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Page 890 • Top • -1 • +1 • Original • Database of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico • Highertaxa

Superfamily CHALCIDOIDEA
Family ENCYRTIDAE

By Gordon Gordh

The higher classification of the Encyrtidae used in this catalog differs drastically from that
proposed in the 1951 edition. Some explanation is necessary. Burks has considered the Sig-
niphoridae and Aphelinidae as subfamilies of the Encyrtidae. In the 1951 catalog the aphelinids
were considered a subfamily of the Eulophidae and the signiphorids were treated as a distinct
family (Thysanidae). The aphelinids and signiphorids appear more nearly related to the Encyr-
tidae than to other families of chalcidoids. In placing the aphelinids under the Encyrtidae, the
subfamilies of apheUnids (.sex.sH Ferriere, 1965, Faune de I'Europe Bassin Medit, 1: 1-206) have
been relegated to tribal status.

Recently Trjapitzin (1973, Ent. Rev. 52 (1): 118-125; Ent. Rev. 52 (2): 287-295) has treated the
higher classification of the Encyrtidae {sensu stricto) and provided a radical reorganization at
the tribal and subfamilial levels. His classification has been adopted in the present treatment of
the Encyrtidae. In so doing, however, the placement of several genera remains undecided. These
will be treated in a separate publication.

In this section the term "cosmopolitan" means the species is found throughout North America.

I thank D. Miller and M. Stoetzel (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, U. S. Dept.
Agr., Beltsville, Maryland) for providing correct names for homopterous hosts. D. P. Annecke
(Plant Protect. Res. Inst., Pretoria, South Africa) gave his advice on the placement of several
species earlier referred to Aphycun.

The hosts cited in this section are only those reported for North America.

Subfamily APHELININAE

Taxonomy: Ferriere, 1965. Faune de I'Europe Bassin Medit. 1: 1-206.— Nikol'skaya and
Jashnosh, 1966. Akad. Nauk SSSR 91: 1-294.— Nikol'skaya and Jashnosh, 1968. Akad. Nauk
SSSR 52: 3-42.

Tribe APHELININI

Genus APHELINUS Dalman

Aphelinus Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 21: 181.

Type-species: Entedon abdominalis Dalman. Monotypic.
Agonioneurus Westwood, 1833. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6: 122.

Type-species: Agonioneurus basalis Westwood. Monotypic.
Myina Nees, 1834. Hym. Ichn. Aff. Monog., v. 2, p. 189.

Type-species: Myina abdoini^ialis Nees. Designated by Gahan and Fagan, 1923.
Eriophilus Haldeman, 1851. Pa. Farm Jour. 1: 130.

Type-species: Eriophilus mali Haldeman. Monotypic.
Anozus Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, p. 84.

Type-species: Anozus siphonophorae Ashmead. By subsequent monotypy.
Misina Rondani, 1870. Arch. Zool., Anat. e Fisiol. (2) 2: 11. Erroneous subsequent spelHng.

This genus is cosmopolitan and consists of approximately 45 described species which are pri-
mary internal parasites of aphids. Some species are useful in biological control of aphid pests.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1912. Trab. Mus. Cien. Nat. 10 (1): 1-306. — Kurdjumov, 1913. Rev. Russe
d'Ent. 13 (2): 266-270. -Girault, 1913. Queensland Mus., Mem. 2: 183-184. — Girault, 1915.
Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 45-47. — Timberlake, 1924. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 5 (3):
405-411. -Gahan, 1924. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 65 (4): 7-12. -De Santis, 1946. La Plata
Mus. Rev., Zool. (n. s.) 5: 1-21. — Jasnosh, 1968. Ent. Rev. 42 (1): 178-185. — Agarwal, 1964.
Indian Acad. Sci., Proc. (B) 60 (5): 331-332. — Yoshimoto, 1965. Pacific Insects 7 (4): 690,
694-695. — Hayat, 1972. Entomophaga 17 (1): 49-58. —Graham, 1976. Syst. Ent. 1 (2):
123-146.

