and Zacatecas). Pollen:
Unknown, but visits flowers of Baccharis, Hoffmanseggia densiflora, Melilotus alba,
Penstemon tenuifolms.
Centris (Paracentris) zacateca Snelling, 1966. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 112: 11.

9,6.

Genus CENTRIS Subgenus ACRITOCENTRIS Snelling

Centris subg. Acritocentris Snelling, 1974. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 259: 36.
Type-species: Centris (M elanocentris) nithannae Snelling. Orig. desig.

Centris ruthannae Snelling
Ariz. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora.
Centris {Melanocentris) ruthannae Snelling, 1966. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 112:
28, fig. Id and i. ♂, ♀.

Genus CENTRIS Subgenus CENTRIS Fabricius

Centris Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 354. Name placed on Official List of
generic Names in Zool. by Intematl. Comn. Zool. NomencL, Op. 567, 1959.

Type-species: Apis haemorrhoidalis Fabricius. Desig. by Intematl. Comn. Zool.
Nomencl, Op. 567, 1959.
Hemisia Klug, 1807. Mag. Insektenk. 6: 227.

Type-species: Apis haemorrhoidalis Fabricius. Desig. by Cockerell, 1906.

Centris decolorata Lepeletier
Tex. (Cameron Co.); Mexico.

Centris decolorata Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym. v. 2, p. 160. ♂.

Centris eiseni Fox
Ariz.; Mexico (Baja California, Morelos, Puebla, Sinaloa, and Sonora).

Centris eiseni Fox, 1894. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. 4: 22. ♀.

Centris flavofasciata Friese
Ariz. (Nogales); Mexico (Guerrero, Morelos and Sonora), south to
Panama.
Centris flavifrons var. flavofasciata Friese, 1899. Termesz. Fuzetek 23: 46. ♂.

Centris versicolor (Fabricius)
South. Fla.; widespread in American tropics. Pollen: Polylectic, visits
flowers of Borrichia, Byrsonima, Carymbola, Erigenia, Ocimum, Securidaca and
Thrysallis in the United States.
Apis versicolor Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 386.
Centris versicolor vincentana Cockerell, 1938. Entomologist 71: 282. ♀.

Taxonomy: Moure, 1960. Studia Ent. 3: 123-125 (synonymy).

Genus CENTRIS Subgenus HEMISIELLA Moure

Hemisiella Moure, 1945. Rev. de Ent. 16: 407.

Type-species: Apis lanipes Fabricius. Orig. desig.

Centris confinis Perez
Ariz. (Patagonia and Tumacacori); Mexico (Chiapas, Guanajuato, Morelos,
Puebla). Pollen: Presumably polylectic, is known to collect pollen from flowers^f
Parkinsonia aculeata, but also visits these and other flowers for nectar including
Eysenhardtia polystacha, Jacaranda.
Centris confinis Perez, 1905. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bui. 11: 40. ♀.

Centris transversa Perez
Ariz. (Superior); Mexico (Puebla and Tehuacan). Pollen: Unknown, but
Arizona specimen was taken at flowers of tamarisk.
Centris transversa Perez, 1905. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Bui. 11: 39. ♀, ♂.

Genus CENTRIS Subgenus UNASSIGNED

Centris limbata Friese
Tex.

Centris limbata Friese, 1900. Termes. Fuzetek 23: 44, 9.

Tribe CTENIOSCHELINI

This is a chiefly Neotropical group of parasitic bees and only the genera Ericrocis and
Mesoplia extend northward into the United States.
Taxonomy: Rozen, 1969. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2382: 1-24, 56 figs, (larva).




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Genus ERICROCIS Cresson

Ericrocis Cresson, 1887. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. Sup. Vol., pp. 131, 134.
Type-species: Crocisa'^ lata Cresson. Monotypic.

Revision: Linsley, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32: 463-468.

Ericrocis arizonensis Baker
South. Calif., Ariz.; Mexico. Host: Anthophora spp., Centris spp.

Ericrocis arizonensis Baker, 1906. Invertebrata Pacifica, v. 1, p. 143. ♂.

Ericrocis melectoides Baker, 1906. Invertebrata Pacifica, v. 1, p. 144. 9 {6 misdet.).

Ericrocis lata (Cresson)
Fla. to south. Calif.

Crocisa/ lata Cresson, 1878. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 91. ♂.

Genus MESOPLIA Lepeletier

Mesoplia Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 2, p. 457.

Type-species: Mesocheira azurea Lepeletier and Serville. Monotypic.
Melissa Smith, 1854. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 2: 279.

Type-species: Mesocheira azurea Lepeletier and Serville. Desig. by Sandhouse,
1943.

Mesoplia dugesi
***authority mismatch
(Cockerell). South. Ariz.; Mexico.

Mesonychium dugesi Cockerell, 1917. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 19: 477. ♂.

Subfamily XYLOCOPINAE

Although these bees are found throughout much of the world they are especially well
represented by numerous species in the tropics. Most of the species are pollen-collecting bees
and, unlike most other non-parasitic anthophorids, they usually make their nests in wood of vari-
ous sorts. The subfamily contains two tribes, the Ceratinini (small carpenter bees) and the
Xylocopini (large carpenter bees) both of which are present in America north of Mexico.

Tribe CERATININI

This is a large group of mostly small, almost hairless bees which, except for parasitic species,
make their nests in hollow, pithy or rotten stems and sometimes in vines. While there are about
a dozen genera of these bees present in the Old World including the cleptoparasitic Eiicon-
dylops, Inquilina and Nastdapis, only the nearly worldwide genus Ceratina and the endemic
Chilean genus Manuelia are present in the New World.

Pithitis smaragdula (Fabr.) was intentionally introduced into the United States from Ludhi-
ana, India on April 10, 1969 at Davis, California as a potentially important pollinator of economi-
cally useful plants, especially legumes and cucurbits (Daly, Bohart and Thorp, 1971. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 64: 1145-1150). The introduction apparently was unsuccessful since no recoveries of
this species have been reported.

Genus CERATINA Latreille

Revision: Daly, 1973. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 74: 1-113, 31 figs. 2 pis., 3 tables (U. S. spp.).

Taxonomy: Smith, 1907. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 33: 115-124 (N. Amer. spp.). —Sandhouse,
1935. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 37: 93-95 (east. U. S. species). — Michener, 1936. Amer. Mus.
Novitates 844: 1-13 (west. U. S. spp.). —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui.
152: 500-507, figs. 121-125. — Hirashima, 1971. Faculty Agr., Kyushu Univ., Jour. 16:
349-375, 20 figs, (subgeneric classification).

Biology: Malyshev, 1912. Trav. Soc. Imper. Nat. St. Petersbourg, Compt. Rend. Seances 43:
252-5, 276-7 (natural enemies). —Daly, 1967. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 60: 1273-1282, 7 figs., 1
table (natural enemies).

Genus CERATINA Subgenus CERATINA Latreille

Clavicera Latreille, 1802. Hist. Nat. Fourmis, p. 433. Name suppressed by Intematl. Comn.

Zool. Nomencl., Op. 1001, 1973.
Ceratina Latreille, 1802. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., v. 3, p. 380. Name placed on Official List of

Generic Names in Zool. by Intematl. Comn. Zool. Nomencl., Op. 1001, 1973.




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Type-species: Apis cucurbitina Rossi. Monotypic. (=Hylaeus albilabris Fabricius).
Neoceratina Perkins, 1912. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 9: 117.

Type-species: Neoceratina australensis Perkins. Monotypic.
Ceratinula Moure, 1941. Arq. Mus. Paranaense 1: 78.

Type-species: Ceratina lucidula Smith. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1965. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 130: 220-221 (synonymy).

