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Superfamily EVANIOIDEA
Family GASTERUPTIIDAE

This small family is nearly worldwide in distribution (unknown from Micronesia and Polyne-
sia). Crosskey (1962) recognized two subfamilies, the Hyptiogastrinae with five genera and the
Gasteruptiinae with one genus. Because Gasteruption includes the vast majority of Gasterup-
tiidae, there is little practical value in recognizing two subfamilies at this time.

The accounts of the biologies of Gasteruptiidae given by Hoeppner (1904) and Malyshev (1968)
indicate that the larvae are predators or predator-inquilines in the nests of solitary bees and
sphecids which nest in wood. According to Hoeppner, the egg of Gasteniption assectator
(Linnaeus) is laid on a mature larva of the prey. After consuming the latter, the assectator larva
invades the cell of a second prey larva and consumes it also. The species discussed by Malyshev
deposited their eggs in proximity to an egg of a solitary bee, the exact positioning of eggs vary-
ing among species of gasteruptiids. Upon eclosion from the egg the gasteruptiid larva consumed
the egg of the bee. Sometimes the larva would then complete its development by feeding upon
the provisions in the same bee larval cell but often invaded one or more other cells where they
consumed both bee larvae and provisions.

Revision: Townes, 1950. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 100: 120-145.

Taxonomy: Hedicke, 1939. Hym. Cat., pt. 11, 54 p. (world catalog). —Crosskey, 1962. Roy.
Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 114: 377-402 (genera of world).

Biology: Hoeppner, 1904. Allg. Ztschr. f. Ent. 9: 97-103. —Malyshev, 1968. Genesis of Hym.
and ... their Evolution, p. 42-46.

Morphology: Crosskey, 1951. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 102: 247-281. —Short, 1952. Roy.
Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 103: 45-48, 49 (final-instar larva).

Genus GASTERUPTION Latreille

Gasteruption Latreille, 1796. Precis Caract. Gen. Ins., p. 113.

Type-species: Iclnieitnion assectator Linnaeus. Desig. by Viereck, 1914 from 83
species included by Schletterer, 1885. The discussion by Crosskey (1962, p.
396-397) is based upon the erroneous assumption that species are included in a
Genus described without included species by virtue of suppression of its name in
the synonymy of a genus having species.
FoeuKs Fabricius, 1798. Sup. Ent. System., p. 210, 240.

Type-species: Ichneiution assectator Linnaeus. Desig. by Curtis, 1832. I do not
accept Latreille, 1810 as designator of any type-species.
Gastryptiitiii Agassiz, 1846. Nomencl. Zool., Index Univ., p. 160. Emend.
GasteryptioH Semenov, 1892. Acad. Imp. des Sci. St. Petersburg, Bui. (n. s.) 3: 12. Emend.

Schletterer (1890) suggested this spelling but used Gasteniption.
Gasteryptinni Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hym., p. 133. Emend.
Rhydinofoenits Bradley, 1909. Deut. Ent. Ztschr. (for 1909), p. 38.

Type-species: Rhydinofoenus kawealiensis Bradley. Orig. desig.
Tricliofoenns Kieffer, 1910. Soc. Ent. de France, Ann. 79: 77.




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Type-species: Gasteniption merceti Kieffer. Orig. desig.
Dolkhofoenus Kieffer, 1910. Soc. Ent. de France, Ann. 79: 77.

Type-species: Foejius raphidioides Westwood. Orig. desig.
Gastrhyptium Schulz, 1911. Zool. Ann. 4: 55. Emend.
Phitofoenus Kieffer, 1911. Soc. Ent. de France, Ann. 80: 177.

Type-species: Ganteruption paraguayense Schrottky. Monotypic and orig. desig.

This is a very large genus which is nearly worldwide in distribution. Crosskey (1962) was una-
ble to find satisfactory means for distinguishing more than one genus for the 400 plus species
now included in Gasteruption.

Taxonomy: Schletterer, 1890. Wien. Mus. der Naturgesch., Ann. 4: 375. —Crosskey, 1962.
Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 114: 394-398.
amputatutn Townes. Colo., Ariz.

Gasteruption aniputatinn Townes, 1950. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 100: 128. ♂, ♀.
assectator (Linnaeus). N. S. w. to Alaska, s. to w. N. C, n.e. Kans., Ariz., and n. Calif.; Eurasia.