Aphelinus asychis Walker
Okla., Tex., Cahf. Imported into the United States from Iran for the biological
control of the greenbug, Schizaphis grayninuni, in the midwest. In California the
parasite attacks R. ntaidis along the Pacific coast. Host: Scliizaphis gratninus (Rond.),
Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch). The synonomy listed here is essentially that of Ferriere




Page 891 • Top • -1 • +1 • Original • Database of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico • Highertaxa


(1965), with the exception of his consideration of semiflavus as a junior synonym of

Walker's asycltis.
Myina abdominalis Nees, 1834. Hym. Ich. Aff. Monog. v. 2, p. 190. [misidentification]. 6,

9.
Aplielinus Asycliis Walker, 1839. Monog. Chalcid., v. 1, p. 2. ♀.
AphelinuH Euthria Walker, 1839. Monog. Chalcid., v. 1, p. 3. ♀.
Myina affinis Foerster, 1841 [1840]. Beitr. Monog. Pteromalinen, p. 44. ♀.
Aplielinus brevicalcar Thomson, 1876 (1875). Hym. Scand., v. 4, p. 185.
Aphelinus dubia Kurdjumov, 1913. Rev. Russe d'Ent. 13 (2): 268.
Aphelinas bmchyptera Kurdjumov, 1913. Rev. Russe d'Ent. 13 (2): 268.
AphelinuH brevipennin Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., p. 18.

Taxonomy: Ferriere, 1965. Faune de I'Europe Bassin Medit. 1: 75. —Graham, 1976. Syst.
Zool. 1 (2): 124, 127, 128-129.

Biology: Jackson and Eikenbary, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64 (1): 81-85. — Rainey et al.,

1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64 (1): 169-176. -Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 72-73.
—van den Bosch and Messenger, 1973. Biol. Control, pp. 77, 139. —Michel, 1967. C. R.
Acad. Sci., Paris 264: 936-939. -Michel, 1969. Entomophaga 14 (4): 439-446. — Monadjemi,

1972. Soc. Ent. de France, Ann. (n. s.) 8 (2): 441-449. -Michel, 1973. Entomophaga 18 (4):
349-382. -Griffin, 1931. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 7: 498 [Date of Publication of "Beitrage
zur Monographie der Pteromalinen Nees [Hymenoptera]]".

Aphelinus aureus Gahan
Calif. Host: Chaitophorus salicicola (Essig).

Aphelinus aureus Gahan, 1924. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 65 (4): 9. ♂, ♀.

Aphelinus automatus Girault
Va., 111. Host: Hysteroneura setariae (Thos.).

Aphelinus auioiuatus Girault, 1911. Entomologist 44: 178. ♀.
chaonia Walker. Calif. Adventive. Host: Aphis spiraecola Patch, Toxoptera aurantii (Fonsc).

Aphelinus Chaonia Walker, 1839. Monog. Chalcid. v. 1, p. 4. ♂, ♀.

Myina flavicornis Foerster, 1841 [1840]. Beitr. Monogr. Pteromalinen, p. 45. ♀.

Aphelinus transcersus Thomson, 1876 (1875). Hym. Scand., v. 4, p. 185. ♀.

Aphelinus flaviventris Kurdjumov
Fla. Adventive.

Aphelinus flaviventris Kurdjumov, 1913. Rev. Russe d'Ent. 13 (2): 268. Described as
Jlaviventris Foerster.

Taxonomy: Graham, 1976. Syst. Ent. 1 (2): 130.

Aphelinus howardii Dalla Torre
Calif.

Aphelinus flaviceps Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Bui. 1: 25. ♂.

Preoccupied.
Aphelinus Howardii Dalla Torre, 1898. Cat. Hym., v. 5, p. 221. N. name.

Aphelinus jucundus Gahan
Que., w. to Ont., s. to Wis., Oreg., s. to Calif. Host: Acyrihosiphon conielli
(Patch), A. pseudodirhodum (Patch), Cryptomyzus ribis (L.), Macrosiphuni euphorbiae
(Thos.).
Aphelinus jucundus Gahan, 1924. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 65 (4): 8-9. ♀.

Biology: Griswold, 1927. Jour. Econ. Ent. 20 (1): 93. — Griswold, 1929. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann.
22 (3): 438-457.

Aphelinus lapisligni Howard
Idaho w. to Oreg. Host: Nearctaphis bakeri (Cowen).

Aphelinus lapisligni Howard, 1917. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30 (18): 77-78. ♀.

