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Superfamily BETHYLOIDEA
Family CHRYSIDIDAE

The cuckoo or ruby-tailed wasps constitute one of the most attractive families of Hymenop-
tera because of their brilliantly metallic coloration. Almost all of our species are either purple,
blue or green, but many Palaearctic species are marked also with golden or ruby in specific pat-
terns.

The behavior and life history also make this a very fascinating group. All species are parasitic,
and, as one common name implies, many of them exhibit behavior in the host nests similar to
that of cuckoos in the nests of their bird hosts. Members of the small subfamilies Cleptinae and
Amiseginae parasitize, respectively, the resting larvae of sawflies in their cocoons and eggs of
walking sticks. Almost all species belonging to the Elampinae, Chrysididinae and Parnopinae
have as their hosts solitary wasps or bees which nest in the ground or in cavities in wood or
which build mud cells; one exotic species of Chrysis L. is known to parasitize the resting larva of
the oriental moth in its cocoon. The parasite egg is deposited in the host cell while it is being
provisioned by the mother wasp or bee. In most species the newly hatched chrysidid larva
devours the host egg or young larva and then feeds on the provisions stored for the host. How-
ever, in species of Chrysura Dahlb. the parasite larva attaches to the host larva, sucks only a
small amount of body fluids, and does not devour the host larva until the latter attains full
growth and spins its cocoon. Eggs of Pamopes Latr. and Chrysis pellucidula Aar. are deposited
in the host nest while the host wasp is provisioning; these parasite larvae also devour the rest-
ing host larva in its cocoon. The female of Chrysis fuscipennis Br. chews a hole in the host mud
cell, oviposits therein, and the parasite larva develops on the resting larva of the host.

The arrangement of genera in the Chrysididinae and division into Species Groups in Chrysis
Linnaeus are by R. M. Bohart who also contributed new synonymy and distribution in both the
Chrysididinae and Elampinae.

Subfamily CLEPTINAE

So far as is known, members of this subfamily are parasitic on resting larvae of sawflies in
their cocoons.

Revision: Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 209-248 (No. Amer. spp.). — Mocsary, 1889.
Monog. Chrysid., 643 pp. (spp. of world). —Ashmead, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 221-231 (gen.).
— Bischoff, 1913. Gen. Ins., Fasc. 151, 86 pp., 5 pis. — Linsenmaier, 1959. Schweiz. Ent.
Ges., Mitt. 32: 1-232, 711 figs. (European spp.).

Biology: Krombein, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 141-168, 2 pis. (spp. of coastal N. C).
— Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 437-475, figs. 87, 88, 128-134 (life
history of spp. attacking wasps and bees nesting in borings in wood.).




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Genus CLEPTES Latrcillc
Genus CLEPTES Subgenus CLEPTES Latreille

Cleptes Latreille, 1802. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 3: 316.

Type-species: Sphex semiaurata Linnaeus. Monotypic.

Cleptes semiauratus (Linnaeus)
New Jersey (Metuchen); Europe. Adventive from Europe. Host:
Pristiphora sp., Nematus spp., Pachynematus spp. in Europe.
Sphex semiaurata Linnaeus, 1761. Fauna Suec, Ed. 2, p. 413. ♂.

Biology: Gauss, 1964. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 54: 225-232, figs. 1-4 (life history, European
hosts).

Genus CLEPTES Subgenus LEIOCLEPTES Moczar

Cleptes subg. Leiocleptes Moczar, 1962. Acta. ZooL, Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 8: 118.
Type-species: Cleptes nitidulus Fabr. Orig. desig.

Cleptes alienus Patton
Mont., Wye.

Cleptes aliena Patton, 1879. Canad. Ent. 11: 66. ♀.

Cleptes blaisdelli Bridwell
Calif.

Cleptes blaisdelli Bridwell, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4: 37. ♂.

Cleptes insperatus Aaron
Mont.

Cleptes insperata Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 212. ♀.

Genus CLEPTES Subgenus MELANOCLEPTES Moczar

Cleptes subg. Melanocleptes Moczar, 1962. Acta ZooL, Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 8: 121.
Type-species: Cleptes morawitzi Rad. Orig. desig.

Cleptes provancheri Aaron
Canada, "Wash. Ter.", Idaho, Colo. Host: Neodiprion sp. near scutellatus
Rohw.
Cleptes americana Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 304. ♀. Preocc.
Cleptes Provancheri Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 212. N. name.

Biology: Smith, 1962. Pan-Pacific Ent. 38: 189.

Cleptes purpuratus Cresson
Wash., Oreg., Calif., Colo., Nev. Host: Neodiprion sp. in fulviceps
complex, N. sp.
Cleptes piirpurata Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: Proc, p. x. 9.
Cleptes Americana Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: Proc, p. x. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Dahlsten, 1961. Canad. Ent. 93: 192-193. — Dahlsten, 1967. Ecology 48: 287.

Cleptes speciosus Aaron
Mont.

Cleptes speciosa Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 212. ♀.

Subfamily AMISEGINAE

Members of this subfamily are parasitic in the eggs of walking sticks.

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 82: 147-215, 4 pis. (generic
reclassification of world fauna).

Genus MESITIOPTERUS Ashmead

Mesitioptenis Ashmead, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 231.

Type-species: Mesitioptenis Kahlii Ashmead. Orig. desig.

Mesitiopterus floridensis Krombein
Fla. (Gainesville).

Mesitioptenis floridensis Krombein, 1960. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 86: 28, fig. 6.

Mesitiopterus kahlii Ashmead
N. Y. south to N. C, Wis., Minn., Kans., Ariz. Host: Diapheroinera femorata
Say, eggs.

Mesitioptenis Kahlii Ashmead, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 231. ♂.

Biology: Milliron, 1950. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 52: 47.




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Genus MICROSEGA Krombein

Microsega Krombein, 1960. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 86: 31.
Type-species: Microsega bella Krombein. Orig. desig.

Microsega bella Krombein
Te.x., Okla.

Microsega bella Krombein, 1960. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 86: 32, figs. 1, 2, 5. 2.

Genus ADELPHE Mocsary

Adelphe Mocsary, 1890. Termes. Fuzetek 13: 46.

Type-species: Adelphe mexicana Mocsary. Monotypic.
Pseudepyris Ducke, 1902. Ztschr. Hym. Dipt. 2: 204.

Type-species: Pseudepyris paradoxa Ducke. Monotypic.
Adelpha Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hym., p. 153. Proposed unnecessarily for Adelphe Mocsary.

Preocc.
Parachrysis Kieffer, 1910. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 78: 287. Preocc.

Type-species: Parachrysis metallica Kieffer. Monotypic.

Adelphe anisomorphae Krombein
Ga., Fla., La. Host: Anisomorpha femiginea (Beauv.), eggs.
Adelphe anisomorphae Krombein, 1960. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 86: 35, fig. 3. ♂, ♀.

Subfamily ELAMPINAE

These predominantly small wasps are parasites of soUtarj' ground- and wood-nesting wasps
and bees.

Genus OMALUS Panzer

Most of these species parasitize twig-nesting wasps although one has been reared from a
ground-nesting species. Authenticated host records all pertain to aphid-storing pemphredonine
wasps. European records of other wasps and bees as hosts of Omalus are probably erroneous
and based on mixed nests where supersedure by or of the pemphredonine had occurred.

Revision: Bohart and Campos, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 235-250, 30 figs.
Genus OMALUS Subgenus OMALUS Panzer

Omalus Panzer, 1801. Faunae Ins. German. H. 85, no. 13.
Type-species: Chrysis aenea Fabricius. Monotypic.
Hoinalus Saunders, 1873. Ent. Soc. London, Trans, p. 411. Emend.
Ellayiipus subg. Dictenulus Semenov, 1932. Soc Ent. Ross., Hor. 42: 6.

Type-species: Ellampus (Dictenulus) specularis Semenov. Orig. desig.

Omalus aeneus (Fabricius)
Canada and U. S. south to Ga., N. Mex. and Ariz., chiefly in Canadian and
Transition Zones, occasionally Upper Austral; Europe. Host: Passaloecus cuspidatus
Sm.; P. sp.; Pemphredon sp. Predator: Philanthus pulcher D. T.
Chrysis aeneus Fabricius, 1787. Mant. Ins. 1: 284.
Omalus laeviventris Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 303. ♀.
Elampus cyaiiescens Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 303. 2.
Otnalus diversus Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 213. ♀.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 97 (host record). —Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, p. 442 (life history). —Evans, 1973. Great Basin Nat. 33: 155
(host).

Omalus butleri Bohart and Campos
Ariz., N. Mex., Utah, Colo., B. C, Ind., N. Y.

Oynalus (Omalus) butleri Bohart and Campos, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 240, figs. 6,
17. 5, 6.

Omalus glomeratus (du Buysson)
Calif, to Wash., east to Idaho, Colo., N. Mex. Host: Stigmus i.
inordinatus Fox.
Ellampus glomeratus du Buysson, 1901. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 16: 98. ♂.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (host record).




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Omalus iridescens (Norton)
Throughout Canada andU. S., in Canadian, Transition and Austral Zones.

Host: Stigmus i. inordinatus Fox, S. americanus Pack., Psenulus trisulcus (Fox),

Passaloecus sp.
Elampus iridescens Norton, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 234. ♂.
Elampus marginatus Provancher. 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 304. ♀. Preocc.

Biology: Davidson, 1895. Psyche 7: 271 (host record). — Krombein, 1958. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Monog. 2, Sup. 1: 94. —Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 442-443 (life
history).