Host: Hylaeiis ellipticuH (Kby.), Megacliile rotundata (F.). Additional hosts are known

from Europe.
IchneuiHon asNectator Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 566. ♀.
Ichneumon annularis Geoffroy, 1785. In Fourcroy, Ent. Parisiensis, v. 2, p. 398. Sex not

indicated.
Ichneumon affectatoiH) de Villers, 1789. C. Linnaei Ent., v. 3, p. 174.
Foot UN montanus Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 3: 132. ♀.
Foenux incertus Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 3: 133. ♂, ♀.
Feonus(l) Area Couper, 1870. Canad. Ent. 2: 110. ♀. N. syn.
FoenuH fu)ttipe)tni.'i Thomson, 1883. Opusc. Ent. 9: 848. ♀.
Foenus bidentulus Thomson, 1883. Opusc. Ent. 9: 848. 9. Apparently no syntype from

Gotland (=Gottland) could be found, and Hedqvist (1973) based his synonymy on a

female from Norway which he incorrectly referred to as the lectotype.
Foenuti borealin Thomson, 1883. Opusc. Ent. 9: 849. ♂, ♀.
Foenus nig fit arsis Thomson, 1883. Opusc. Ent. 9: 849. ♂, ♀.
Gasteruption assectator var. nitidulum Schletterer, 1885. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 35:

276. ♂, ♀.
Gasteruption inicrura Kieffer, 1904. Arkiv for Zool. 4: 556. ♀. N. syn.
Gasteruption micrura var. nigripectus Kieffer, 1904. Arkiv for Zool. 4: 556. ♀. N. syn.
Gasteruption Necadense Kieffer, 1904. Invertebrata Pacifica 1: 41. ♂, ♀.
Gasteruption Bakeri Kieffer, 1910. Soc. Ent. de France, Ann. 79: 75. ♀. N. syn.
Trichofoenus canadensis Kieffer, 1910. Soc. Ent. de France, Ann. 79: 77. ♀. N. syn.
Gasteruption Bakeri var. aberrans Strand, 1912. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 76A (6): 27. 6, 9. N.

syn.
Foenus arcus Bradley, 1908. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 34: 117. Emend.
Trichofoenus micrurus(l) Bradley, 1928. In Leonard, Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta., Mem.

101:" 961.
Trichofoenus breuiterebrae Watanabe, 1934. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc, Trans. 13: 285. ♂, ♀.
Trichofoenus micrurus Hedicke, 1939. Cat. Hym., pt. 11, p. 43. Emend.
Gasteruption assectator utahensis Townes, 1950. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 100: 126. 6, 9. N.

syn.

Taxonomy: Roman, 1932. Ent. Tidskr. 53: 3 (notes on type of assectator). — Pasteels, 1956.
Mus. du Congo Beige, Ann. Zool. 50: 10 (syn.). -Hedqvist, 1973. Ent. Tidskr. 94: 181-182
(types of Thomson names).

Biology: Hoeppner, 1904. Allg. Zeit. f. Ent. 9: 97-103.
barnstoni barnstoni (Westwood). N. S. w. to Alaska, s. to n.e. W. Va., central Ohio, n. III., s.
Man., and s. Alta.
Foenus Barnstoni Westwood, 1851. Ent. Soc London, Trans. (2) 1: 220. ♀.
Gasteruption pensile Schletterer, 1890. Wien. Mus. der Naturgesch., Ann. 4: 483. ♀.
Ga.iteruption barn.stonii Dalla Torre, 1902. Cat. Hym., v. 3, p. 1065. Emend.
Foenus cressoni Bradley, 1908. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 34: 113. ♂, ♀.
Gasteruption Klagesi Kieffer, 1910. Soc. Ent. de France, Ann. 95: 75. ♂.




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barnstoni perplexum (Cresson). Southern Sask. w. to s.w. Alta. and n.w. B. C, s. to N. Mex.,
Ariz., and n. Calif. Future collecting may show that the region of overlap between b.
perplexum and the nominate form is too broad for them to be meaningfully treated as
subspecies.
Foeniis perplexux Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 3: 131. ♀.
FoenuH fragiliH Bradley, 1908. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 34: HI. 9.
Ga.steruptiou alticola Kieffer, 1910. Soc. Ent. de France, Ann. 79: 76. ♀.
enode (Townes), n. comb. Ariz., s.e. Calif.

RhydinofoeuuN enoiUn Townes, 1950. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 100: 140. ♀.
floridanum bradleyi (Townes), n. comb. Southern Me. w. to s. Wis. and n.e. Kans., s. to w. N.
C, n. Miss., and s. Tex. Two host records were given by Walkley (1967), but 1 find no
specimens of/, bradleyi bearing host records in the U. S. Natl. Museum collection, and I
have reason to doubt the accuracy of the identification of the parasites.
Rhydinofoenusflorkhuius bradleyi Townes, 1950. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 100: 139. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Walkley, 1967. In Krombein et al., U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2, sup. 2, p. 285.
floridanum floridanum (Bradley). Northeastern N. C, s. Ga., Fla.; Cuba.