Biology: Smith, 1923. Idaho Agr. Exp. Sta., Res. Bui. 3: 55-57.
malt (Haldeman). Cosmopolitan. Host: Aphis monardae Oestl., A. pomi DeGeer, Brevicoryne
brassicae (L.), Colopha eragrostidis Midd., Coleophora malivorella Riley, Eriosoma
crataegi (Oestl.), E. lanigerum (Haus.), Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), Macrosiphuni floridae
(Ashm.), M. rosae (L.), Prociphilus fraxinifolii (Riley), Myzus lythri (Schrank),
Schizaphis gmniinuin (Rond.), Tetraneura graniinis Monell. Records of
non-homopterous hosts must be verified.

Eriophilus mall Haldeman, 1851. Pa. Farm Jour. 1: 130-131. ♂, ♀.

Blastothrix rosae Ashmead, 1886. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 13: 130. ♀.

Aphelinus varicornis Girault, 1909. Psyche 16 (2): 29-31. ♀.




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Taxonomy: Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 1: 24-25. -De Santis, 1948.
La Plata Mus. Rev. Zool. (n. s.) 5: 103. — Ferriere, 1965. Faune I'Eur. Bassin Medit. 1:
66-69. -Graham, 1976. Syst. Ent. 1 (2): 124, 127.

Biology: Lundie, 1924. N. Y. (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Sta., Mem. 79: 1-27. — Telenga, 1936. Trudy
VIZR, Ser. 1 (1): 7-75. -Gibson, 1939. VII Internat. Kong. Ent., Verhandl. 3: 1454.
—Yothers, 1953. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Admin., Bur. Ent. PI. Quar. E 861, 61 pp.
—Evenhius, 1958. Tijdsch. Plant. Wagen., pp. 3-103. —Lung, Wang, and Tang, 1960. Acta
Ent. Sinica 10 (1): 6. — Evenhuis, 1962. Entomophaga 7 (3): 215-220. — Boldyreva, 1970.
Ent. Rev. 49 (4): 457-459. — Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 83, 410. —van den Bosch and
Messenger, 1973. Biol. Control, pp. 29, 30, 79. See Peck, 1963. Can. Ent. Sup. pp. 263-267
for an extensive bibliography.

Aphelinus marlatti (Ashmead)
Ont., Kans. Host: Aphis sp. on Cineraria.

Baeocharis Marlatti Ashmead, 1888. Kans. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 3: (appendix) p. V. 6, 9.
Aphelinus subapterus Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27 (9): 405. ♂.

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1924. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 65 (4): 12.

Biology: McLeod, 1938. Ent. Soc. Ontario, Ann. Rept. 68: 45-48.

Aphelinus nigritus Howard
S. C. w. to Tex., n. to Minn.; Calif. Ecology: In northern localities found in
greenhouses. Host: Hysterojieura setariae (Thos.), Schizaphis gramiiius (Rond.),
Pseudococcus sp. on Artetiiisia. Pseudococcid host should be verified.
Aphelinus nigritus Howard, 1908. Ent. News 19 (8): 366-367. ♀.

Biology: Webster and Phillips, 1912. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 110: 123. -Wood, 1958.
Jour. Econ. Ent. 51 (4): 553. —Jackson et ai, 1970. Jour. Econ. Ent. 63 (3): 733-736.
—Archer et al., 1974. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 67 (1): 11-14.

Aphelinus perpallidus Gahan
Ont., N. Y., Iowa, Oreg., Calif. Host: Chromaphis juglandicola (Kltb.),
Monellia costalis (Fitch), Monellia sp. on hickory, M. sp. on pecans, Myzocallis
fiimipennella (Fitch).
Apltelinus perpallidus Gahan, 1924. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 65 (4): 10. ♂, ♀.

Aphelinus sanborniae Gahan
Pa., Ohio, Ont. w. to N. Dak. Host: Kakimia houghtonensis (Troop),
Sanbornia jnniperi Perg.
Aphelimis sanborniae Gahan, 1924. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 65 (4): 7-8. ♂, ♀.

Aphelinus semiflavus Howard
Cosmopolitan. Host: Acyrthosiphon cornelli (Patch), A. pisum (Harris),
Chaitophonis viniinalis Monell, Hyadaphis erysimi (Kltb.), Macrosiphuni avenae (F.),
Macrosiphonielta sanborni (Gill.), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Myzus sp. on Aquilegia,
Rhopalomyzns poae (Gill), Schizaphis graniinus (Rond.), Therioaphis macidata (Buck.).
Aphelinus semiflavus Howard, 1908. Ent. News 19 (8): 366, 367. ♂, ♀.
Aphelinus brevipennis Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., p. 18.