Genus OMALUS Subgenus PSEUDOMALUS Ashmead

Pseudomalus Ashmead, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 229.

Type-species: Onialus semicircularis Aaron. Monotypic.

Omalus auratus (Linnaeus)
N. Y. south to S. C, Ohio, Ind.; widely distributed in the Palearctic
Region. Undoubtedly adventive in U. S. Host: Pemphredon I. lethifer (Shuck.),
Passaloecus turionum Dahlb.; Perithous divinator (Rossi).
Sphex aurata Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 572.
Hedyckrum sinuosum Say, 1828. Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila. 1: 82. ♀.

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1959. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 54: 95-96.

Biology: Thomas, 1962. Ent. News 73: 217-218.

Omalus janus (Haldeman)
Canada and U. S. south to Calif., Ariz., N. C, chiefly in Canadian and
Transition Zones. Host: Pemphredon concolor Say, P. errans Roh.
Hedychrum janus Haldeman, 1844. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 1: 53. ♀.
Elampus coruscans Norton, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 234. ♀.
Omalus comiscans (!) Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 214.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 94 (host record).

Omalus purpuratus (Provancher)
Alaska, Canada and U. S. south to Calif., Ariz, and Ga. Host:
Stigmus americanus Pack., Pemphredon I. lethifer (Shuck.), P. harbecki Roh. ?,
Passaloecus cuspidatus Sm.
Elampus purpuratus Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 302. ♀.
Elaynpus purpurascens (!) Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 303.
Omalus {Pseudomalus) macswaini Bohart and Campos, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53:

244, fig. 22. d , 9 . N. syn. (W. R. M. Mason).

Biology: Krombein, 1960. Ent. News 71: 32-33 (host record). —Parker and Bohart. 1966.
Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 94 (host record). —Evans, 1973. Great Basin Nat. 33: 155 (host).

Omalus semicircularis Aaron
Colo., Nev.

Omalus se7nicircularis Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 215. ♂.

Omalus trilobatus Bohart and Campos
B. C. and Idaho south to Calif., Ariz, and Colo., in Canadian,
Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones. Host: Pemphredon giffardi (Roh.).

Omalus (Pseudomalus) trilobatus Bohart and Campos, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53:

245, figs. 4, 15,25,28. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 94 (host record).

Genus OMALUS Subgenus DIPLORRHOS Aaron

Diplorrhos Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 216.

Type-species: Diplorrhos plicatus Aaron. Monotypic.

Omalus cressoni (Aaron)
Oreg., Calif., Ariz., Colo., Utah, Mont., Nebr. Host: Diodontus occidentalis
Fox, Pemphredon giffardi (Roh.), Stigmus i. inordinatus Fox, Passaloecus cuspidatus
Sm.
Elampus cressoni Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 215. cJ, 9.

Biology: Powell, 1964. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 21: 172-173 (host record). —Parker and Bohart,
1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 94-95 (host record). —Evans, 1973. Great Basin Nat. 33: 155

(host).




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Omalus downeyi Bohart and Campos
Oreg., Calif., Nev., chiefly in Canadian Zone.

Omaius (Diplorrhos) downeyi Bohart and Campos, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 246,
figs. 5, 8. ♂, ♀.

Omalus granti Bohart and Campos
Calif., Ariz., N. Mex., Nev., Colo.

Omaius (Diplorrhos) granti Bohart and Campos, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 247, fig.
19. ♂, ♀.
intermedius (Aaron). Mont., Md. Host: Diodontus virginiayius (Roh.).
Notozus intermedius Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 218. ♂.

Biology: Krombein, 1963. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 65: 264 (host record).

Omalus krombeini Bohart and Campos
Ariz., southern Calif.

Omahis (Diplorrhos) krombeini Bohart and Campos, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 247,
figs. 3, 13. ♂, ♀.

Omalus plicatus (Aaron)
Alaska, Canada, western and northern U. S. south to Calif., N. Mex., Minn.,
Mich., N. Y.
Diplorrhos plicatus Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 216. ♂, ♀.

Omalus seminudus (Aaron)
Alaska, B. C. south to Calif., Idaho, Ont.

Notozus seminudus Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 218. ♂, ♀.

Omalus speculum (Say)
Wash., Oreg., Calif., Colo.

Hedychrum speculum Say, 1836. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 225. ♂.

Omalus telfordi Bohart and Campos
Tex. to southern Calif., Nev.

Omaius (Diplorrhos) telfordi Bohart and Campos, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 249, figs.
14,27. ♂, ♀.

Omalus variatus (Aaron)
Western N. Amer. in Canadian, Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones. Host:
Stigmus i. inordiyiatus Fox.
Elampus variatus Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 215. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (host record).

Genus NOTOZUS Foerster

Elampus Spinola, 1806. Insectorum Liguriae, v. 1, p. 10.

Type-species: Chrysis panzeri Fabricius. Desig. by Latreille, 1810.
Notozus Foerster, 1853. Naturh. Ver. Rheinlande, Verb. 10: 351.

Type-species: Notozus frivaldszkii Foerster. Desig. by Bodenstein, 1939 (=Chrysis
panzeri Fabricius).
Ellampus (!) Agassiz, 1846. Nomencl. ZooL, Index Univ., pp. 135, 136.

The few available host records indicate that species of this genus parasitize ground-nesting
sphecoid wasps.

Taxonomy: Huber, 1975. Bui. Zool. Nomencl. 32: 181-187 (petition to suppress Elampus

Spinola, 1806, and place Notozus Foerster, 1853, on Official List of Generic Names).

Notozus aaroni (Bodenstein)
n. comb. Man., Sask., Alta., Mont., Colo., Calif.

Notozus productus Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 219. ♀. Preocc.

Elampus aaroni Bodenstein, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2: 719. N. name.

Notozus connexus Viereck
Kans., Calif.

Notozus connexus Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 192.

Notozus hyalinus Aaron
N. C, Fla., Mich., 111., Minn., Iowa, Mo., S. Dak., Kans., Tex., Okla., Colo., N.
Mex., Mont., Nev., Utah, Ariz.

Notozus hyalinus Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 218. ♀.

Notozus marginatus Patton
Entire U. S. and Canada.

Notozus marginatus Patton, 1879. Canad. Ent. 11: 66.

Notozus nitidus Aaron
West and Southwest, east to Iowa., Man.; Mexico (Sonora).

Notozus nitidtis Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 218. ♂.

Notozus versicolor (Norton)
n. comb. Calif., Mont., Ariz., N. Mex., "Dakota," Kans., Man.; Mexico (Baja
California).

Elampus versicolor Norton, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 235. cj.




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Notozus viridicyaneus (Norton)
n. comb. Transcont. in Canad., Transit, and Austral Zones. Host:
Hoplisoides costalis (Cress.). Predator: Philantlms pulcher D. T.
Elanipus viridicyaneus Norton, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 235. ♀.
Elampus spinosiis Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 302. ♀.

Genus HOLOPYGA Dahlbom

Holopygo Dahlbom, 1845. Dispos. Method. Spec. Hym., pt. 2, p. 4.

Type-species: Holopyga amoenula Dahlbom. Desig. by Ashmead, 1902 (=Chrysis
gloriosa Fabricius).
Halopyga (!) Tournier, 1878. Schweiz. Ent. GeselL, Mitt. 5: 305.

Members of this genus are parasites of ground-nesting sphecid wasps.

Holopyga hora Aaron
Calif., Idaho, Nev., N. Mex., Colo., Wyo., Ariz., Mont., Kans., Tex.; Mexico (Baja
California, Oaxaca).
Holopyga horus Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 220. ♂, ♀.
Hedychrurn continuum Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 224. 6, 9. N. syn. (R. M.
Bohart).

Holopyga lazulina Dahlbom
111., Tex. south to Argentina.

Holopyga lazulina Dahlbom, 1854. Hym. Europaea, v. 2, p. 49.

Holopyga ventralis (Say)
Widely distributed throughout U. S., Canada and north. Mexico. Host: Bicyrtes
fodiens (Handl.), B. quadrifasciata (Say). Predator: Philaiithus pulcher D. T.
Hedychrurn ventrale Say, 1824. In Keating, Narr. Long's 2nd. Exped., v. 2, App., p. 330.
Hedychrurn asperum Brulle, 1846. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 4, p. 52. 9. N. syn. (R. M.

Bohart).
Holopyga Dohmi Dahlbom, 1854. Hym. Europaea, v. 2, p. 48.
Holopyga compacta Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 304.

Biology: Evans, 1966. Compar. ethology and evolution of sand wasps, pp. 160, 169 (hosts).

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99, no. 14, pp. 42-43, pi. 13 (male
genitalia).

Genus MUESEBECKIDIUM Krombein

Mueseheckidium Krombein, 1969. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 71: 352.
Type-species: Hedychrurn obsoletum Say. Orig. desig.

Muesebeckidium obsoletum (Say)
Widely distributed in North America in U. and L. Austr. Zones east of 100th
meridian.
Hedychrurn obsoleta Say, 1836. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 284. ? 9.
Hedychrurn zimmermanni Dahlbom, 1845. Dispos. Method. Spec. Hym., pt. 2, p. 2. ♂.

Muesebeckidium occidentale Krombein
N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico (Sonora, Durango).

Mueseheckidium occidentale Krombein, 1969. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 71: 357, fig. 13. ♂, ♀.

Genus PSEUDOLOPYGA Krombein

Pseudolopyga Krombein, 1969. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 71: 357.
Type-species: Holopyga taylori Bodenstein. Orig. desig.