Ceratina arizonensis Cockerell
Tex. to Calif.; Mexico; inadvertently and successfully introduced into
the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu). Pollen: Polylectic, visits a wide variety of flowers
including Antirrhinum nutallianum, Asclepias, Baccharis sarothroides, Baeria
chrysostoma, Brassica, Calochorius venustus, Ceanothus crassifolius, Chaenactis,
Chorizanihe parryi, Cirsium, Clarkia, Cleomella obtusifolia, Condalia, Cressa, Croton
califomicus, Cryptantha flaccida, C. intermedia, C. muricata, Encelia farinosa,
Ericameria parishii, Eriogonum fasciculatum, E.f. wax. foliolosum, E. gracile,
Eriophyllum confertiflorum, E. lanosum. Euphorbia albomarginata, E. palmeri, E.
pediculifera, Larrea tridentata, Lotus glaber, Lycium fremontii, Malacothrix
califomica, Mesembryanthemum, Nolina microcarpa, Phacelia distans, P. douglasii,
Prosopis juliflora, Rhus, Salix lasiolepis, Salvia mellifera, Senecio califomicus,
Solanum elaeagnifolium, Sphaeralcea laxa, Tamarix gallica.

Ceratina arizonensis Cockerell, 1898. Canad. Ent. 30: 238. ♂.

Ceratina arizonensis vanduzeei Cockerell, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4) 12: 543. ♀.

Ceratina cockerelli Smith
S. C, Ga. and Fla., west to Tex. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, visits a wide
variety of flowers including Agastache breviflora, Bidens, Callirhoe involucrata,
Citrullus vulgaris, Erigeron quercifolius, Euphorbia, Gaillardia, Heterotheca, Lippia,
Lupinus, Marilaunidium origanifolium, Melilotus alba, Monarda citriodora, Phacelia
patuliflora, Polygala, Rubus, Sabatia campestris, Sida heterophylla, Stachys floridana.

Ceratina lunata Smith, 1907. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 33: 119. ♂, ♀. Preocc.

Ceratina cockerelli Smith, 1907. Canad. Ent. 39: 260. N. name.

Genus CERATINA Subgenus ZADONTOMERUS Ashmead

Zadontomerus Ashmead, 1899. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 26: 69.

Type-species: Ceratina tejonensis Cresson. Monotypic and orig. desig.
Zaodontomerus Cockerell and Porter, 1899. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 4: 406. Emend.

Species Group Dupla

Ceratina calcarata Robertson
Que. to Ga., west to Man., south to Tex. Ecology: Nests in borings in
sumac pith. Parasite: Aprostocetus americanus Ashm., Axima zabriskiei Howard,
Coelopencyrtus hylaei Burks, Grotea anguina Cress., Omalus iridescens (Nort.)?,
Parasierola sp., Rhydinofoenus tarsatorius (Say). Pollen: Polylectic, visits a wide
variety of flowers including Aesculus glabra sargentii, Alliaria officinalis, Amelanchier
canadensis arborea, Amorpha fruticosa, Amphiachyris dracunculoides, Antennaria,
Apocynum, Arabis, Aruncus, Aster azureus, A. laevis, A. macrophyllus, A. paniculatus,
A. saggitifolius, Barbarea vulgaris, Bicuculla cucullaria, Blephilia, Brassica, Cacalia,
Callirhoe digitata, Caltha palustris, Camassia, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardamine,
Ceanothus ovatus, Celastrus scandens, Cercis, Chionanthus virginicus.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Chrysopsis, Cirsium, Claytonia caroliniana virginica,
Collinsia, Convolvulus sepium, Crataegus, Cypripedium, Dentaria diphylla, Deutzia
gracilis, Dirca, Echium vulgare, Ellisia, Erigenia, Erigeron canadensis, E.
philadelphicus, E. pulchellus, E. ramosus, Erythronium, Eulophus, Eupatorium
ageratoides. Euphorbia marginata, Forsythia, Fragaria virginiana. Geranium
maculatum, Geum, Gillenia Grossularia, Haplopappus, Helenium, Helianthus,
Hepatica, Heterotheca, Hydrangea paniculata. Ilex, Inula helenium, Isopyrum,
Kolkwitzia amabilis, Lepargyrea canadensis, Lepidium, Lonicera siberica, L. tatarica,
Maculara pomifera, Malus, Malva rotundifolia, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis,
Osmorrhiza, Oxalis europaea, Polemonium, Potentilla recta, Prunus americana, P.
gracilis, P. persica, P. serotina, P. tomentosa, Pulsatilla hirsutissima, Pyracantha,
Pyrus ioensis, Ranunculus, Rhus aromatica, R. canadensis, R. glabra, Ribes




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missouriense, Robinia pseudacacia, Rubus, Rudbeckia, Salix discolor, S. nigra. Salvia,
Sambucus, Sanguinaria, Scilla campanulata, Senecio aureus, Smillacina, Solidago
canadensis, S. rigida, S. ruprestis. Spiraea vanhouttei, Taenidia, Taraxacum officinale,
T. taraxacum, Tussilago farfara, Vaccinium, Verbena, Viburnum molle, Viola
papilionacea, Waldsteinia, Zanthoxylum, Zizia aurea.
Ceratina calcarata Robertson, 1900. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 10: 54. ♂.

Biology: Rau, 1926. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 184. — Rau, 1928. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann.

21: 380 (nest, parasite). — Krombein, 1960. Ent. News 71: 68 (nest, parasite).

Ceratina dupla Say
Que. to Fla., west to Man., south to Tex., La. and Miss. Parasite: Aprostocetus
americanus Ashm., Axima zabriskiei Howard, Diomorus zabriskiei Cress., Grotea
anguina Cress., Habritys latrus Wallace, Hoplocryptus gracilis (Prov.), Merisus sp.
Pollen: Polylectic, visits a wide variety of flowers including Aesculus glabra sargentii,
Amelanchier canadensis, Ammannia, Amorpha, Anemonella, Antennaria
plantaginifolia, Anthemis cotula, Arctium, Arabis, Aruncus, Asclepias, Aster
paniculatus Barbarea vulgaris. Benzoin aestivale, Bidens mitis, B. pilosa, Blephilia,
Brassica, Brauneria, Cacalia, Camassia, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardamine,
Ceanothus, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cerastrium, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum,
Chrysopsis, Circaea, Cirsium, Claytonia caroliniana, Collinsia, Convolvulus, Coreopsis,
Comus, Crataegus punctata, Cryptotaenia, Cypripedium, Daucus carota. Delphinium,
Dentaria diphylla, D. laciniata, Dianthera, Diospyros, Dirca, Ellisia, Emilia coccinae,
Erigenia, Erigeron annuus, E. canadensis, E. philadelphicus, E. quercifolius,
Eryngium, Erythronium, Eupatorium, Flaveria linearis, Fragaria virginiana, Galactia,
Geranium maculatum, Gerardia, Gillenia, Hedeoma, Helenium, Helianthus, Heliopsis, .
Heracleum, Houstonia, Hydrangea paniculata, Hydrophyllum, Hypoxis, Isopyrum,
Krigia, Lactuca, Leonurus, Lepidium, Liatris, Lithospermum, Lobelia, Lycopus,
Lythrum, Malus, Marrubium, Medicago lupulina, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis,
Monarda, Nelumbo, Nepeta, Oenothera, Opuntia, Oxalis, Pastinaca, Penstemon,
Petalostemon, Phacelia covillei, Phyrma, Poinciana, Polemonium, Polygonatum,
Polygonium, Potentilla recta, Prunus americana, P. serotina. Prunella, Psoralea,
Ptelea, Pulsatilla, Pycnanthemum, Ranunculus, Rhannus, Rhus, Rosa, Rubus,
Rudbeckia, Sabatia, Sagittaria, Salix discolor, S. sericea. Salvia lyrata, S. pratensis,
Sambucus, Scrophularia, Scutellaria, Senecio plattensis, Sida, Silphium, Sinapis,
Smilax, Solidago, Specularia, Spiraea, Stachys floridana, Stellaria, Stokesia laevis,
Taraxacum dens-leonis, T. officinale, Teucrium, Tradescantia, Trifolium, Triosteum,
Tussilago farfara, Vaccinium corymbosum. Verbena, Verbesina, Vemonia, Veronica,
Viburnum, Viola rafinesquii, Waldsteinict, Zizia aurea. Predator: Atomosia puella
(Wied.).