Taxonomy: Janssen, 1961. Beitr. z. Ent. 11 (5-6): 671-678.

Biology: Hartley, 1922. Ohio Jour. Sci. 22 (8): 209-236. —van den Bosch, 1957. Jour. Econ.
Ent. 50 (3): 353. —van den Bosch, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52 (1): 136-141. — Schlinger and
Hall, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52 (1): 154. —Barnes, 1960. Jour. Econ. Ent. 53 (6): 1094.
— Schaefers and Allen, 1962. Hilgardia 32: 426. —Force and Messenger, 1964. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 57 (4): 405-413. -Wilbert, 1964. Beitr. z. Ent. 14 (1-2): 159-219. -Wilbert,
1965. Zeitschr. Morph. Oekol. Tiere 55: 804-834. -Specht, 1969. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 62
(5): 1207. -Manglitz and Schalk, 1970. Jour. Kans. Ent. Soc. 43 (3): 309-314.

Aphelinus siphonophorae (Ashmead)
Fla. Host: Macrosiphuni sp.

Anozus siphonophorae Ashmead, 1888. Canad. Ent. 20 (6): 104. ♀.

Aphelinus toxopteraphidis Kurdjumov
Calif. Released, possibly established.

Aphelinus toxopteraphidis Kurdjumov, 1913. Rev. Russe d'Ent. 13 (2): 269. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Graham, 1976. Syst. Ent. 1 (2): 124.

Aphelinus varipes (Foerster)
Okla., Tex. Host: Schizaphis grantinuni (Rond.).

Myina varipes Foerster, 1840 (1841). Beitr. Monogr. Pteromalinen, p. 45. ♀.

Taxonomy: Griffin, 1931. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 7: 498 (nomenclature). —Graham,
1976. Syst. Ent. 1 (2): 125, 127, 133.




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Biology: Jackson et al, 1970. Jour. Econ. Ent. 63 (3): 733-736. —Archer et al., 1974. Ent.
Sec. Amer., Ann. 67 (1): 11-14.

Genus APHYTIS Howard

Aphytis Howard, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32 (6): 168.

Type-species: Aphytis Ckilensis Howard. Monotypic.
Prospaphelinus DeGregorio, 1914. Agr. Siciliana, Ann. 3 (4): 406.

Type-species: Prospaphelinus silvestrii DeGregorio. Monotypic.

About 90 species of Aphytis are known. They are primary external parasites of armored scale
insects and some species are important biological control agents of various diaspidine pests.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1932. Eos 8 (4): 353-365. -De Santis, 1948. La Plata Rev. Mus. Zool. (n.
s.) 5: 113-138. —Compere, 1955. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 271-320. — Quednau, 1964.
So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 27 (1): 86-116. -DeBach, 1969. Israel Jour. Ent. 4 (1): 11-28.
—Jashnosh, 1972. Ent. Rev. 51 (2): 146-152. -Jashnosh, 1973. Ent. Rev. 52 (4): 478-485.
—Rosen and DeBach, 1974. Bui. SROP, pp. 21-38. —Graham, 1976. Syst. Ent. 1 (2):
133-134. -DeBach and Rosen, 1976. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 69 (3): 541-545.

Biology: DeBach, 1974. Biol. Control by Nat. Enem., 323 pp. —Rosen and DeBach, 1976.
Mushi 46 (1): 1-17.

Aphytis abnormis (Howard)
N. J. s. to D. C. Host: Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), Lepidosaphes sp. on Salix
caprea.
Aphelinus abnomiis Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rept. for 1880, pp. 353, 355. ♀.

Taxonomy: DeBach and Azim, 1962. Mushi 36 (1): 1.

Aphytis chilensis Howard
Cosmopolitan. Host: Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, Aspidiotus sp. on Pinus

radiata, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Furchadiaspis zarniae (Morg.), Hemiherlesia

rapax (Comst.). It seems that what previous writers have called chilensis will turn out

to be a complex of morphologically similar forms.
Aphytis Chile7isis Howard, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32 (6): 168. ♀.
Aphelinus longiclavae Mercet, 1911. Assoc. Espan. Prog. Cien., Cong. Valencia, p. 128. ♂.