Pseudolopyga taylori (Bodenstein)
Mo., N. Mex., Ariz., Nev., Idaho, Calif. Host: Solierella affinis blaisdelli
(Bridw.); S. peckhami (Ashm.).
Holopyga taylori Bodenstein, 1939. Ent. News 50: 19. ♂, ♀.

Hedychridium carrilloi Bohart and Brumley, 1967. Pan-Pacific Ent. 43: 232, figs. 1-4. ♂.
9.

Taxonomy: Carrillo and Caltagirone, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 677-679, figs. 8-11 (egg,
larvae, pupa, cocoon).

Biology: Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, p. 443 (host). —Carrillo and
Caltagirone, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 677-679, figs. 8-12 (life historvi




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Genus HEDYCHRIDIUM Abeille de Perrin

Hedychridium Abeille de Perrin, 1878. Diagn. Chrysid. Nouv., p. 3.

Type-species: Hedychrum minutum Lepeletier. Desig. by Ashmead, 1902
{=Chrysis ardens Coquebert).

Most species of Hedychridium parasitize ground-nesting wasps and bees, but one has been
recorded as parasitizing a twig-nesting sphecid wasp.

Hedychridium amabile Cockerell
Calif., Ariz., Nev., Utah, N. Mex.; Mexico (Baja California, Sonora).

Hedychridium amabile Cockerell, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 262.

Hedychridium caeruleum (Norton)
N. J., Ind., 111., Iowa, N. Dak., Mont.

Hedychrum caeruleum Norton, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 239. ♀.

Hedychridium cockerelli du Buysson
Colo., S. Dak.

Hedychridium cockerelli du Buysson, 1906. Rev. Ent. Caen 25: 111. ♂.

Hedychridium dimidiatum (Say)
Throughout U. S. and Canada; Mexico.

Hedychrum dimidiatum Say, 1824. In Keating, Narr. Long's 2nd Exped., v. 2, App., p. 330,

n. 2.
Chrysis Mexicana Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 1, p. 460. N. syn. (R. M.

Bohart).
Holopyga (Hedychridium) mexicana Mocsary, 1911. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 9: 448. ♂.
N. syn. (R. M. Bohart).

Hedychridium fletcheri Bodenstein
Western U. S. and Canada to Ind. and Sask., Ala., Fla. Host: Tachysphex
similis Roh. Predator: Philanthus pulcher D. T.
Hedychrum viride Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phil., Proc. 4: 306. Preocc.
Hedychridium fletcheri Bodenstein, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr. Monog., 2: 720. N. name.

Biology: Kurczewski, 1967. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 40: 278-284, 1 fig. (life history, behavior).

Hedychridium semirufum (Cockerell)
N. Mex., Ariz.

Holopyga semirufa Cockerell, 1896. Psyche (sup.) 7: 17. ♀.

Hedychridium solierellae Bohart and Brumley
Western U. S., B. C; Mexico (Baja California). Host:
Solierella affinis blaisdelli (Bridw.); S. peckhami (Ashm.).
Hedychridium solierellae Bohart and Brumley, 1967. Pan-Pacific Ent. 43: 234. cj, 9.

Taxonomy: Carrillo and Caltagirone, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 679-680, figs. 13-15 (egg,
larvae, pupa, cocoon).

Biology: Carrillo and Caltagirone, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 679-680, figs. 13-15 (life
history).

Genus HEDYCHRUM Latreille

Hedychrum Latreille, 1802. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., v. 3, p. 317.

Type-species: Hedychrum lucidulum Latreille. Monotypic (=Sphex nobile Scopoli).
Hedycrum (!) Say, 1825. In Keating, Narr. Long's 2nd Exped., v. 2, App., p. 65.

Wasps of this genus are parasitic on ground-nesting wasps and bees.

Hedychrum confusum du Buysson
U. S. and Canada west to N. Mex., Wyo., Sask. Host: Cerceris halone
Bks., C. architis Mick.

Hedychrum confusum du Buysson, 1891. Rev. Ent. Caen 10: 30. ♂, ♀.

Hedychrum nearcticum Mocsary, 1914. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 12: 11. 9. N. syn. (R. M.
Bohart).

Hedychrum cupricolle Cresson
Alta., Colo., Kans., Nebr., Minn.

Hedychrum cupricolle Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 305. ♀.

Hedychrum louisianiae Norton
N. C, Fla. west to N. Mex., Mo., Kans., Colo.; Mexico (Mexico).

Hedychrum Louisianiae Norton, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 238. ♂.

Hedychrum LouisianaeO.) Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 223. Emend.

Hedychrum nigropilosum Mocsary
Western U. S. and Canada to Wyo., Colo., Alta.

Hedychrum nigropilosum Mocsary, 1889. Monog. Chrysid., p. 162. ♂.

Hedychrum parvum Aaron
Transcontinental in U. S., Man., Alta., B. C, N. W. T.

Hedychrum violaceum var. parvuyn Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 223.




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Hedychridium polygoni Rohwer, 1909. Psyche 16: 87. 9. N. syn. (R. M. Bohart).

Hedychrum violaceum Brulle
Throughout U. S., Canada and northern Mexico.

Hedychnim violaceum Brulle, 1846. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 4, p. 51. ♂.

Hedychrum affinissimum Bischoff, 1910. Berlin Zool. Mus., Mitt. 4: 444. 9. N. syn. (R. M.
Bohart).

Hedychrum wiltii Cresson
Ark., Tex., Colo., Ariz.

Hedychnim Wiltii Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 305. ♂.

Subfamily CHRYSIDIDINAE

Members of this subfamUy have as hosts a wide variety of wasps and bees, including species
that nest in the ground, in cavities in wood, or that construct nests of mud.

Genus CHRYSIS Linnaeus

Genus CHRYSIS Subgenus CHRYSIS Linnaeus

Chrysis Linnaeus, 1761. Fauna Suecica, Ed. 2, p. 414.

Type-species: Sphex ignita Linnaeus. Desig. by Latreille, 1810.
Chrysis subg. Tetrachrysis Lichtenstein, 1876. Petites Nouv. Ent., v. 2, p. 27.

Type-species: Chrysis aeruginosa Dahlbom. Desig. by Ashmead, 1902 {=Chrysis
succincta Linnaeus).
Chrysis subg. Hexachrysis Lichtenstein, 1876. Petites Nouv. Ent, v. 2, p. 27.

Type-species: Chrysis micans Rossi. Desig. by Bodenstein, 1939 (=Chrysis
sexdentata Christ).
Chrysis subg. Actinochrysis Haupt, 1956. [Dresden] Mus. f. Tierkunde u. Voelkerk.,
Abhandl. u. Ber. 23: 74.

Type-species: Chrysis succincta Linnaeus. Orig. desig.
Chrysis subg. Cymatochrysis Haupt, 1956. [Dresden] Mus. f. Tierkunde u. Voelkerk.,
Abhandl. u. Ber. 23: 74.

Type-species: Chrysis viridula Linnaeus. Orig. desig.

Only the typical subgenus occurs in North America, but it has been divided into a number of
species groups.
Taxonomy: Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 361-375, 25 figs, (hexadentate species).

Species Group Dorsalis

Chrysis alfkenella du Buysson
Western U. S. to Nebr., Ark.

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) Alfkenella du Buysson, 1904. Rev. Ent. Caen 23: 266. ♂.

Chrysis dorsalis Aaron
Transcontinental in U. S. and Canada. Host: Photopsis sp.

Chrysis dorsalis Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 234. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Ferguson, 1962. Univ. Calif. Pubs. Ent. 27: 29 (host record).

Chrysis meta Aaron
Colo., Wyo., Mont., Alta.

Chrysis meta Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 234. ♂, ♀.

Chrysis montana Aaron
Ont. and Maine south to Fla., Tex., Mich., 111., Iowa, Mo., Kans., Nebr., Colo.,
Mont., Idaho, Utah,Calif.
Chrysis montana Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 234. ♀.
Chrysis hirsuta Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 235.
Bohart).
Chrysis {Tetrachrysis) aaroni Mocsary, 1889. Monog. Chrysid., p. 386.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) equidens Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 193. N. syn. (R.

M. Bohart).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) nana Mocsary, 1913. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 11: 33. ♂. N. syn.
(R. M. Bohart).

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 145-146, fig. 6 (equidens
redescription). —Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 375 (synonymy of hirsuta and 7iana).

Chrysis provancheri Schulz
Maine, Ont., Minn., S. Dak., N. Dak., Alta., N. W. T.
Chrysis aurichalcea Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 300. ♀. Preocc.




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Chrysis Provanchen Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hym., p. 154. N. name.

Chrysis scitula Cresson
Colo., Utah, Calif.

Chrysis scitula Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 308. ♀.

Chrysis Califomica Gribodo, 1879. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, Ann. 14: 336. ♀. N. syn.
(R. M. Bohart).

Chrysis tenuicornis Taylor
Oreg., Calif., Ariz., N. Mex.; Mexico (Baja California, Jalisco, Durango).

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) tenuicornis Taylor, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4)13: 327. ♀.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 373, figs. 3, 15.

Species Group Conica

Chrysis conica Brulle
D. C. to Fla., Ky., Tenn., Tex., Ariz.; Mexico. Host: Eumenes fratemus Say in
mud nests.
Chrysis conica Brulle, 1846. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 4, p. 32. ♂, ♀.
Chrysis peracuta Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 237. ♀.
Chrysis peregrina du Buysson, 1887. Rev. d'Ent. 6: 188. ♀.