Ceratina dupla Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 397. 9 (
Halictus Ontariensis Provancher, 1882. Nat. Canad. 13: 203. ♂.

Ceratina dupla var. halophila Cockerell, 1911. Canad. Ent. 43: 390. ♀.

Ceratina dupla floridana Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 505. cJ, 9.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1063, figs. 173-179 (larva).

Biology: Angus, 1869. Amer. Nat. 2: 49. — Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 7: 25. — Comstock and
Comstock, 1895. Manual for Study of Insects, p. 669. —Packard, 1897. N. Y. Ent. Soc,
Jour. 5: 112. — Graenicher, 1905. Ent. News 16: 43. — Graenicher, 1905. Wis. Nat. Hist.
Soc, Bui. 3: 158. —Hicks, 1926. Colo. Univ., Studies 15: 250.

Ceratina strenua Smith
N. Y. to Ga., west to Wis., Mo., Kans., Okla. and Tex. Parasite: Axima

zabriskiei Howard, Grotea anguina Cress. Pollen: Polylectic, visits a wide variety of
flowers including Amorpha fruticosa, Arctium minus, Asclepias tuberosa. Aster,
Brauneria purpurea, Callirhoe digitata, Ceanothus ovatus, Cercis canadensis.
Chrysanthemum, Chrysopsis, Claytonia virginica. Coreopsis grandiflora, Crataegus,
Daucus carota, Erigeron philadelphicus. Euphorbia, Fragaria virginiana. Geranium
maculatum, Helenium, Helianthus, Heterotheca, Hydrangea arborescens, Kolkwitzia
amabilis, Leucanthemum, Marrubium vulgare, Melilotus albus, M. officinalis,
Oenothera, Oxalis, Phacelia, Potentilla pumila, P. canadensis, Prunus, Psoralea
floribunda, Ptelea trifoliata, Pyracantha, Rhus aromatica, R. canadensis, R. glabra.




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Robinia pseudoacacia, Rubus nigrobaccus, Salix nigra, Senecio, Silphium laciniatum,
Solidago, Taraxacum dens-leonis, Vaccinium, Verbena urticifolia, Vemonia baldwinii,
Viola sororia, Vitex agnus-castus, Waldsteinia, Zizia aurea.

Ceratina strenua Smith, 1879. Descr. New Species Hym. Brit. Mus., p. 97. ♂.

Ceratina nietallica Smith, 1907. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 33: 121. ♂.

Biology: Krombein, 1960. Ent. News 71: 68 (nest). — Gordh and Barrows, 1976. Kans. Ent.
Soc, Jour. 49: 344-345, 1 fig. (phoresitized female, as nietallica).

Ceratina texana Daly
Tex. Pollen: Presumably polylectic, visits flowers of Agastache breviflora,
Callirhoe involucrata, Lippia, Monarda citriodora, Opuntia, Phacelia patuliflora,
Rubus.
Ceratina texana Daly, 1973. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 74: 100, figs. 9c, 131, 26, 28i. ♀, ♂.

Species Group Nanula

Ceratina apacheorum Daly
N. Mex., Ariz., Calif, and Nev. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, visits a wide
variety of flowers including Acacia greggii, Aster, Baccharis glutinosa, B. sarothroides,
Baileya multiradiata, Cassia leptocarpa, Cercidium floridum, Chaenactis stevioides,
Chilopsis linearis, Condalia lycioides, Croton, Cryptantha intermedia, Encelia farinosa,
Eriodictyon crassifolium, Gutierrezia lucida, Haplopappus cooperi, Heliotropium
curassavicum, Heterotheca, Larrea tridentata, Medicago saliva, Melilotus, Mimosa
biunciflora, Opuntia, Penstemon centranthifolius, P. parryi, Prosopis juliflora,
Rhamnus crocea, Salix, Senecio monoensis, Sphaeralcea emoryi, S. laxa, S. pedata,
Tamarix gallica,^erbesina, Wislizenia refracta.
Ceratina apacheorum Daly, 1973. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 74: 36, figs. 13i, 25, 28d, 30b. 9,
6.

Biology: Hurd and Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 46 (floral ecology).

Ceratina hurdi Daly
Calif. (Jamesburg and Pinnacles Natl. Mon.).

Ceratina hurdi Daly, 1973. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 74: 53, figs. 13d, 28c, 30a, 31c, 31i. ♀, ♂.

Ceratina nanula Cockerell
B. C. to Calif., Idaho, Mont., south to Ariz, and N. Mex.; Mexico (northern).
Parasite: Aprostocetus americanus Ashm., Coelopencyrtus hyleoleter Burks?, Eurytoma
apiculae Bugbee, Grotea califomica Cress. Pollen: Polylectic, visits a wide variety of
flowers including Achillea borealis arenicola, Allitim acuminatum, Aphyllon
multiflorum, Aragallus lambertii, Arctostaphylos, Argemone platyceras, Asclepias
fascicularis, A. tuberosa. Aster adscendens. Astragalus goniatus, Baccharis glutinosa,
B. pilularis, B. sarothroides, Berberis, Besseya plantagenea, Brassica, Calochortus
lutea, C. paludicola, Camissonia clavaeformis, Ceanothus, Centarium davyi, Centaurea
melitensis, Chrysopsis, C hrysothamnus nauseosus speciosus, C. viscidiflorus, C. v.
typicus, Chorizanthe cuspidata, C. staticoides, Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare, Clarkia
amoena huntiana, C. biloba, C. rubicunda, Cleome lutea, C. serrulata, Collinsia
heterophylla. Convolvulus occidentalis, Corethrogyne virgata, Cowania stayisburyana,
Cryptantha intermedia, Dalea greggii, Descuraina sophia, Diplaucus auriantiacus,
Encelia califomica, E. farinosa, Epilobium, Erigeron argentatus, E. divergens, E.
foliosus, E. inomatus, E. miser, E. stenophyllus, E. strigosus, Eriodictyon califomicus,
Eriogonum fasciculatum, E. heermannii, E. nudum, E. vimineum, Eriophyllum
confertiflorum, Eschscholzia califomica. Euphorbia albomarginata, Gilia altissima, G.
exilis, Gnaphalium califomicum, Grindelia camporum, G. latifolia, Helenium
puberulum, Helianthella califomica, Helianthus petiolaris, Heliotropium curassavicum,
Hesperochiron califomicus, Heterotheca grandiflora, Hieracium albiflorum, Hulsea
callicarpha. Iris, Kerria japonica, Lasthenia chrysostoma, Lepechinia calycina,
Linanthus aureus, Lomatium dissectum, Lotus nevadensis, L. scoparius, L. strigosus
var. hirtellus, Lupinus arboreus, Malacothrix saxatilis, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis,
Mentzelia laevicaulis, Mimulus guttatus, Monardella villosa, Montia perfoliata,
Navarretia heterodoxa, Nemophila integrifolia, Oenothera ovata, Opuntia basalaris,
Penstemon centranthifolius, P.floridus, P. grinnellii, Phacelia congesta, P. distans, P.
fremontii, P. minor, P. ramosissima, Physaria, Plantago lanceolata, Plectritis ciliosa,
Prunus subcordata. Ranunculus califomicus, Rhamnus crocea, Salix, Salvia mellifera,
Sapindus saponaria, Scrophularia califomica, Senecio longilobus, Solidago,




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Sphaeralcea ambigua, Stephanomeria cichoriacea, S. virgata, Thelypodium
linearifolium, Trichostema, Trifolium microcephaluni, Verbena lasiostachys, V.
prostrata, Viola nuttallii, Wedelia incamata, Wyethia.

Ceratina nanula Cockerell, 1897. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 49: 352. ♂.