9.
Trichograinmatoidea signiphoroides Brethes, 1913. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac. de Hist. Nat.,

An. 24: 99-100. ♀.
Aphelinus capitis Rust, 1915. Ent. News 26 (2): 73-74. ♀.

Taxonomy: Brethes, 1916. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac. de Hist. Nat., An. 27: 429. —Mercet, 1921.
Real Soc. Hist. Nat., Bol. 50: 299-300. — Timberlake, 1924. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 5 (3):
411-412. — Gahan, 1924. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 65 (4): 11. —Compere, 1955. Calif. Univ.,
Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 283-285. —Quednau, 1964. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 27 (1): 94-96.

Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet)
N. Y. s. to Fla., w. to Calif. Host: Acutaspis umbonifera (Newstead),

Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), A. citrina (Coq.), Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morg.).
Aphelinus chrysomphali Mercet, 1912. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Bol. 12: 135-140. ♀.
Prospaphelinus silvestrii DeGregorio, 1914. Agr. Siciliana, Ann. 3 (4): 406. Questionable

synonym.
Aphelinus quaylei Rust, 1915. Ent. News 26 (2): 75-76. 9. Questionable synonym.

Taxonomy: De Santis. 1948. La Plata Mus. Rev. Zool. (n. s.) 5: 122-126. —Compere, 1955.
Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 314-316. —Quednau, 1964. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 27 (1):
113-114. —DeBach and Rosen, 1976. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 69 (3): 541-545.

Biology: Quayle, 1932. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 542: 31-33. — Woglum et al., 1947. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 40 (6): 818-820. —DeBach, 1954. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 33: 134-151.
—Smith, 1957. Canad. Ent. 89 (5): 219-230. — Muma, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52 (4): 577-586.
— DeBach and Sisojevic, 1960. Ecology 41: 153. —DeBach and Sundby, 1963. Hilgardia 34
(5): 105-166. -Quednau, 1964. So. Africa Agr. Sci., Jour. 7: 335-345. -Huffaker, 1971. Biol.
Control, pp. 74, 170-171, 180-182, 185, 186, 464. — Abdelrahman, 1974. Aust. Nat. (Austral.)
Jour. Zool. 22 (2): 203-229.

Aphytis citrinus Compere
Calif. Host: Aonidiella citrina (Coq.).

Aphytis citrinus Compere, 1955. Calif., Univ., Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 309, 312-313. ♀.




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Taxonomy: DeBach, 1959. Ent. Soc. Amer, Ann. 52 (4): 360-361.

Aphytis coheni DeBach
Calif. Host: Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), A. citrina (Coq.), Chrysomphalus
dictyospermi (Morg.).
Aphytis coheni DeBach, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 58 (6): 704, 705. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Rao and DeBach, 1969. Hilgardia 39 (19): 515-567.

Biology: Fleschner, 1963. Pan-Pacific Ent. 39 (2): 114-116. — Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp.
171, 464. — Sternlicht, 1973. Entomophaga 18 (4): 339-342.

Aphytis comperei DeBach and Rosen
Tex. Host: Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.).

Aphytis comperei DeBach and Rosen, 1976. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 69 (3): 543. ♀.

Aphytis dealbatus Compere
Calif. Host: Lepidosaphes ulnii (L.).

Aphytis dealbatus Compere, 1955. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 278, 286-287. ♀.

Aphytis diaspidis (Howard)
N. Y. s. to Va., La., Calif. Host: Abgrallaspis oxycoccus (Wogl.), Acutaspis
agavis (Towns, and Ckll.), Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), Chionaspis fiirfiira (Fitch), C.
pinifoliae (Fitch), Heniiberlesia rapax (Comst.), Parlatoria pergandii Comst.,
Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus (Comst.). It appears quite likely that other species of
Aphytis have been misidentified as diaspidis.
Aphelinus diaspidis Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rept. for 1880, p. 355. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: De Santis, 1948. La Plata Mus. Rev. Zool. (n. s.) 5: 133-135. —Compere, 1955.
Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 289-294. -Quednau, 1964. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 27 (1):
98-99.

Biology: Quayle, 1910. Jour. Econ. Ent. 3 (5): 398-401. — Alam, 1956. Nat. Acad. Sci. India,
Proc, Allahabad 26 (B): 69-74.