Foenus floridanus Bradley, 1908. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 34: 112. ♂, ♀.
kaweahense (Bradley). Southern La., s.e. Tex., central and s. Calif.; Mexico? Host: Ceratina

pacifica (Smith). A specimen in the U. S. Natl. Museum collection is labeled "San Rafael
Jicoitepec, collection Ashmead"; in the gasteruptiid revision of Townes (1950) that
locality is cited as being in Mexico, but no place by that name exists in Mexico, and
"Jicoitepec" is possibly a mispelling for Jilotepec
Rhydiuofoenus kawealieHsii< Bradley, 1909. Deut. Ent. Ztschr. (for 1909), p. 39. ♀.

Biology: Daly, Stage, and Brown, 1967. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 60: 1279.
kirbii kirbii (Westwood). N. S., P. E. I., N. B., Que., N. Y., Ont., "Hudson Bay," Mich., Wis.,
Sask., s. B. C. Host: Htftaeus ))iodesfiis Say.

Foenufi Kirbii Westwood, 1851. Ent. Soc London, Trans. (2) 1: 219. ♀.

Gateruption kirbyiV.) Dalla Torre, 1902. Cat. Hym., v. 3, p. 1068.

GasteniptioH kirbyi Hedicke, 1939. Cat. Hym., pt. 11, p. 32. Emend.
kirbii russeum Townes. Colo., n.w. Wyo., n. Idaho, s. B. C, w. Wash., Oreg., n. Calif. Host:
HoplituN saiiibuci Titus, Megachile rotundata (F.).

Gateruption kirbii russeus Townes, 1950. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 100: 123. ♂, ♀.
nevadae (Bradley). Southern N. Mex., w. Nev., n. and s. Calif.

Foenus nevadae Bradley, 1908. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 34: 114. ♀.
occidentale (Cresson). Northwestern Mont. w. to s. B. C, s. to Ariz, and s. Calif.

Foenus occidentalis Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc Phila., Proc. 3: 131. ♀.

Gasteniption egregiiim Schletterer, 1890. Wien. Mus. der Naturgesch., Ann. 4: 486. ♀.
pattersonae Melander and Brues, restored comb. Southern Idaho, n. Utah, central Wash. s. to
s. Calif. Host: Diautliidiuni curvatum sayi Ckll.

Ga.'iteruption pattersonae Melander and Brues, 1902. Biol. Bui. 3: 35. ♀.

Gasteruptioii pyrrhosternuni Kieffer, 1904. Invertebrata Pacifica 1: 41. ♀.

Gasteniption rubrofasciatuni Kieffer, 1904. Invertebrata Pacifica 1: 42. ♂.
septentrionale Schletterer, restored comb. Western Colo., s.w. Alta., n. Ariz., s. B. C, s.e. Oreg.

Gasteniption septentrionale Schletterer, 1890. Wien. Mus. der Naturgesch., Ann. 4: 480. ♀.
striatum (Townes), n. comb. Northern Idaho w. to s.w. B. C, s. to w. Nev. and s. Calif.

Rhydinofoenus striatus Townes, 1950. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 100: 132. ♂.
tarsatorium solare (Townes), n. comb. Northeastern Kans., s. Ariz.

Rliydiiiofoeiins tarsatorius Solaris Townes, 1950. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 100: 137. ♂, ♀.
tarsatorium tarsatorium (Say). Que. s. to e. S. C, w. to Iowa and Mo. Rau (1922, 1928)

published two host records; there is one specimen of this subspecies in the U. S. Natl.
Mus. collection bearing only Rau no. 4439, so one of the host records is possibly correct.

Foenus tarsatorius Say, 1824. In Keating, Narr. Long's Exped., v. 2, p. 321. ♀.

Gasteruption intricatuni Kieffer, 1904. Arkiv for Zool. 1: 556. ♀.

Biology: Rau, 1922; 1928. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24: 43; 25: 404.




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turbinatum (Townes), n. comb. Southeastern Ariz. This species is known from the Pinaleno
and Chiricahua Mts.
Rhijdinofoenm turbinatiis Townes, 1950. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 100: 138. ♂, ♀.
visaliae (Bradley). Southern Tex., s. Ariz., n.w. Oreg. s. to s. Calif.; n.w. Mexico. Host: Hylaeus
cressoni Ckll.
Foeuus vhuliae Bradley, 1909. Deut. Ent. Ztschr. (for 1909), p. 40. ♀.




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