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99, no. 14, pp. 42, 43, pi. 13, fig.
(male genitalia).

Species Group Derivata

Chrysis amala Rohwer
Mass., Iowa, Minn., Kans., Colo., N. Max., Utah, Nev., Mont., Wash.

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) amala Rohwer, 1909. Psyche 16: 91. ♀.

Chrysis antennalis Mocsary
Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; northern Mexico.

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) antennalis Mocsary, 1912. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 10: 564. ♂.

Chrysis barri Bohart
Idaho, Nev., Calif. Host: Parancistrocerus toltecus (Sauss.) nesting in twig
cavities.

Chrysis barri Bohart, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 79: 132. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 93 (host record).

Chrysis derivata du Buysson
Transcontinental in U. S. and southern Canada. Host: Ancistrocerus

catskill halophilus Vier.; Euodynerus foraminatus apopkensis (Robt.), E.f. scutellaris
(Sauss.); Symmorphus cristatus nevadensis (Cam.). Undoubtedly parasitizes a number
of other eumenid wasps nesting in cavities in twigs or borings in wood.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) derivata du Buysson, 1891. Rev. Ent. Caen 10: 38. ♂.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) decepta Rohwer, 1909. Psyche 16: 90. 9. N. syn. (R. M. Bohart).

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 92-94 (host record). — Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, p. 462 (life history).

Chrysis irwini Bohart
Calif., Oreg. Host: Eumenidae in twigs.

Chrysis irwini Bohart, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 79: 133. cJ, 9.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 98 (host record).

Chrysis pattoni Aaron
Transcontinental in U. S., Sask., B. C. Host: Ancistrocerus spilogaster Cam.;
Leptochilus washo Prkr.; Microdynerus bakerianus (Cam.). Hosts nest in cavities in
twigs.
Chrysis Pattoni Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 235. ♀.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 93 (host record). —Parker and
Bohart, 1968. Pan-Pacific Ent. 44: 2-3 (host records). —Parker, 1970. Pan-Pacific Ent. 46:
242 (host record).

Chrysis snowi Viereck
U. S. and Canada west of 100th meridian.

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) snowi Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 195.

Chrysis stenodyneri Krombein
Transcontinental in U. S., south to Panama. Host: Stenodynerus h.
histrionalis (Robt.), S. krombeini Boh., S. lineatifrons Boh.; Parancistrocerus histrio
(Lep.); Microdynerus bakerianus (Cam.).
Chrysis (Chrysis) stenodyneri Krombein, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 151, figs. 1, 2, 8.
9,6.




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Biology: Krombein, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 155-160 (life history). — Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 471-472 (life history). —Parker, 1970. Pan-Pacific Ent.
46: 242 (host record).

Species Group Smaragdula
Taxonomy: Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 362-363, figs. 16, 21-25 (group characters).

Chrysis arizonica Bohart
Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; northern Mexico. Host: Euodynerus guerrero (Sauss.);
Parancistrocerus toltecus (Sauss.). Hosts nest in borings in wood.
Chrysis arizonica Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 366, figs. 2, 10, 18, 19. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 455-456 (life history).

Chrysis bequaerti Bohart
D. C, Ga., Ark., Mo., Iowa, III, Ind., S. Dak. to Tex., N. Mex.

Chrysis bequaerti Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 366, figs. 7, 9, 20, 21, 25. cj, 9.

Chrysis clara Cresson
S. Dak., Colo., Wash.

Chrysis clara Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 313. ♀.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 367.

Chrysis inaequidens Dahlbom
Over most of U. S., N. Y. to Wash, and south into Mexico (Chihuahua,
Nuevo Leon, Baja California). Host: E uodynenis foraminatus apopkensis (Robt.), E.
foraminatus scutellaris (Sauss.), E. megaera (Lep.); Monobia quadridens (L.);
Pachodynerus erynnis (Lep.); Stenodynerus padviyiatus surrufus Krom.;
Parayicistrocerus salcidaris nifulus (Boh.). Undoubtedly parasitizes a number of other
eumenid wasps nesting in borings in wood or abandoned mud-dauber nests.
Chrysis inaequidens Dahlbom, 1854. Hym. Europaea, v. 2, p. 334. ♂.
Chrysis Texana Gribodo, 1879. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, Ann. 14: 829. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 368, fig. 14.

Biology: Krombein, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 161-163 (life history). —Moore and
Parker, 1962. Pan-Pacific Ent. 38: 14 (host record). —Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps
and bees, pp. 463-465 (life history).

Chrysis intricata
***authority mismatch
BruUe. Tex. (Brownsville); Mexico south to Brazil.

Chrysis intricata BruUe, 1846. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 4, p. 25. ♀.
Chrysis smidti Dahlbom, 1845. Hym. Europaea v. 2, p. 317. ♀.
Chrysis cognata Gribodo, 1879. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, Ann. 14: 328. ♀.
Chrysis proxima Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.- Amer., Hym. v. 1, p. 465. ♀.
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) schulthessi Mocsary, 1889. Monog. Chrysid., p. 572. ♂.
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) aenescens Mocsary, 1889. Monog. Chrysid., p. 577. ♀.
Chrysis aperta du Buysson, 1898 (1897). Ann. Soc. Ent., France 66: 559. ♂.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 368, fig. 16.

Chrysis oraria Bohart
Ariz., N. Mex., Tex.

Chrysis oraria Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 370.

Chrysis praestans du Buysson
Ky., Colo, to Tex., west to Wash, and Calif., B. C, Alta., Man.; West
Indies (Grenada).
Chrysis praestans du Buysson, 1898. Rev. Ent. Caen 17: 144. ♀.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 370, fig. 8.

Chrysis serrata Taylor
U. S. west of 100th meridian, B. C.

Chrysis (Hexachrysis) serrata Taylor, 1924. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4)13: 329. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1962. Acta. Hym. 1: 371, fig. 12.

Chrysis smaragdula Fabricius
N. J. to Fla., Ky., Mo., La., N. Mex., Ariz., Utah. Host: Monobia
quadridens Fabr. Hosts nest in borings in wood.
Chrysis smaragdula Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 357.
Chrysis pensylvanica Lepeletier, 1846. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 4, p. 24. ♀.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 371, fig. 13.

Biology: Krombein, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 163 (life history). —Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 469-471 (life history).




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Chrysis wasbaueri Bohart
Generally distributed over U. S., Mass. to Wash., south to Mexico
(Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Durango).
Chrysis wasbaueri Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 372, figs. 11, 22, 23, 24. ♂, ♀.

Species Group Lauta

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 223-228, figs. 3, 6, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25 (group
characters and descriptions of all species except tripartita Aar.).

Chrysis coloradica Bohart
Oreg., Calif., Nev., Idaho, Wyo., Colo., Utah, Ariz. Host: Anthidium
collectum Huard, in ground nests.
Chrysis pidcherrima Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 311. ♂. Preocc.
Chrysis coloradica Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 224. N. name.

Biology: Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 225 (host record).

Chrysis florissanticola Rohwer
Alaska, Yukon, Alta., Wash., Calif., Utah, Wyo., Colo. Host:
Anthidiuvi banningejise Ckll.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) florissanticola Rohwer, 1909. Psyche 16: 88. ♂.
Chrysis florissantensis (!) Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 363.

Biology: Grigarick and Stange, 1968. Calif. Insect Survey, Bui. 9: 15 (host record).

Chrysis lauta Cresson
N. C, Ga., Miss., Tex., Kans., Nebr., Cole, N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico (Morelos,
Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, Oaxaca.) Host: Anthidium porterae Ckll.
Chrysis lauta Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 310 9.
Chrysis prasiyius Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 310. ♀. Preocc.
Chrysis chlorophana Mocsary, 1887. Termes. Fuzetek 11: 16. N. name.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) clypeata Mocsary, 1889. Monog. Chrysid., p. 393. ♂.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) falsifica du Buysson, 1891. Rev. Ent. Caen 10: 38. N. name.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 224 (synonymy).

Biology: Custer, 1928. Ent. News 39: 123-134.

Chrysis tripartita Aaron
Ga., Mo., Kans., Colo., Tex. west to Calif.; northern Mexico. Host: Anthidium
collectum Huard; A. maculosum Cr. Hosts nest in ground or in twig cavities.
Chrysis tripartita Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 238. ♀.

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) indeterminabilis Bischoff, 1910. Berlin Zool. Mus., Mitt. 4: 476. ♀.
N. syn. (R. M. Bohart).

Biology: Grigarick and Stange, 1968. Calif. Insect Survey, Bui. 9:19 (host record). —Horning,
1971. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 73: 43 (host record).

Chrysis tularensis Bohart
Calif. (Tulare Co.).

Chrysis tularensis Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 373, figs. 4, 6. ♂, ♀.

Chrysis vagabunda Bohart
Calif., Oreg., Wash., Idaho, Nev., Utah, Ariz. Host: Anthidixim collectum
Huard.
Chrysis vagabunda Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 225, figs. 24, 25. ♂, ♀.

Chrysis xerophila Bohart
Calif.

Chrysis xerophila Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 226, figs. 3, 20, 21. ♂, ♀.

Species Group Nisseri

Chrysis nisseri Dahlbom
N. J. to Fla., Mo., Ark., Tex.; Mexico, Central and South America.
Chrysis nisseri Dahlbom, 1845. Dispos. Method. Spec. Hym., pt. 2, p. 14. ♀.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) propinqua Mocsary, 1889. Monog. Chrysid., p. 343. 6, 9. N. syn. (R.