Aphytis fisheri DeBach
Calif. Introduced, establishment questionable. Host: Aonidiella aurantii
(Mask.), Aspidiotus nerii Bouche.
Aphytis fisheri DeBach, 1959. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 52 (4): 359, 362. ♂, ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Quednau, 1964. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 27 (1): 114.

Biology: DeBach and Landi, 1959. Calif. Agr. 13: 9. —van den Bosch and Messenger, 1973.
Biol. Control, p. 77. —Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 75, 184.

Aphytis hispanicus (Mercet)
Fla. w. to Calif. Host: Parlatoria pergandii Comst., Aonidiella aurantii
(Mask.).
Aphelinus niaculicornis var. hispanicus Mercet, 1912. Mus. Cien. Nat. Madrid Trab., ser.
Zool. 10: 82. ♀.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1930. Rev. Biol. y. Forest. Limnologia, (Ser. B) 2 (2): 51, 53-54
(misidentification ot hispanicus as A. niaculicornis (Masi)). —Compere, 1955. CaHf. Univ.,
Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 289, 294. -DeBach, 1959. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 52 (4): 359-360.
—Quednau, 1964. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 27 (1): 92 (key), 99, 100. -Muma and Selheim,
1966. Fla. State Hort. Soc, Proc. 79: 87-89.

Aphytis holoxanthus DeBach
Fla. w. to Calif. Introduced and successfully established. Host:

Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) (in lab.), Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, Chrysomphalus aonidutn
(L.).
Aphytis holoxanthus DeBach, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53 (6): 704-705. ♂, ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Quednau, 1964. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 27 (1): 93 (key), 115. —Muma and
Selheim, 1966. Fla. State Hort. Soc, Proc 79: 87 (key), 90. —Rao and DeBach, 1969.
Hilgardia 39 (19): 515-567.

Biology: Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 170-172, 460-461. —DeBach, 1974. Biol. Control by
Nat. Enem., pp. 175-177, 202-203, 291.

Aphytis immaculatus Compere
Calif Introduced, establishment questionable. Host: Aonidiella
aurantii (Mask.), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.).
Aphytis immaculatus Compere, 1955. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 279, 281, 283, 307-308.
6, 9.

Biology: Clausen, 1956. Pan-Pacific Ent. 32 (3): 126-127.




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Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere
Fla., Tex., Calif. Host: Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.).

Aphytis lepidosapheti Compere, 1955. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 279, 307. c^, 9.

Taxonomy: Quednau, 1964. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 27 (1): 93 (key), 107.

Biology: DeBach, 1959. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 52 (4): 354-362. —Dean, 1961. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Ann. 54 (6): 918-920. -DeBach and Landi, 1961. Hilgardia 31 (14): 459-497. -DeBach and
Argyriou, 1967. Entomophaga 12 (4): 325-342. — Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 130-131,
171, 462.

Aphytis lingnanensis Compere
Fla., Tex., Calif. Host: Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), A. citriua (Coq.) (in
lab.), Aspidiotiis iierii Bouche, Diaspis ecliinocacti (Bouche) (in lab.).
Aphytin liHguaneHaiii Compere, 1955. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 279, 303-305. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: DeBach, 1959. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann-. 52 (4): 356, 357, 359 (key), 360. —Quednau,

1964. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 27 (1): 93 (key), 107. -Rao and DeBach, 1969. Hilgardia 39
(19): 515-567.

Biology: van den Bosch and Messenger, 1973. Biol. Control, pp. 77. —DeBach et al., 1956.
Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 49 (3): 235-239 (as Aphytis "A"). —DeBach and White, 1960. Calif.
Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 770, 58 pp. -DeBach and Sisojevic, 1960. Ecology 41 (1): 153-160.
—Gordh and DeBach, 1976. Canad. Ent. 108 (6): 583-589. —Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control,
pp. 74-75, 85, 89, 170-171, 180-186.

Aphytis maculicornis (Masi)
Calif. Host: Parlatoria oleae (Colvee).

Aphelinus niaculicomis Masi, 1911. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 5 (4): 158-159. ♀.

Taxonomy: Doutt, 1954. Jour. Econ. Ent. 47 (1): 39-40. —Hafez and Doutt, 1954. Canad. Ent.
86 (2): 90-96. — Sugonyayev, 1962. Akad. Nauk SSSR Izv., ser. Biol. 5: 755. —Ahmad and
Ghani, 1971. Bui. Ent. Res. 61 (1): 69-74. — Khasimuddin and DeBach, 1976. Entomophaga
21 (1): 81-92.