Ceratina nanula rigdenae Michener, 1936. Amer. Mus. Novitates 844: 3. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Hicks, 1926. Colo. Univ., Studies 15: 251 (nest).

Ceratina shinnersi Daly
Tex. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, visits flowers of Amblyolepis setigera,

Amphiachyris, Argemone intermedia, A. mexicana, Aster exilis, Astragalus, Caliirhoe
involucrata, Cercis canadensis, Chamaesaracha conioides, C hrysanthenuim maximum,
Chrysopsis pilosa, Citrullis vulgaris. Coreopsis, Croptilon divaricatum var.
divaricatum, Cucumis melo, Erigeron strigosus, Eupatorium serotinum, Helianthus
annuus, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Leucophyllum frutescens, Marilaunidium
organifolium, Mairnibium vulgare, Melilotus alba, Mentha spicata, Monarda,
Neomphila phacelioides, Opuntia Macrorhiza, Phacelia, Phyla incisa, Prosopis
glandulosa, Pyrrhopappus geiseri, Rubus trivialis, Salix, Scutellaria, Sophora affinis,
Sphaeralcea angustifolia, Tamarix gallica, Tetragonotheca ludoviciana, Tetrayieurus
linearifolia, T. scaposa, Verbesiiia encelioides, Vicia ludoviciana, Vitex agnus-castus.
Ceratina shinnersi Daly, 1973. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 74: 90, figs. 13f, 21, 22m-N, 28b. $,
6.

Species Group Pacifica

Ceratina pacifica Smith
B. C. to Calif., Idaho and Wyo., south to Ariz. Parasite: Aprostocetus

americanus Ashm.?, Rhydinofoemis kaweahensis Bradley. Pollen: Apparently polylectic,
visits flowers oi Agave nevadensis, Arctostaphylos, Asclepias, Aster andersonii,
Balsamorhiza sagittaria, Calochortus luteus, C. macrocarpus, C. nuttallii, Ceanothus
fendleri, Centaurea melitensis, Chaenactis, Chrysothamnus, Cirsium arvense, C.
vulgare. Convolvulus occidentalis. Clematis linguisticifolia, Cleome lutea,
Corethrogyne, Cryptantha intermedia, C. lepida, C. racemosa, Encelia farinosa,
Erigeron Eriodictyon trichocalyx var. Ia7iatum, Eriogonum heemiannii, Grindelia
camporum, G. squarrosa, Haplopappus linearifolius, Helianthus annuus, H. petiolaris,
Lomatium dissectum, Malacothrix tenuifolia, Navarretia heterodoxa, Medicago sativa,
Mentzelia, Opuntia basilaris, Penstemon leonardi, Phacelia linearis, P. tanacetifolia,
Rubus leucodermis, Senecio, Sisymbrium altissimum, Solidago petradoria, Sphaeralcea
ambiguua, S. angustifolia, Stanleya pinnata, Stephanomeria virgata, Trifolium,
Verbena lasiostachys, Viguiera nevadensis, Wyethia glabra.

Ceratina pacifica Smith, 1907. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 33: 123. ♀.

Ceratina subpimctigena Michener, 1936. Amer. Mus. Novitates 844: 6. ♀, ♂.

Ceratina utahensis Michener, 1936. Amer. Mus. Novitates 844: 7. ♀.

Ceratina punctigena Cockerell
Calif. Parasite: Aprostocetus americanus Ashm.?, C oelopencyrtus
hyleoleter Burks, Eurytoma apiculae Bugbee, Grotea califomica Cress. Pollen:
Apparently polylectic, visits flowers of Agoseris glauca, Aplopappus parishii,
Arctostaphylos patula, Asclepias erosa, Calendula, Calochortus, Ceanothus, Chaenactis,
Cirsium calif omicum, Clarkia dudleyana. Convolvulus occidentalis. Coreopsis
lanceolata, Corethrogyne virgata, Croton califomicus, Cryptantha intermedia,
Cucurbita, Encelia farinosa, Eriodictyon trichocalyx var. Ia7iatum, Eriophyllum
tridactylum, Gilia, Hazardia squarrosa, Helianthus gracilentus, H. occidentalis, Hulsea
callicarpha, Malacothrix saxatilis, M. s. teyiuifolia, Penstemon incertus, P. spectabilis,
Phacelia, Rhus trilobata, Salvia mellifera, Scrophularia califomica, Senecio douglasii,
Sphaeralcea, Stenotopsis linearifolius, Stephanomeria virgata. Predator: Oxyopes
scalaris Hentz.

Ceratina neomexicana punctigena Cockerell, 1916. Pomona Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 62. ♀.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1936. Amer. Mus. Novitates 844: 5. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Linsley, MacSwain and Raven, 1963. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 33: 47 (floral
relationships). —Bugbee, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 211 (natural enemies).




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Species Group Tejonensis



Ceratina micheneri Daly
Calif., Oreg. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, visits flowers of Brassica

cainpestris, Clarkia amoena, Convolvulus occidentalis, Corethrogyne, Cryptantha
intermedia, Encelia califomica, Grindelia robusta, Helianthus, Hypochoeris radicata,
Potentilla, Rosmarimis officinalis. Salvia stachyoidea, Vaccinium ovatum.

Ceratina micheneri Daly, 1973. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 74: 59, figs. 6a, 8a, 9g, 11a, Hi, 12h,
20a, 29f. 9, d.

Ceratina tejonensis Cresson
Calif., Oreg. Parasite: Grotea califomica Cress. Pollen: Apparently

polylectic, visits flowers of Amsinckia, Arctostaphylos drupacea, Barbarea orthoceras,
Brassica, Brodiaea coronaria, B. grandiflora, B. laxa, Ceanothus crassifolius, Cirsium,
Clarkia rhomboidea. Convolvulus occidentalis, Cucurbita, Diplacus aurantiacus,
Epigonia, Eriodictyon, Helianthus gracilentus, Lepechinia calycina, Oenothera hookeri,
Paeonia brownii, Penstemon grinnellii, Phacelia distans, Prunus amygdalus, Rubus
ursinus, Salix, Salvia mellifera, Scrophularia califomica.

Ceratina tejonensis Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 390. ♂.

Ceratina gigantea Smith, 1907. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 33: 123. ♀.