M. Bohart).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) laminifera Bischoff, 1910. Berlin Zool. Mus., Mitt. 4: 460. ♀. N. syn.

(R. M. Bohart).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) chiriquensis Bischoff, 1910. Berlin Zool. Mus., Mitt. 4: 461. 9. N.

syn. (R. M. Bohart).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) palifera Bischoff, 1910. Berlin Zool. Mus., Mitt. 4: 461. ♂. N. syn.

(R. M. Bohart).

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 149, fig. 3.




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Species Group Fuscipennis

Chrysis fuscipennis Brulle
D. C, Md., Va., Ky., Calif.; Hawaii; Palaearctic, Oriental, Australian.

Probably adventive from Hawaii. Host: Scelipln-on caeinentarium (Dru.) in U. S.;

Eumenes conica (F.) in India, Scelipliron spp. in Japan. Hosts are resting mature larvae

of mud-daubers.
Chrysis fuscipeimis Brulle, 1846. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 4, p. 38. ♀.
Chrysis erratica Abeille de Perrin, 1887. In Buysson, Rev. d'Ent. 6: 189. ♂, ♀.
Chrysis pulchellus Cameron, 1888. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc, Mem. and Proc. 26: 126.

Preocc.

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1956. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 58: 275.

Biology: Stage, 1960. Pan-Pacific Ent. 36: 191-195, 1 pi. (life history).

Species Group Venusta

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 233-235, figs. 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 (group
characters and descriptions of all species except venusta Cr.).

Chrysis astralia Bohart
Oreg., Calif., Nev., Utah, Ariz., N. Mex.; Mexico (Baja California, Sonera,
Zacatecas, Morelos, Jalisco).
Chrysis astralia Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 233, figs. 8, 13. ♂, ♀.

Chrysis venusta Cresson
Kans., Colo., Tex., N. Mex., Calif.

Chrysis venusta Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 311. ♂.

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) frey-gessneri Gribodo, 1879. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, Ann. 14:
333. 9. N. syn. (R. M. Bohart).

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 232, fig. 10 (male genitalia).

Chrysis venustella Bohart
Wash., Oreg., Calif., Nev., Idaho, Wyo.

Chrysis venustella Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 235, figs. 9, 12. ♂, ♀.

Species Group Propria

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 228-233, figs. 1, 2, 5, 7, 11, 17 (group

characters and descriptions of new species only).

Chrysis aridula Bohart
Ariz., southern Calif.

Chrysis aridula Bohart, 1962. Acta Hym. 1: 364, figs. 1, 5, 17. (5, 9.

Chrysis crotema Bohart
N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Zacatecas).

Chrysis crote7na Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 228, figs. 5, 18, 19. ♂, ♀.

Chrysis prolata Bohart
Kans., Iowa, III, Wis.

Chrysis prolata Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 229. ♀.

Chrysis propria Aaron
Transcontinental in U. S., Alta., B. C; Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango).

Chrysis propria Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 238. ♂, ♀.

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) kahli Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 194. ♂.

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) pattonella Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 194. ♂.

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1957. Ent. News 68: 191.

Chrysis rivalis Bohart
Calif., Oreg., Wash., Idaho, Mont., Wyo., Utah, Colo., Nev.

Chrysis rivalis Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 229, figs. 4, 22, 23. ♂, ♀.

Chrysis submontana Rohwer
N. Mex., Colo., Utah, Wash., Oreg., Calif.

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) submontana Rohwer, 1909. Psyche 16: 91.

Chrysis tensa Bohart
Calif., Utah, Ariz., N. Mex., Tex., Kans., Nebr.; Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua).

Chrysis tensa Bohart, 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc 77: 230, figs. 2, 14, 15.

Chrysis vibex Bohart
Calif., Ariz., N. Mex., Tex., Okla., Kans.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon,
Jalisco).

Chrysis vibex Bohart 1964. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 77: 231, figs. 1, 7, 11, 16. ♂, ♀.

Species Group Coerulans

Taxonomy: Moore, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 1125-1131, 9 figs, (group characters,
synonymy and description of both sexes of included species).

Chrysis canadensis du Buysson
Transcontinental in U. S. and Canada; Mexico (Guerrero).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) canadeyisis du Buysson, 1891. Rev. Ent. Caen 10: 37. ♀.



1232 Hymenopterain America North of Mexico

Chrysis (Tetmchrysis) altivola7is Mocsary, 1914. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 12: 53. 6. N.

syn. (R. M. Bohart).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) coerulans var. nanula Rohwer, 1909. Psyche 16: 88. 9. N. syn (R.

M. Bohart).

Chrysis cembricola Krombein
Transcontinental in U. S. and Canada. Host: Symniorphus canadensis

(Sauss.). Hosts nest in borings in wood.
Chrysis (Chrysis) cembricola Krombein, 1958. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 60: 53, fig. 1. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Krombein, 1958. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 60: 57-58 (life history). —Krombein, 1967.

Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 456-457 (life history).

Chrysis coerulans Fabricius
Widely distributed in southern Canada and U. S. Host: Ancistrocerus a.
antilope (Panz.); A. c. catskill (Sauss.); A. c. albophaleratus (Sauss.); A. spilogaster
Cam.; A. a. adiabatus (Sauss.); A. a. cytainus (Cam.); A. tuberculocephahis sutterianus
(Sauss.); Euodyiierus foraminatus apopkensis (Robt.); E . f. foraminatus (Sauss.); E.f.
scutellaris (Sauss.); E. leucomelas (Sauss.); E. megaera (Lep.); Parancistrocerus
acarophorus (Boh.); P. salcularis rufulus (Boh.); Symmorphus albomarginatus (Sauss.);
S. c. cristatus (Sauss.); Hoplitis anthocopoides (Schenk). Parasite: Melittobia chalybii
Ashm. Hosts nest in cavities in twigs, borings in wood, and in old mud-dauber nests.

Chrysis coendans Fabricius, 1805. Systema Piezatorum, p. 172. ♀.

Chrysis Servillei Brulle, 1846. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 4, p. 37. N. syn. (R. M. Bohart).

Chrysis bella Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 312. ♀.

Chrysis Nortoni Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 237. 6, 9. N. syn. (R. M.
Bohart).

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) conserta du Buysson, 1891. Rev. Ent. Caen 10: 37. ♀.

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) praticola Mocsary, 1914. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 12: 50. 3, 9. N.
syn. (R. M. Bohart).

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) sejuncta Mocsary, 1914. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 12: 51. 9. N.
syn. (R. M. Bohart).

Biology: Walsh, 1869. Amer. Ent. 1: 135 (host record, erroneous). — Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 7:
79 (host record, erroneous). —Parker, 1962. Pan-Pacific Ent. 38: 140 (host record).
— Medler, 1964. Ent. News 75: 26-27 (host record). — Medler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc.
66: 209-215 (life history). —Medler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57: 59 (host record).
—Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 93 (host records). —Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 457-462 (life history). — Eickwort, 1973. Search, Agr. 3:
24 (host). —Evans, 1973. Great Basin Nat. 33: 152 (host).

Chrysis inflata Aaron
Tex., Colo, and N. Mex. west to Calif, and Oreg., Idaho, B. C; Mexico. Host:

Ancistrocerus durangoensis Cam.; A. Ii7ieativentris Cam.; A. tuberculocephalus

sutterianus (Sauss.); A. t. tuberculocephalus (Sauss.); Euodynerus guerrero (Sauss.).

Hosts nest in cavities in twigs and in borings in wood.
Chrysis inflata Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 237. ♂, ♀.
Chrysis Dugesi du Buysson, 1898 (1897). Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 66: 532, pi. 18, fig. 7. 9. N.

syn. (R. M. Bohart).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) nokomis Rohwer, 1909. Psyche 16: 89. 6, 9. N. syn. (R. M. Bohart).

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 93 (host record). —Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 465-466 (life history).

Chrysis nitidula Fabricius
Transcontinental in U. S. and Canada. Host: Ancistrocerus a. antilope

(Panz.); A. c. catskill (Sauss.); A. c. albophaleratus (Sauss.); A. a. adiabatus (Sauss.);

Euodynerus f. foraminatus (Sauss.); E. schwarzi (Krom.); Symmorphus c. cristatus

(Sauss.). Hosts nest in cavities in stems, borings in wood, and abandoned mud cells of

mining bees.
Chrysis nitidula Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 359.
Chrysis cyanea Villers, 1789. Caroli Linnaei Ent., v. 3, p. 257.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) cessata du Buysson, 1891. Rev. Ent. Caen 10: 36.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) chalcopyga Mocsary, 1914. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 12: 48. ♀.

Biology: Harrington, 1896. Canad. Ent. 28: 79 (host record). — Hobbs, Nummi and Virostek,
1961. Canad. Ent. 93: 147 (host record). —Medler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57: 59 (host



Superfamily BETHYLOIDEA 1233

record). -Medler, 1964. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 66: 209-215 (life history). -Krombein, 1967.

Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 466-468 (life history).

Chrysis parkeri Moore
Que., Alta., B. C, Mont., Idaho, Utah, Nev., Oreg., Calif. Host: Euodynems

foraminatus scutellaris (Sauss.); Leptochilus rufinodus (Cr.); Microdynents bakerianus
(Cam.); Parancistrocerus acarigaster (Boh.). Hosts nest in cavities in twigs and in
abandoned mud-dauber nests.

Chrysis parkeri Moore, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 1130, fig. 8. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 93 (host records). —Parker, 1970.
Pan-Pacific Ent. 46: 242 (host record).