Species Group Unassigned

Ceratina acantha Provancher
B. C. to Calif., Idaho, Nev. and Utah; Mexico (Baja California). Parasite:
Aprostocetus americanus Ashm., C oelopencyrtus hyleoleter Burks, Grotea califomica
Cress. Pollen: Polylectic, visits a great variety of flowers including Achillea millefolium,
Ageratum, Alliu7n dichamydium, Anaphalis, Anthemis cotula, Anthriscus scandicina,
Aralia califomica, Arctostaphylos, Asclepias mexicana. Aster yosemitanus. Astragalus
bolanderi, Baccharis douglasii, B. pilularis, Barbaraea orthoceras, Bidens, Brassica
adpressa, B. alba, B. campestris, B. geniculata, B. nigra, Brodiaea, Calochortus albus,
C. luteus, Canna, Carduus tenuifolius, Ceanothus crassifolius, C. parvifolius, C.
soredatus, Centaurea melitensis, C. solstitialis, Centaurium davyi, Chaenactis
glabriuscula, Chaemabatia foliolosa. Chrysanthemum maximum, Chrysothamnus,
Cicuta douglasii, Cirsium arvense, C. lanceolatum, C. vulgare, Clarkia amoena
huntiana, C. rhomboidea, C. rubicunda, Claytonia, Clematis, Collinsia heterophylla,
Convolvulus arvensis, C. occidentalis, Coreopsis maritima, Corethrogyne virgata,
Cosmos, Cotoneaster, Cotula, Crepis vesicaria taraxacifolia, C. virens, Croton
califomicus, Cryptantha flaccida, C. intermedia, Daucus carota, Deinandra fasciculata,
Diplacus auriantiacus, D. longiflorus, Dudleya, Echium giganteum, Encelia
califomica, Epilobium, Erigeron stenophyllus, Eriogonum fasciculatum, E. latifolium
nudum, E. vimineum, Eriodictyon califomicum, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, E.
lanatum, E. multicaule, E. staechadifolium, Eryngium aristatulum, Eschscholzia
califomicum, Foeniculum vulgare, Fragaria califomica, Gaillardia, Galium, Geranium
dissectum, G. molle, Gilia achilleaefolia, G. capitata, G. multicaulis, Glycyrrhiza
lepidota, Gnaphalium califomicum, Grindelia camporum, G. robusta latifolia,
Haplopappus palmeri, Helenium bigelovii, H. puberulum, Helianthus gracilentus,
Heliotropium curassavicum, Hemizonia fasciculata, Heracleum lanatum, Heteromeles
arbutifolia, Heterotheca grandiflora, Holodiscus discolor, Hypericum, Hypochoeris
radiata, Lactuca, Lasthenia chrysostoma, L. gracilis, Layia platyglossa, Lepechinia
calycina, Lepidium, Linanthus parviflorus, Lomatium dissectum, Lonicera hispidtda,
Lotus comiculatus, L. glaber, L. scoparius Madia, Malacothamnus arcuatus,
Malacothrix saxatilis, Malvastrum fasciculatum, M. thurberi, Marnibium vulgare,
Melilotus alba, Mentha spicata, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Micrampelis,
Monardella lanceolata, M. villosa, Montia perfoliata, Myosotis laxa. Nasturtium,
Navarretia heterodoxa Nemophila exilis, N. heterophylla, Oenothera cheiranthifolia,
Onkerria japonica, Opuntia, Paeonia brownii, Penstemon spectabilis, Perideridia
gairdneri, Phacelia distans, Physocarpus capitatus, Plagiobothrys nothofulvus,
Polygonum auberti, Potentilla, Pmnella vulgaris, Prunus ilicifolia, P. subcordata,
Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum. Ranunculus califomicus, Rhamnus califomica,
Ribes, Rosa, Rubus parviflorus, R. ursinus, Salix argophylla, S. lasiolepis, Salvia
leucophylla, S. mellifera, Sambucus mexicana, Satureja douglasii, Scrophularia
califomica, Sedum, Senecio platylobus, Sidalcea malvaeflora, Silybum marianum,




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Sisymbrium altissimum, Sisyrinchium, Solidago, Sonchus arvensis, Sphacele calycina,
Spiraea sorbifolia, Stachys bullata, Stellaria media, Stephanom,eria virgata, Syringa,
Taraxacum vulgare, Trifolium involucratum,, T. microcephalum, Venegasia
carpesioides, Verbena lasiostachys, V. prostrata, Vicia villosa, Vitis, Wyethia
amplexicaulis glabra. Predator: Cymatodera ovipennis Say.

Ceratina acantha Provancher, 1895. Nat. Canad. 22: 190. ♀.

Ceratina submaritima Cockerell, 1897. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 49: 352. ♂, ♀.

Ceratina submaritima ehrhomi Cockerell, 1903. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 12: 453. ♂.

Biology: MacSwain, 1945. Pan-Pacific Ent. 21: 97 (natural enemies). —Daly, 1966. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 59: 1138 (nest).

Ceratina diodonta Smith
Tex. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Agastache breviflora, Lippia,
Monarda citriodora.
Ceratina diodonta Smith, 1907. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 33: 121. ♂, ♀.

Ceratina melanoptera Cockerell
Ariz., N. Mex., Tex. (El Paso); Mexico (Sonora). Pollen: Unknown, but
visits flowers of Argemone, Cassia leptocarpa, Dalea greggii, Encelia farinosa,
Eriogonum, Haplopappus gracilis, Proboscidea parviflora, Salix taxifolia, Wedelia
incamata.
Ceratina melanoptera Cockerell, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 12: 543. ♂, ♀.

Ceratina neomexicana Cockerell
Idaho south to Calif., Nev., Ariz., N. Mex. and Tex. Pollen: Polylectic,
visits a wide variety of flowers including Agave, Amorpha fruticosa. Anemone
intermedia, Aquilegia, Artemisia, Aster, Astragalus goniatus, Berberis trifoliata,
Carduus Ceanothus, Chaenactis glabriuscula, Chrysopsis, Chrysothamnus nauseosus,
Erigeron canus, E. inomatus, Gilia calcarea, Griiidelia perennis, Haplopappus
bloomeri angustatus, Helianthus petiolaris, Iris, Ligustrum vulgare, Malva cockerelli,
Melilotus officinalis, Monarda, Nothocalais cuspidata, Oenothera, Opuntia erinacea,
Penstemon gracilis, Phacelia, Physaria, Platycodon grandiflorum, Potentilla, Prunus,
Pulsatilla hirsutissim,a, Rubus, Salix bebbiana, Senecio longilobus, Silphium, Solidago,
Taraxacum officinale, Tetraneuris, Viola nuttallii.
Ceratina neomexicana Cockerell, 1901. Ent. News 12: 43. 2.

Taxonomy: Cockerell, 1906. Canad. Ent. 38: 165. ♂.

Biology: Hicks, 1926. Colo. Univ., Studies 15: 251 (nest).

Ceratina sequoiae Michener
Wash., Idaho, Oreg. and Calif. Parasite: Aprostocetus americanus Ashm.
Pollen: Oligolectic, obtains pollen from flowers of the genus Clarkia including C. biloba,
C. b. australis, C. cylindrica, C. dudleyana, C. gracilis albicaulis, C. purpurea, C.
rhomboidea, C. unguiculata, C. williamsonii, C. xantiana, C. viminea, but also visits
other flowers for nectar such as Amsinckia, Asclepias mexicana, Cryptantha,
Epilobium, Eriogonum, Gilia tricolor, Hesperochiron, Layia platyglossa, Lepechina
calycina, Lessingia leptoclada, Lotus glaber. Madia, Mimulus, Nemophila, Oenothera,
Penstemon, Phacelia, Ranunculus, Salvia, Sambucus, Scrophularia califomica,
Senecio, Stachys ajugoides, Trichostem.a laxum,. Verbena lasiostachys. Predator:
Apiomerus crassipes (Fabr.).
Ceratina sequoiae Michener, 1936. Amer. Mus. Novitates 844: 1. ♀.

Biology: MacSwain, Raven and Thorp, 1973. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 70: 34-37 (floral
relationships).

Ceratina timberlakei Daly
Oreg., Calif. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, visits flowers of Arctostaphylos,
Asclepias mexicana, Calochortus luteus, Clarkia, Cucurbita, Eriodictyon califomicum,
Gilia capitata, Haplopappus arborescens, Lotus glaber, Prunus subcordata. Salvia,
Senecio douglasii, Sidalcea calycosa.
Ceratina timberlakei Daly, 1973. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 74: 102, figs. 7c, 101, 12a, 27a, 28e,
31f, pi. 1. ♀, ♂.

Genus CERATINA Subgenus EUCERATINA Hirashima, Moure and Daly

Ceratina subg. Euceratina Hirashima, Moure and Daly, In Hirashima, 1971. Faculty Agr.
Kyushu Univ., Jour. 16: 369.

Type-species: Apis callosa Fabricius. Orig. desig.




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The majority of the species included in this subgenus occur in Asia and Europe, but a few spe-
cies are present in northern Africa. The species listed below is adventive, having been inadver-
tently introduced into California where it is successfully established.

Taxonomy: Hirashima, Moure and Daly, In Hirashima, 1971. Faculty Agr. Kyushu Univ.,
Jour. 16: 369-371, figs. 18-20 (descr., synopsis).

Ceratina dallatorreana Friese
South. Europe and N. Africa; Calif. Successfully adventive in Calif.