Chrysis pellucidula Aaron
Transcontinental in U. S. and southern Canada. Host: Trypargilum

collinum nibrocinctum (Pack.), T. t. tridentatum (Pack.). Hosts nest in cavities in twigs
and in borings in wood.
Chrysis pellucidula Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 235. ♀.

Biology: Hicks, 1934. Univ. Colo. Studies 21: 267 (host record). —Parker and Bohart, 1966.
Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (host record). —Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, p.
473 (life history). —Medler, 1967. Amer. Midland Nat. 78: 351 (host record).

Chrysis remissa Mocsary
Pa., Va., Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico (Zacatecas, Veracruz).

Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) remissa Mocsary, 1914. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 12: 52. ♀.

Genus CHRYSIS Subgenus PRAESTOCHRYSIS Linsenmaier

Chrysis subg. Praestochrysis Linsenmaier, 1959. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., Mitt. 32: 164.
Type-species: Chrysis shanghaiensis Smith. Orig. desig.

This subgenus is not a member of the Nearctic fauna.

Chrysis shanghaiensis Smith
Liberated in Mass. in 1917-18 but not recovered since 1919; Japan,
China, Thailand, India, East Indies. Introduced from China. Host: Diapausing larva,
Cnidocampa flavescens (Wlkr.), the oriental moth.

Chrysis Shanghaiensis Smith, 1874. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 460. ♀.

Chrysis (Pentachrysis) himalayensis Mocsary, 1888. In Radoszkowski, Hor. Soc. Ent.
Ross. 23: 31, fig. 63. ♂.

Chrysis (Pentachrysis) crassiscuta Mocsary, 1889. Monog. Chrysid., p. 524. ♀.

Biology: Parker, 1936. Jour. Agr. Res. 52: 449-458 (life history, behavior).
Morphology: Parker, 1936. Jour. Agr. Res. 52: 452-455, 5 figs, (egg, larva).

Genus CERATOCHRYSIS Cooper

Chrysis subg. Ceratochrysis Cooper, 1952. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 78: 138.
Type-species: Chrysis (Ceratochrysis) enhuycki Cooper. Orig. desig.

Biology and host relationships are known for only a few of the included species. These meager
data indicate that species of this genus parasitize eumenid and sphecoid wasps and megachilid
bees nesting in cavities in twigs.

Taxonomy: Cooper, 1952. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 78: 137-148. —Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent.
Soc, Jour. 39: 112-113 (redefined and raised to generic rank).

aiveata Bohart. Calif., Ariz.

Ceratochrysis aiveata Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 113, figs. 7, 11, 14.

Ceratochrysis antyga Bohart
Calif., Nev., Ariz., N. Mex. Host: Trypargilum t. tridentatum (Pack.);
Piso7iopsis birkmanni Roh.

Ceratochrysis antyga Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 115, figs. 6, 13. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 94-95 (host records).

Ceratochrysis bitumida Bohart
N. Mex. (Hidalgo Co.).

Ceratochrysis bitumida Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 116, fig. 1. ♀.

Ceratochrysis cavicantha Bohart
Calif., Ariz.

Ceratochrysis cavicantha Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 116, fig. 8. ♂, ♀.




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Ceratochrysis crossata Bohart
Oreg., Calif., Nev., Utah, Ariz., N. Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Hidalgo, San Luis
Potosi, Puebla, Mexico).
Ceratochrysis crossata Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 117, figs. 2, 9, 12. ♂, ♀.

Ceratochrysis cyanosoma Mocsary
Wash., Oreg., Calif., Nev., Utah, Wyo.

Chrysis (Holochrysis) cyanosoma Mocsary, 1914. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 12: 17. ♀.

Ceratochrysis declinis Bohart
N. B., N. S., Ont., Maine, N. H., Conn., N. Y., Mich., Wis., Minn., Sask., Colo.,
Alta.
Ceratochrysis declinis Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 119, figs. 10, 15. ♂, ♀.

Ceratochrysis enhuycki (Cooper)
N. Y. to Fla., Mo., Tex., Utah, Ariz. Host: Leptochilus omatus Sauss.
Reared from sumac twigs.
Chrysis (Ceratochrysis) enhuycki Cooper, 1952. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 78: 140, figs. 3, 5,
6,8,9. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Krombein, 1959. Ent. News 70: 17-23 (life history).

Ceratochrysis faceta (Aaron)
Colo., Tex., N. Mex., Calif.

Chrysis faceta Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 229. ♂.

Taxonomy: Cooper, 1952. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 78: 144-147, figs. 1, 4, 10 (redescription
male). —Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 119.

Ceratochrysis kansensis (Viereck)
Generally distributed in southern Canada and U. S. west to Alta., Wyo.,
Colo, and Ariz.; Mexico (Jalisco).
Chrysis {Gonochrysis) kansensis Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 193.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 120, fig. 19.

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99, no. 14, pp. 42-43, pi. 13, figs.

J-N (male genitalia).

Ceratochrysis longiceps Bohart
Nev., Ariz.; Mexico (Guanajuato).

Ceratochrysis longiceps Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 120, fig. 4. ♂, ♀.

Ceratochrysis nearctica (Mocsary)
Tex., Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Sonora).

Spintharis nearctica Mocsary, 1911. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 9: 462. ♀.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 115, 121.

Ceratochrysis perpulchra (Cresson)
U. S. and Canada west of 100th meridian, south to Costa Rica. Host:
Ammophila aberti Hald.
Chrysis perpulchra Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 308. ♀.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 122.

Biology: Hicks, 1932. Canad. Ent. 64: 150-151 (host record).

Ceratochrysis quadrituberculata (Cameron)
Idaho, Tex., Ariz., south to El Salvador, Honduras.

Chrysis quadrituberculata Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 1, p. 461, pi. 20, figs.
7,72.

Taxonomy: Cooper, 1952. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 78: 142-144, figs. 2, 7, 11. 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 119.

Ceratochrysis thysana Bohart
Oreg., Calif., Nev. Host: Leptochilus periallis Prkr.

Ceratochi-ysis thysana Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 120, figs. 5, 16. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1968. Pan-Pacific Ent. 44: 2 (host record).

Ceratochrysis trachypleura Bohart
B. C. and Mont, south to Calif., Ariz, and Colo. Host: Ammophila aberti
Hald.
Ceratochrysis trachypleura Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 121, figs. 3, 17. cJ, 9.

Biology: Hicks, 1932. Canad. Ent. 64: 150 (host; parasite misdet. as perpulchra Cr.).

Ceratochrysis tuberella Bohart
Oreg., Calif., Nev., Utah, Colo. Host: Leptochilus rufinodus (Cr.).
Ceratochrysis tuberella Bohart, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 122, fig. 18. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 93 (host record).

Ceratochrysis unita (Mocsary)
Tex., Colo., Calif.; Mexico.

Chrysis (Olochrysis) unita Mocsary, 1889. Monog. Chrysid., p. 211. ♀.



I




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Genus EUCHROEUS Latrcille

Taxonomy: Linsenmaier, 1968. Schweiz.Ent. Ges., Mitt. 41: 38-47.

Genus EUCHROEUS Subgenus EUCHROEUS Latreille

Euchroeus Latreille, 1809. Gen. Crust. Ins., v. 4, p. 578.

Type-species: Chrysis purpuratus Fabricius. Monotypic.

The typical subgenus does not occur in North America.

Genus EUCHROEUS Subgenus PSEUDOSPINOLIA Linsenmaier

Euchroeus subg. Pseudospinolia Linsenmaier, 1951. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., Mitt. 24: 27.
Type-species: Chrysis unifortnis Dahlbom. Orig. desig.

Euchroeus neglectus (Shuckard)
Alta., Man., Sask., Minn., N. Dak., Nebr., Mont., Colo., N. Mex.; Europe, i

Asia. Host: Odynenis spinipes (L.), 0. reniformis (Gmel.) in Europe; putative host in ■

North America is 0. dilectus Sauss. »

Chrysis neglecta Shuckard, 1837. Ent. Mag. 4: 169.

Olochrysis semicuprea Viereck, 1903. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 29: 70. 9. N. syn. (R. M.
Bohart).

Genus SPINTHAROSOMA Zimmermann

Spintharosoma Zimmermann, 1959. Deut. Ent. Ztschr. 6: 32.

Type-species: Spintharosoma chrysonota Dahlbom. Orig. desig.
Euchroeus subg. Hyalichroeus Linsenmaier, 1959. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., Mitt. 32: 70.

Type-species: Spintharosoma chrysonota Dahlbom. Orig. desig.

Dahlbom misidentified Spintharis Klug. The names listed above were proposed for Spintharis
sensu Dahlbom.

Spintharosoma mesillae (Cockerell)
Southern Tex. to southern Calif., Utah; Mexico (Sonora). Host:
Ammophila breviceps Sm.; A.femumibra Fox. The host species nest in soil.

Chrysis (Dichrysis) mesillae Cockerell, 1894. Ent. News 5: 125. ♀.

Chrysis (Dichrysis) bigeloviae Cockerell, 1897. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 19: 401. ♂.

Spintharis annulipes Mocsary, 1911. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 9: 462. ♂.

Spintharosoma trochilus (du Buysson)
U. S. west of 100th meridian; Mexico (Sonora).

Chrysis (Spintharis) trochilus du Buysson, 1891. Rev. Ent. Caen 10: 32. ♀.

Genus CHRYSURA Dahlbom

Chrysura Dahlbom, 1845. Dispos. Method. Spec. Hym., pt. 2, p. 6.