(Central Valley). Parasite: Aprostocetics americanus Ashm., Eurytoma apiculae Bugbee,
Grotea califomica Cress. Pollen: Presumably polylectic, visits flowers of Centaurea
solstitialis, Convolvulus arve7isis, Cucurbita, Melilotus officinalis in Calif.
Ceratina dallatorreana Friese, 1896. Termesz. Fusetek, 19: 38, 50. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Daly, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 1138-1154, 17 figs., 5 tables (nest, floral
records, immature stages, life history).

Tribe XYLOCOPINI

This tribe consists of generally large to very large, robust, pollen-collecting bees which occur
on all the continents and many of the islands. Included are three genera, Lestis with two species
in gSstern Australia, Proxylocopa with 22 members centered in the more arid parts of the
southwestern Palaearctic Region and Xylocopa with more than 600 nominal forms, the majority
of which are found in the Ethiopian and Neotropical Regions.

Even though most members of this tribe {Lestis and Xylocopa) construct their nests in a wide
variety of usually dead plant materials, one group of species {Proxylocopa), insofar as known,
make their nests in the ground.

Revision: Kurd and Moure, 1963. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 29: 1-365, 244 figs., 1 frontispiece

(classification, includes biological information).

Genus XYLOCOPA Latreille

Taxonomy: Ackerman, 1916. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 24: 196-232, 1 pi. (U. S. spp.). -Kurd,
1955. Calif. Ins. Surv. Bui. 4: 35-72, 4 pis., 4 maps (U. S. spp.). —Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agr.
Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 152: 507-511, figs. 126-127 (eastern U. S. spp.).

Biology: Malyshev, 1931. Ztschr. f. Morph. u. Okol. der Tiere (Abt. A. der Ztschr. f. wiss.
Biol.). 23 (3-4): 754-809, 15 figs, (nest, life history). — Hurd, 1958. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 51:
365-375, 5 figs, (nesting habits). —Hurd, 1959. Kansas Ent. Soc, Jour. 32: 53-58, 1 fig.
(beefly parasitism).

Morphology: Wille, 1958. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 51: 539-545 (dorsal vessel).
Genus XYLOCOPA Subgenus XYLOCOPA Latreille

Xilocopa Latreille, 1802. Hist. Nat. Fourmis, p. 432. Name suppressed by Internatl. Comn.

Zool. Nomencl, Op. 743, 1965.
Xylocopa Latreille, 1802. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., v. 3, p. 379. Name placed on Official List

of Generic Names in Zool. by Internatl. Comn. Zool. Nomencl., Op. 743, 1965.
Type-species: Apis violacea Linnaeus. Desig. by Westwood, 1840.

This subgenus occurs in the western Palaearctic.

Genus XYLOCOPA Subgenus SCHOENHERRIA Lepeletier

Xylocopa subg. Schoenherria Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 2, p. 207.
Type-species: Xylocopa micans Lepeletier. Desig. by Sandhouse, 1943.

Xylocopa loripes Smith
Southeast. Ariz.; Mexico south to Honduras. Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers
of Bouganvillea, Crotalaria.
Xylocopa loripes Smith, 1874. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 298. ♂.
Xylocopa formosa Smith, 1874. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 299. ♀.

Xylocopa micans Lepeletier
Southeast. Va. to Fla., west along Gulf Coast states to Texas; Mexico

(Tamaulipas). Ecology: Nests in sound, dead privet. Pollen: Polylectic, visits flowers of
Aesculus, Azalea, Bidens leucantha, Calopogon pulchellus, Carduus spinosissimus.




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Cephalanthus, Cercidium, C haemaecrista brachiata, Cicuta, Crotalaria pumila,
Dalbergia ecastophyllum, Galactia, Glycine, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Ilex, Ligustrum,
Lythrum alatum, L. lineare, Medicago, Melilotus, Parkinsonia, Passiflora incamata,
Phaseolus, Philibertella clausa, Prosopis, Prunus, Rhus, Richardia, Sabal palmetto,
Senecio, Serenoa serrulata, Solanum bahamense, S. wendlandii, Solidago, Stachys,
Suriana, Verbena brasiliensis, Vemonia.

fApis nasuta Christ, 1791. Naturg. Klassif., Nomencl. Ins. Bienen-.Wespen-,
Ameisengeschl., v. 8, p. 130.

Xylocopa micans Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 2, p. 208. ♂.

Xylocopa vidua Lepeletier, 1841. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 2, p. 210. ♀.

Xylocopa purpurea Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 284. ♀.

Biology: Hurd, 1958. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 51: 373, fig. 4 (nest).

Morphology: Maidl, 1912. Zool.-bot. Gesell., Verh. 62: 19-26, figs. 1-5 (gynandromorph).

Genus XYLOCOPA Subgenus NOTOXYLOCOPA Hurd

Xylocopa subg. Notoxylocopa Hurd, 1956. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1776: 2.
Type-species: Xylocopa tabaniformis Smith. Grig, desig.

Revision: O'Brien and Hurd, 1965. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 58: 175-196, 38 figs, (taxonomy,
distr., nesting substrates).
tabaniformis androleuca Michener. West. N. Mex. to Utah, Nev., Ariz, and south. Calif.;

Mexico (Baja California and Sonora). Ecology: Nests in structural Douglas fir timbers
and possibly native juniper. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, visits flowers of Asclepias,
Cucurbita pepo, Larrea tridentata, Oenothera parryi, Parkinsonia aculeata, Penstemon
barbatus, Stanleya pinnata.
Xylocopa orpifex androleuca Michener, 1940. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 39: 127. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Hurd, 1958. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 51: 373 (nesting habits). —Hurd and Linsley,

1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 47 (floral relationships with Larrea tridentata).
tabaniformis orp'f«x Smith. Oreg., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California). Ecology: Nests in sound,
dead, native softwoods including Alnus rhombifolia, Juniperus, Libocedrus decurrens,
Populus, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron gigantea.
Parasite: Anthrax delila (Loew.), A. tigrinus (DeG.), Monodontomerus rnontivagus
Ashm., Nemognatha scutellaris Say. Pollen: Polylectic, visits a wide variety of native
and introduced flowers including Althaea rosea. Antirrhinum, Arctostaphylos patula,
Asclepias, Brassica, Ceanothus crassifolius, C. integerrimus. Oestrum, Chrysothamyius,
Cirsium, Citrus lemon, Clarkia breweri, C. concinna, C. elegans, C. gracilis, C. g.
albicaulis, C. mildrediae, C. unguiculata, Cordylanthus nevinii, Cucurbita, Delphinium,
Dicentra chrysantha, Diplacus auriantiacus, D. puniceus, Eriastrum virgatum,
Eriodictyon califomicum, Fremontia, Fuchsia, Haplopappus parishii, Isomeris arborea,
Larrea tridentata, Lathyrus odoratus, Lepidospartum squamatum, Lonicera japonica,
Lotus scoparius, Lupinus densiflorus, L. grayi, Medicago sativa, Mentzelia laevicaulis,
Mimulus cardinalis, Mirabilis, Monardella, Oenothera deltoides, 0. hookeri, Penstemon
breviflorus, P. bridgesii, P. grinnellii, P. labrosus, Phacelia davidsonii, P. distaiis, P.
heterophylla, P. tematus. Rhododendron occidentale, Ribes, Rubus, Salvia mellifera,
Solanum umbelliferum, Solidago, Stachys albens, S. ajugoides, Thermopsis
macrophylius, Trichostema lanceolatum, Verbascum blattaria, Wistaria, Wyethia.

Xylocopa orpifex Smith, 1874. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 298. ♀, ♂.

Xylocopa orpiferaO) Dalla Torre, 1896. Cat. Hym., v. 10, p. 216. Lapsus calami.

Xylocopa orpitexV.) Malyshev, 1931. Ztsch. Morph. Okol. Tiere (A) 23: (3-4): 788. Lapsus
calami.