Type-species: Chrysis austriaca Fabricius. Desig. by Bodenstein, 1939.
Chrysogona Foerster, 1853. Naturh. Ver. Rheinlande, Verh. 10: 327.

Type-species: Chrysogona gracillima Foerster. Monotypic.
Chrysis subg. Olochrysis Lichtenstein, 1876. Petites Nouv. Ent., v. 2, p. 27.

Type-species: Chrysis aerata Dahlbom. Desig. by Ashmead, 1902 (=Chrysis
trimaculata Foerster).
Chrysis subg. Monochrysis Lichtenstein, 1876. Petites Nouv. Ent., v. 2, p. 27.

Type-species: Chrysis hybrida Lepeletier. Desig. by Ashmead, 1902.
Holochrysis Rye, 1878. Zool. Record for 1876, v. 13, Ins., p. 134. Emend.
Chrysoura Dalla Torre, 1892. Cat. Hym., v. 6, p. 40. Emend.

Chrysis subg. Arctochrysis Haupt, 1956. [Dresden] Mus. f. Tierkunde u. Voelkerk.,
Abhandl. u. Ber. 23: 72.

Type-species: Chrysis austriaca Fabricius. Orig. desig.
Chrysis subg. Taeniochrysis Haupt, 1956. [Dresden] Mus. f. Tierkunde u. Voelkerk.,
Abhandl. u. Ber. 23: 72.

Type-species: Chrysis dichroa Dahlbom. Orig. desig.
Chrysis subg. Selenochrysis Haupt, 1956. [Dresden] Mus. f. Tierkunde u. Voelkerk.,
Abhandl. u. Ber. 23: 72.

Type-species: Chrysis candens Germar. Orig. desig.







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Chrysis subg. Ischnochrysis Haupt, 1956. [Dresden] Mus. f. Tierkunde u. Voelkerk.,
Abhandl. u. Ber. 23: 73.

Type-species: Chrysis gracillima Foerster. Orig. desig.

The known life histories indicate that the female Chrysura deposits her egg in a host cell at
the time that it is being provisioned. The parasite egg hatches after that of the host and the
newly hatched Chrysura larva attaches to the host body, imbibes a small amount of body fluids,
but does not molt until the host larva spins its cocoon and enters the resting stage. The Chrysu-
ra larva then molts, devours the host larva, and spins its cocoon within that of the host. Develop-
ment to the adult stage and emergence from the nest is synchronized with the host. In vernal
univoltine species the host and parasite transform to adults late in the summer and overwinter
in the cocoons.

In addition to the hosts listed below for some of the species, Thorp (1968. Kans. Ent. Soc,
Jour. 41: 324-331) pubUshed life history notes on a species near pacifica (Say) which parasitized
Proteriades bunocephala (Mich.) in California.

Chrysura boharti Horning
B. C, Wash., Idaho, Calif., Wyo.

Chrysura boharti Horning, 1971. Pan-Pacific Ent. 47: 29, figs. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13. ♂, ♀.

Chrysura cobaltina (Aaron)
Mass., Mich., Ind., 111., Mont., Wyo., Utah, Calif., Wash., B. C.

Chrysis cobaltina Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 228. ♀.

Chrysis lateri-dentata Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 228. ♀.

Chrysura crescentis Horning
U. Sonor. and Transit. Zones in central and southern California.

Chrysura crescentis Horning, 1971. Pan-Pacific Ent. 47: 27, figs. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12. ♂, ♀.

Chrysura densa (Cresson)
Wash., Idaho, Oreg., Calif., Nev., Utah, Ariz., Wyo., Colo., Tex. Host:

Pseudomasaris edwardsii (Cr.); P. vespoides (Cr.); P. zonalis (Cr.). Hosts nest in mud
cells attached to rocks.

Chrysis densa Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc Phila., Proc 4: 307. ♀.

Biology: Hicks, 1927. Canad. Ent. 59: 78 (host record). —Hicks, 1929. Canad. Ent. 61: 122
(host record).

Chrysura inusitata Aaron
B. C, Oreg., Calif., Utah, Colo., N. Y., Va.

Chrysis inusitata Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 227. ♂.
Chrysis optima Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 227. ♀.
Chrysis (kolochrysis) interfata du Buysson, 1908. Rev. Ent. Caen 27: 208.

Chrysura kyrae Krombein
Md. to Ga., Ind., Mo., Colo., Utah, Idaho, B. C, Wash., Oreg., Calif. Host:
Osmia I. lignaria Say in borings in wood.
Chrysura kyrae Krombein, 1963. Ent. News 74: 150. cJ, 9.

Biology: Krombein, 1963. Ent. News 74: 152 (life history). —Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting
wasps and bees, pp. 444-445, figs. 87, 88, 128-130 (life history).

Chrysura martia (Patton)
Lower Canada, Mich.

Chrysis martia Patton, 1879. Canad. Ent. 11: 67-68.

Chrysura pacifica (Say)
Transcontinental in U. S. and Canada. Host: Osmia kincaidii Ckll., 0. pumila
Cr., 0. tanneri Sandh., 0. georgica Cr., 0. nigrifrons Cr., 0. coloradensis Cr. Predator:
Philanthus pulcher D. T.
Chrysis pacifica Say, 1828. Contrib. Maclur. Lye Phila. 1: 82.
Chrysis hilaris Dahlbom, 1854. Hym. Europaea, v. 2, p. 103.
Chrysis halictula Gribodo, 1874. Mus. Civ. Stor. Genova, Ann. 6: 359.
Chrysis resecta Gribodo, 1879. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova., Ann. 14: 336. N. syn. (R. M.
Bohart).

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1963. Ent. News 74: 149-150. —Horning, 1971. Pan-Pacific Ent. 47: 31.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 97 (host record). —Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 446-447, fig. 131 (life history). —Parker, 1975.
Pan-Pacific Ent. 51: 182 (host). —Hawkins, 1975. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 48: 498 (host).

Chrysura smaragdicolor (Walker)
B. C. to Calif., Idaho, Wyo., Utah, N. Mex., Colo., N. Dak. Host:
Osmia longula Cr.
Chrysis smaragdicolor Walker, 1866. In Lord, Naturalist in Vancouver Isl. and B. C, v. 2,
p. 343.




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Taxonomy: Krombein, 1963. Ent. News 74: 149.

Biology: Leech, 1948. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia, Proc. 44: 27 (host record).

Chrysura sonorensis (Cameron)
Idaho, Oreg., Calif., Utah, Ariz., N. Mex.; Mexico (Baja California).

Host: Ashmeadiella aridula Ckll.; A. bigeloviae (Ckll.); A. biicconis denticulata (Cr.); A.
occipitalis Mich.; Hoplitis producta gracilis (Mich.); Anthocopa c. copelandica (Ckll); A.
c. alboyyiarginata (Ckll.); Osmia kincaidii Ckll. Hosts nest in cavities in twigs or in
borings in wood.
Chrysis Sonoreyisis Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 1, p. 461.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 96-97 (host records). -Parker, 1967.
Pan-Pacific Ent. 43: 215 (host record). —Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp.
447-449 (life history). —Parker and Bohart, 1968. Pan-Pacific Ent. 44: 4 (host record).
—Parker, 1975. Pan-Pacific Ent. 51: 119 (host).
iota (Aaron). Md., Iowa, Colo., Idaho, Utah, Calif., B. C.

Chrysis integra Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 306-307. ♂. Preocc.
Chrysis iota Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 228. N. name.
Chrysis elongata Mocsary, 1887. Termes., Fuzetek 11: 15. N. name.

Genus NEOCHRYSIS Linsenmaier

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1966 (1963). Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 58: 139-144 (generic reclassification).
Genus NEOCHRYSIS Subgenus NEOCHRYSIS Linsenmaier

Pleurocera subg. Neochrysis Linsenmaier, 1959. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., Mitt. 32: 74.
Type-species: Chrysis punctatissima Spinola. Grig, desig.

Neochrysis montezuma (Cameron)
Southern Ariz, south to Yucatan.

Chrysis montezxima Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 1, p. 463. ♀.

Genus NEOCHRYSIS Subgenus EXOCHRYSIS Bohart

Neochrysis subg. Exochrysis Bohart, 1966 (1963). Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 58: 141.
Type-species: Chrysis panamensis Cameron. Orig. desig.

Neochrysis panamensis (Cameron)
Pa. to Fla., Ind., Okla., south to Panama. Ecology: Hosts nest in
borings in wood. Host: Podium rufipes (F.); P. luctuosum Sm.?
Chrysis Panamensis Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 1, p. 464, pi. 20, fig. 8. ♀.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) alabamensis Mocsary, 1914. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 12: 49. ♀.

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 149, fig. 4. —Bohart and Menke,
1963. Univ. Calif Pubs. Ent. 30: 108 (synonymy). —Bohart, 1966 (1963). Brooklyn Ent.
Soc, Bui. 58: 141. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Krombein, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 147-149 (life history). —Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 473-475 (life history).

Genus NEOCHRYSIS Subgenus IPSIURA Linsenmaier

Ipsiura Linsenmaier, 1959. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., Mitt. 32: 74.
Type-species: Chrysis marginalis Brulle. Orig. desig.

Neochrysis genbergi (Dahlbom)
Fla.; Brazil, Argentina.

Chrysis genbergi Dahlbom, 1854. Hym. Europaea, v. 2, p. 319. ♀.

Neochrysis neolateralis Bohart
D. C, Va., Ga., Ill, Kans., Ark. south to El Salvador.

Neochrysis (Ipsiura) neolateralis Bohart, 1966 (1963) Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 58: 143. ♂.
9.

Neochrysis pilifrons (Cameron)
Southern Tex. to southern Mexico.

Chrysis pilifrons Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 1, p. 465. ♂.

Chrysis (Hexachrysis) stenops Mocsary, 1889. Monog. Chrysid., p. 571. ♀.

Genus TRICHRYSIS Lichtenstein

Chrysis subg. Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876. Petites Nouv. Ent., v. 2, p. 27.



\




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Type-species: Sphex cyayiea Linnaeus. Monotypic.
Chrysis subg. Alocochrysis Haupt, 1956. [Dresden] Mus. f. Tierkunde u. Voelkerk.,
Abhandl. u. Ber. 23: 73.

Type-species: Chrysis cyaneus Linnaeus. Monotypic.

The hosts of Trichrysis, so far as known, nest in cavities in twigs, borings in wood or aban-
doned nests of mud-daubers.

Trichrysis areolata (Mocsary)
Md., Tenn., Tex.; Mexico (Guerrero).

Chrysogona areolata Mocsary, 191L Mus. Nat. Hungarici, Ann. 9: 463. ♀.

Trichrysis carinata (Say)
Mass. to Fla., W. Va., Wis., Mo., Kans., Colo., Tex. Host: TrypargUum c.
coUiniim (Sm.); T. collinum rubrocinctum (Pack.); T. clavatum (Say); T. striatum
(Prov.).
Chrysis carinata Say, 1828. Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila. 1: 82.

Biology: Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 450-454, figs. 132, 133 (?), 134 (life
history).

Trichrysis deversor Bohart
B. C. to Calif., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Utah, Colo. Host: TrypargUum t.
tridentatum (Pack.).
Trichrysis deversor Bohart, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 79: 131. cJ, 9.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (host record).

Trichrysis doriae (Gribodo)
Southern Canada and U. S. south to Panama. Host: TrypargUum collinum
rubrocinctum (Pack.); Trypoxylon backi Sandh.; T. bidentatum Fox; T.fastigium Fox;
T. frigidum Sm.; T. sculleni Sandh.
Chrysis Doriae Gribodo, 1874. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, Ann. 6: 359.
Chrysis verticalis Patton, 1879. Canad. Ent. 11: 67. ♂.
Chrysis striatellus Norton, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: 241. ♀.
Chrysis discreta Aaron, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: 230. ♀.

Biology: Thomas, 1962. Amer. Midland Nat. 67: 365-366 (life history). —Thomas, 1963. Mich.
Acad. Sci., Arts, Letters, Papers 48: 127-130 (life history). —Parker and Bohart, 1966.
Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (host records). —Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp.
449-450 (life history). — Medler, 1967. Amer. Midland Nat. 78: 350 (host record).

Trichrysis mucronata (Brulle)
? Canada, Tex., Ariz., Calif.; south to Venezuela. Host: TrypargUum t.
tridentatum (Pack.); Euodyyierus p. pratensis (Sauss.).
Chrysis mucronata Brulle, 1846. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 4, p. 45. ♀.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 79: 132.

Biology: Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 454-455 (life history).

Trichrysis tridens (Lepeletier)
U. S. east of Rocky Mts., south to Argentina. Host: TrypargUum politum

(Say).
Pyria tridens Lepeletier, 1825. In Olivier, Encycl. Meth., Diet. Ins., v. 10, p. 495. ♀.
Chrysis truncata Guerin, 1842. Rev. ZooL, p. 146. ♂, ♀.
Chrysis Mexicana Guerin, 1842. Rev. ZooL, p. 147.

Chrysis tridentata Dahlbom, 1845. Dispos. Method. Spec. Hym., pt. 2, p. 13.
Chrysis unicolor Brulle, 1846. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 4, p. 42. ♀. Preocc.
Chrysis olivieri Brulle, 1846. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 4, p. 43. 9 . Type locality erroneous.

N. syn. (R. M. Bohart).
Chrysis virens Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 4: 309. ♀. Preocc.
Chrysis Brullei Abeille de Perrin, 1879. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Ann. 26: 42. N. name for unicolor

Br.

Taxonomy: Bohart, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc 79: 132.
Biology: Johnson, 1974. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 76: 448-449 (host).

Genus STILBUM Spinola

Stilbum Spinola, 1806. Insectorum Liguriae, v. 1, p. 9.

Type-species: Stilbum calens Spinola. Desig. by Latreille, 1810 (=Chrysis cyanura
Foerster).




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This genus is not an established member of the Nearctic fauna. A specimen from Ontario in
the Provancher collection is either mislabeled or is a stray which did not become established.

cyanurum var. amethystinum (Fabricius). One specimen from Ont., but not established;
Mediterranean area, Asia, East Indies.
Clirysis amethystina Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 359.
Stilbian splendiduium Westwood, 1842. In Donovan, Epitome Nat. Hist. Ins. India, p. 88.

Subfamily PARNOPINAE

Genus PARNOPES Latreille

Pamopes Latreille, 1796. Precis. Caract. Gen. Ins., p. 126. No species — Latreille, 1802.
Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., v. 3, p. 317.

Type-species: Chrysis grandior Pallas. First included species (=Clirysis caniea
Fabricius).

Species of Pamopes are parasitic on ground-nesting sphecoid wasps belonging to the
Bembicini. The egg of Pamopes is deposited during provisioning of the nest by the host wasp,
but the Pamopes larva does not develop until the host larva has spun its cocoon.

Revision: Viereck, 1904. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 30: 245-250. —Telford, 1964. Univ. Calif.
Pubs. Ent. 36: 1-42, 5 pis., 1 text fig.

Parnopes borregoensis Telford
Southern Calif.; Mexico (Raja California).

Pamopes borregoensis Telford, 1964. Univ. Calif. Pubs. Ent. 36: 9, pi. 1, fig. 2. cJ, 9.

Parnopes chrysoprasinus Smith
N. Y. south to Fla., west to Wis. and Tex. Host: Bembix nubilipennis
Cr.; B. aynericana spinolae Lep.?, Steniolia obliqua (Cr.)?.
Pamopes chrysoprasinus Smith, 1874. Ent. Soc. London, Trans, p. 454, n. 8. ♂.
Pamopes aglaspidula Melander and Brues, 1902. Biol. Bui. 3: 38. ♀.

Biology: Evans, 1966. Compar. ethology and evolution of sand wasps, pp. 307-308, 314-315
(life history).

Parnopes concinnus Viereck
Calif, to western Tex., Nev.; Mexico (Baja California, Jalisco). Host:
Bembix multipicta Sm.?; Glenostictia scitula (Fox)?; Steniolia duplicata Prov.?
Pamopes concinna Viereck, 1904. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 30: 248. ♀.
Pamopes arizonensis Viereck, 1904. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 30: 249. ♂, ♀.
Pamopes digueti du Buysson, 1904. Rev. d'Ent. Caen 23: 274. ♂.

Biology: Evans, 1966. Compar. ethology and evolution of sand wasps, pp. 205, 344.

Parnopes edwardsii (Cresson)
Alaska to California, east to the Rocky Mts.; Mexico (Baja California).
Host: Bembix amoena Handl.?; B. americana comata Prkr.; B. americana spinolae
Lep.?; B. pndnosa Fox.?; Steniolia obliqua (Cr.).
Euchroeus Edwardsii Cresson, 1879. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 7: Proc, p. iv. 9.
Pamopes boutheryi Brethes, 1902. Mus. Nac Buenos Aires, An. 8 (3): 287. ♀, ♂.
Pamopes hageni Viereck, 1904. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 30: 246. ♂, ♀.
Pamopes henshawi Viereck, 1904. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 30: 247. ♀.

Biology: Bohart and MacSwain, 1940. Pan-Pacific Ent. 16: 92-93. —Evans and Gillaspy, 1964.
Amer. Midland Nat. 72: 277, fig. 14. —Evans, 1966. Compar. ethology and evolution of
sand wasps, pp. 219, 288, 315, 349.

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99, no. 14, pp. 42-43, pi. 13, figs. P,

R (male genitalia).

Parnopes excurvatus Viereck
B. C, Calif., Nev., Ariz.

Pamopes excurvata Viereck, 1904. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 30: 250. "♀"=♂.

Parnopes festivus Cockerell
Colo., Ariz, to western Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua).

Pamopes festivus Cockerell, 1894. Ent. News 5: 328. ♀.

Parnopes fulvicornis
***authority mismatch
atlanticus Krombein. Md., Va., N. C, ? Fla. Host: Microbembex monodonta (Say)?

Pamopes westcottii atlanticus Krombein, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 164. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Krombein, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 166-167.




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Parnopes fulvicornis
***authority mismatch
fulvicornis Cameron. Idaho and Iowa south to Calif, and Tex., and further south to
Guatemala. Host: Microbembex nigrifrons (Prov.); M. monodonta (Say)?
PamoTpes fulvicornis Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer. Hym., v. 1, p. 466, pi. 20, figs. 1, la.

9.
Pamopes westcottii Melander and Brues, 1902. Biol. Bui. 3: 39. ♂, ♀.
Paniopes diadema Viereck, 1904. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 30: 248. ♂, ♀.
Parmopes taeniata Viereck, 1904. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 30: 249. ♀.

Biology: Bohart and MacSwain, 1940. Pan-Pacific Ent. 16: 92-93 (host record for nigrifrons
misdet. as aurata). —Evans, 1966. Compar. ethology and evolution of sand wasps, pp.
387-388.


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