Biology: Davidson, 1893. Ent. News 4: 151-153 (nest, life history, parasite). — Nininger, 1916.
Pomona Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 158-165 (life history, parasite). —Hurd, 1959. Kans. Ent. Soc,
Jour. 32: 54-56 (beefly parasitism). —Straw, 1956. Amer. Midland Nat. 90: 47-53 (floral
relationships with Penstemon). — Cruden, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 111-119, 3 figs,
(territorial behavior). — Marston, 1970. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 43: 116 (beefly parasitism).




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tabaniformis parkinsoniae Cockerell. South. Tex.; Mexico. Ecology: Nests in dead Cottonwood.
Pollen: Unknown, but visits flowers of Cercidium, Citrus, Parkinsonia aculeata,
Verbesi7ia encelioides. Other subspecies, including typical tabaniformis, occur from
Mexico to Ecuador.
Xylocopa tabanifortnis parkinsoniae Cockerell, 1917. In W. P. Cockerell. N. Y. Ent. Sec,
Jour. 25: 192. 2.

Genus XYLOCOPA Subgenus XYLOCOPOIDES Michener

Xylocopa subg. Xylocopoides Michener, 1954. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 104: 155.
Type-species: Apis virginica Linnaeus. Grig, desig.

Taxonomy: Kurd, 1961. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 87: 247-257, 2 pis. (synopsis). — Hurd and
Moure, 1963. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 29: 140-142 (revised keys to spp. and subspp.).

Xylocopa californica
***authority mismatch
arizonensis Cresson. Tex. to south. Calif., Nev., and Utah; Mexico. Ecology: Nests
in sound, dead, native softwoods including Agave, Dasylirion, Nolina Yucca, but will
also nest in structural redwood when used for construction within its geographic range.
Parasite: Anthrax xylocopae Marston. Pollen: Polylectic, visits a wide variety of flowers
including those of Acacia angustissima, A. greggii, Agave nevadensis, Aloysia wrightii,
Argemone platyceras, Asclepias subverticillata, Baccharis, Bigelovia, Cercocarpus,
Chilopsis linearis, C. saligua, C hrysothamnus nauseosus, Cirsium, Citrus, Cleome,
Cryptantha oblata, Cucurbita maxima, C. mixta, C. moschata, C. pepo, Dalea albiflora.
Datura meteloides. Delphinium andesicola, Fendlera, Fouquieria splendens, Gaillardia
pulchella, Gaura coccinea, Gossypium, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Hyptis emoryi,
Kallstroemia grandiflora, Koeberlinia spinosa, Larrea trideyitata, Lepidospartum
squamatum, Lippia lycioides, Lupinus magnificus, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba,
Nama parryi, Mentzelia pumila, Parkinsonia aculeata, Penstemon, Prosopis
glandulosa var. torreyanum, Ratibida columnaris, Rhus laurina, R. trilobata, Robinia
neomexicana luxurians, Rubus, Salvia lemmoni, Senecio longilobus, S. salignus,
Solanum elaeagnifolium, Solidago, Sphaeralcea, Stanleya pinnata, Thurberia, Viguiera
longifolia, Wislizenia refracta, W. r. var. mamillata. Yucca brevifolia, Y. elata, Y.
whipplei.
Xylocopa arizonensis Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 212. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Hurd, 1958. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 51: 369-371 (nest). —Hurd, 1959. Kans. Ent. Soc,
Jour. 32: 57-58 (nest, beefly parasitism). —O'Brien and O'Brien, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42:
27-29 (nest, territoriality). —Marston, 1970. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 43: 118 (beefly
parasitism). —Hurd and Linsley, 1975. Smithsn. Contr. Zool. 193: 47, fig. 18 (floral
relationships).

Xylocopa californica
***authority mismatch
californica Cresson. Oreg. (Cascade Mts.), Calif. (North, Coast Ranges and Sierra
Nevada Mts.). Ecology: Nests in sound, dead, native softwoods including Libocedrus
decurrens. Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron gigantea. Pollen: Polylectic, visits
flowers of Aesculus californica, Agastache urticifolia, Arctostaphylos, Aesclepias
speciosa, Ceanothus integerriynus, Cercis Qccidentalis, C hrysothamnus, Clarkia
dudleyana, C. elegans, C. unguiculata, Epigonia, Epilobium angustifolium, Eriodictyon
califomictim, Lupinus albifrons, Medicago sativa, Mentha pulegium, Monardella
lanceolata, Penstemon breviflorus, P. grinnellii, Phacelia heterophylla. Ranunculus,
Solidago occidentalis. Yucca whipplei.
Xylocopa californica Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc 3: 40. ♀.
Xylocopa amblardi Perez, 1901. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 56: 115. ♂.
Xylocopa libocedri Cockerell, 1914. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 2: 101. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Crudtn, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 111-119, 3 figs, (nest, territorial and copulatory
behavior).

Xylocopa californica
***authority mismatch
diamesa Hurd. Calif. (Centr. and south, coast ranges); Mexico (Baja California).
Ecology: Nests in dead floral scapes of Yucca whipplei. Pollen: Polylectic, visits
flowers o{ Arctostaphylos patula, Asclepias mexicana, Apocynum androsaemifolium,
Argemone platyceras, Ceanothus, C hrysothamnus bemardinus, C. 7iauseosus,
Cucurbita foetidissima, Dicentra chrysantha, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Fremontia




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califortiica, Haplopappus lineanfolius, H. parishii, Isomeris arborea, Larrea tridentata,
Lepidospartum, Ligustrum, Lupinus austromontanus, L. grayi, L. parishii, Penstemon
palmeri, Phacelia heterophylla, Salvia, Stachys, Stanleya pinnata. Yucca whipplei.

Xylocopa califomica diamesa Hurd, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 202. ♂, ♀.

Xylocopa virginica
***authority mismatch
krombeini Hurd. Southern Fla. Predator: Horstia virginica Baker.

Xylocopa (Xylocopoides) virginica krombeini Hurd, 1961. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 87: 251.
cJ, 9.

Biology: Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 347-348, pi. 20, fig. 101 (nest

architecture, life history, predator).

Xylocopa virginica
***authority mismatch
texana Cresson. South. Kans. to Tex. Pollen: Apparently polylectic, visits flowers of
Asclepias, Calyophus serrulata, Cercis canadensis, Eryngium, Passiflora incamata,
Rubus, Salvia pitcheri, Vitex.

Xylocopa texana Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 283. ♂, ♀.

Xylocopa virginica
***authority mismatch
virginica (Linnaeus). New England and adjacent Canada (Great Lakes region), south
to centr. Fla., west to Nebr., Kans., Okla. and east. Tex. Ecology: Nests in dead, sound
wood of many kinds of trees, including structural timbers. Parasite: Anthrax tigrinus
(DeG.), Villa sinuosus (Wied.). Pollen: Polylectic, visits flowers of a wide variety of both
native and introduced plants including Abelia, Amsonia tabemaemontayia, Amygdalus
persica, Aquilegia vulgaris, Asclepias incamata, A. pulchra, A. tome^itosa. Azalea,
Barbarea barbarea, Bidens, Brauneria, Ceanothus ovatus, Camus, Cyrilla racemiflora,
Diervilla japonica, Diospyros kaki, Eupatorium perfoliatum. Ilex, Lespedeza, Lonicera,
flava, L. japonica, Lythrum alatum, Malus, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, Mertensia,
Monarda, Opuntia, Passiflora incaryiata, Pedicularis canadensis, Petalostemon,
Petunia, Phlomis tuberosa. Phlox divaricata, Physostegia, Plumbago capensis, Prunus,
Rhododendron nudiflorum, Rhus glabra, Robinia pseudoacacia, Rubus, Salvia azurea
grandiflora, Sassafras, Solidago canadensis, Stachys, Symphytum officinale, Syriiiga
vulgaris, Trifolium incamatum, T. pratense, Vacciriium corymbosum, V. vacillans.
Verbena, Viburnum molle, Vicia villosa. Wistaria siyiensis. Predator: Woodpeckers and
orioles.

Apis Virginica Linnaeus, 1771. Mant. Plant., v. 2, p. 450.

Apis Virginica Drury, 1773. lUust. Nat. Hist. Exotic Ins., v. 1 (index), p. 2.

Apis analis Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 384.

Centris Carolina Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 357. ♂.

Taxonomy: Michener, 1953. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 35: 1062, figs. 167-172 (larva). —Hurd, 1955.
Calif. Ins. Surv., Bui. 4: 50, map 1 (distribution, floral records, nesting substrates).
—Moure, 1960. Studia Ent. 3: 160 (synonymy).

Biology: Angus, 1868. Amer. Nat. 1: 157 (parasite). —Walsh, 1868. Amer. Ent. 1: 9, f. 4
(habits, nest). —Packard, 1868. Amer. Nat. 1: 369-371, pi. 10, figs. 3-7 (nest, life history,
parasite). —Angus, 1869. Amer. Nat. 2: 48 (parasite). —Angus, 1869. Amer. Nat. 2: 49
(hibernation). —Packard, 1869. Guide to the study of insects, pp. 132-134, pi. 4 (habits).
—Campbell, 1873. Nature 8: 253 (predation by Baltimore orioles). —Packard, 1873. Our
common insects, p. 21-24 (habits). —Gentry, 1875. Amer. Nat. 9: 264-266 (pollination).
—Turner, 1878. Amer. Nat. 12: 627-628 (nest, predation by woodpeckers). —Mann, 1882.
Psyche 3: 298 (flower piercing habits). — Murtfeldt, 1882. Psyche 3: 343 (flower piercing
habits). — Pammel, 1888. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 5: 241-277 (pollination, flower piercing
habits). —Howard, 1892. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 2: 331 (hibernation). —Howard, 1902. The
insect book. N. Y.: Doubleday, Page and Co., p. 9 (nest). — Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 7: 23
(nesting habits). — Comstock and Comstock, 1895. Manual for Study of Insects, p. 670
(nesting habits). -Adams, 1915. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Bui. 11: 45, 47, 104, 198-199 (life
history). — Burrill, 1925. Science (n. s.) 62 (1597): 134 (flower piercing habits). — Rau, 1926.
Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 162 (life history, parasite). —Rau, 1929. Jour. Compar.
Psychol. 9: 37 (homing experimentation). —Rau, 1931. Jour. Compar. Psychol. 12: 257
(homing experimentation). —Rau, 1933. The jungle bees and wasps of Barro Colorado
Island. Publ. by Phil Rau, Kirkwood, St. Louis Co., Mo., pp. 225-226, figs, (habits and
instincts, life history). —Burrill, 1934. Missouri State Museum, Bui. 11: 3-4 (flower piercing
habits). —Weiss and Smith, 1940. U. S. Dept. Agr. Circular 556: 16-19, fig. (flower-spot




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disease transmission). —Franklin, 1951. Kans. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 70: 1-64
(pollination). — Hurd, 1955. Calif. Ins. Surv., Bui. 4: 50 (nesting substrates). —Chandler,
1958. Pest Control 26: 36, 38, 40, 47, 3 figs, (economic damage). —Hurd, 1958. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 51: 368, 373-374, fig. 5 (nesting substrates). —Hurd, 1959. Kans. Ent. Soc,
Jour. 32: 56-57 (beefly parasitism). — Balduf, 1961. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 56: 81-84 (nest
associates). —Balduf, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 263-271, 3 figs, (life history).
— Sabrosky, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 64: 184 (mating behavior). —Dorr and Martin,
1966. Michigan Quart. Bui. 48: 445 (flower piercing habits). — Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting
wasps and bees, pp. 345-346 (nest architecture, life history). — Marston, 1970. Smithsn.
Contrib. Zool. 43: 119 (beefly parasitism). — Gerling and Hermann, 1976. Entomophaga 21:
227-223, 3 figs., 3 tables (beefly parasitism).

Morphology: Milliron, 1958. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 53: 66-68 (gynandromorph).

Genus XYLOCOPA Subgenus NEOXYLOCOPA Michener

Xylocopa subg. Neoxylocopa Michener, 1954. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 104: 157.
Type-species: Apis brasilianonim Linnaeus. Orig. desig.

Xylocopa mexicanorum Cockerell
Tex. to east. Ariz.; Mexico.

Xylocopa mexicanorum Cockerell, 1912. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 9: 555. ♀.

Xylocopa varipuncta Patton
Ariz, Nev., Calif.; Mexico. Ecology: Nests in rotting or decaying wood.

Parasite: lAyithrax simson habrosus Marston. Pollen: Polylectic, visits a wide variety of
flowers including Acacia, Argemone, Asclepias, Astragalus parishii, Brassica
campestris, Buddleia, Calliopsis, Ceanothus hookeri, Cercidium Torreyanum, Cucurbita
foetidissima, C. maxima, C. mixta, C. moschata, C. pepo. Datura meteloides,
Eschscholzia califomica, Gossypium, Lantana camara, Larrea tridentata, Lathyrus
odoratus, Lonicera japonica, Lupinus paynei, Lycopersicum esculentum, Medicago
sativa, Oenothera hookeri, Parkinsonia aculeata, Passiflora, Penstemon antirrhinoides,
Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyanum. Salvia, Sesbania macrocarpa, Solayiimi
douglasii, S. elaeagnifolium, Sphaeralcea emoryi, Trichostema lanceolatum, Vitex
pyramidata, Wislizetiia refracta, W. r. var. mamillata. Wistaria. X. sonorina Smith,
described from Hawaii, has been regarded by some investigators as a senior synonym.

Xylocopa varipuncta Patton, 1879. Canad. Ent. 11: 60. ♀.

Biology: Nininger, 1916. Pomona Jour. Ent. Zool. 8: 164-165 (nest, life table data). —Hurd,
1958. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 51: 369, fig. 1. — Janzen, 1964. Pan-Pacific Ent. 40: 65-66 (nest).
—Marston, 1970. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 43: 5 (possible parasite). —Hurd and Linsley,
1975. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 193: 47-48 (intrafloral ecology).

Morphology: Gordh and Gulmahamad, 1975. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 269-273, 8 figs,
(gynandromorph).

Genus XYLOCOPA Subgenus STENOXYLOCOPA Hurd and Moure

Xylocopa subg. Stenoxylocopa Hurd and Moure, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 809.
Type-species: Xylocopa artifex Smith. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Hurd and Moure, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 809-821, 14 figs., 2 tables

(synopsis and summary of biological information).

Xylocopa artifex Smith
Mts. of south. Ariz, to Argentina. Ecology: Nests in hollow culms, usually dead,
of bamboo and related plants including Arundo donax, Chusquea bambusoidea, Guadua,
Merostachys clausseni. Pollen: Presumably polylectic, visits in South America flowers
of Baccharis dracuncidifolia, Cassia bicapsularis, C. splendida, Crotalaria paulina,
Leonurus sibircus, Passiflora, Solanum atropurpureum, S. balbisii, S. paniculatum,
Tecoma ipe.

Xylocopa artifex Smith, 1874. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 289. ♀.

Xylocopa erratica Smith, 1874. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 293. ♂.

Taxonomy: Hurd, 1955. Calif. Ins. Surv., Bui. 4: 62-63 (synonymy, distribution).




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Biology: Schrottky, 1902. Rev. Mus. Paulista 5: 468 (floral records). — Schrottky, 1904.
Allgem. Ztschr. Ent. 9: 344-349 (nest). -Strand, 1912. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. 33: 267
(nest). — Bertoni, 1918. An. Cient. Paraguayos (2) 3: 219 (nest). —Moure, 1942. Papeis
Avulsos Dept. Zool., Secretaria Agr. Sao Paulo 2: 301 (nest). — Hurd and Moure, 1960. Ent.
Sec. Amer., Ann. 53: 819-820 (nest substrates).


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