Biology: Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139: 6, 33, 82. -Huffaker et al., 1962.
Hilgardia 32 (13): 541-636. -Huffaker and Kennett, 1966. Hilgardia 37 (9): 283-335.
—Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 30-31, 42, 48, 73, 118, 129, 172-179. -Khasimuddin and
DeBach, 1975. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 68 (5): 893-896.

Aphytis melanostictus Compere
Calif. Host: Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae (Comst.).

Aphytis melanostictus Compere, 1955. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 278, 287. ♂, ♀.

Aphytis melinus DeBach
Calif. Host: Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), A. citrina (Coq.) (in lab.), Diaspis
echinocacti (Bouche) (in lab.), Hemiberlesia lataniae (Sign.).
Aphytis melinus DeBach, 1959. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 52 (4): 359, 361-362. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Quednau, 1964. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 27 (1): 93 (key), 114-115. —Quednau,

1965. So. Africa Agr. Sci., Jour. 8: 43-56. -Rao and DeBach, 1969. Hilgardia 39 (19):
515-567.

Biology: DeBach and Landi, 1959. Calif. Agr. 13: 9. —DeBach and Sundby, 1963. Hilgardia 34
(5): 105-166. -Quednau, 1964. So. Africa Agr. Sci., Jour. 7: 335-340. -Huffaker, 1971. Biol.
Control, pp. 75, 89, 120, 180, 184-186, 188, 190, 464. -Sternlicht, 1973. Entomophaga 18 (4):
339-342. -McLaren and Buchanan, 1973. Austral. Jour. Zool. 21 (1): 111-117.
—Abdelrahman, 1974. Austral. Jour. Zool. 22 (2): 203-247.

Aphytis mytilaspidis (LeBaron)
Cosmopolitan. Host: Aspidiottis nerii Bouche, Aulacaspis rosae

(Bouche), Canilaspis juniperi (Bouche), Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), C. salicisnigrae
(Walsh), C. heterophyllae Cooley, C. pinifoliae (Fitch), Dynaspidiotus britannicus
(Newst.), Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), Lepidosaphes sp. on Ptelea trifoliata, Parlatoria
blanchardi (Targ.-Tozz.), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Sign.), Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae
(Comst.), Q. ostraeaformis (Curt.), Q. peniiciosus (Comst.). Aphytis mytilaspidis is
noteworthy in that it has an arrhenotokous and a thelytokous form. Moreover, Rossler
and DeBach (1973) have shown that thelytokous females are capable of utilizing sperm
of males from an arrhenotokous population.
Aphelinus viytilaspidis LeBaron, 1870. Amer. Ent. and Bot. 2: 360. ♀.

Taxonomy: Compere, 1955. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 309-310. —DeBach and Azim, 1962.
Mushi 36 (1): 1-8. —Rossler and DeBach, 1972. Entomophaga 17 (4): 391-423. —Rossler




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and DeBach, 1972. Entomophaga 17 (4): 425-435. — Khasimuddin and DeBach, 1976.
Entomophaga 21 (1): 113-122.

Biology: Imms, 1916. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. 61: 218-272. — Griswold, 1925. N. Y. (Cornell)
Agr. E.xpt. Sta., Mem. 93: 44-47. -Essig, 1931. Hist, of Ent., p. 339. —Clausen, 1956. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 31. -Flanders, 1957. Jour. Econ. Ent. 50 (2): 171-172.
—Flanders, 1960. Jour. Econ. Ent. 53 (5): 757-758. — Tadic, 1961. Arh. za Poljopriv Nauke
14: 188. -Chumakova, 1961. Ent. Rev. 40 (2): 170-179. — Sorokina, 1971. Ent. Rev. 50 (3):
312, 315, 316. — Rossler and DeBach, 1973. Hilgardia 42 (5): 149-176. —Khasimuddin and
DeBach, 1975. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 68 (5): 893-896.

Aphytis proclia (Walker)
Cosmopolitan. Host: Aonidiella aura7itii (Mask.), Aspidiotus destructor Sign.,
A. nerii Bouche, Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche), Chrysompkalus aonidum (L.), C.
dictyoHpenni (Morg.), Diaspidiotus uvae (Comst.), Diaspis bromeliae (Kern.), D.
ecliinocacti (Bouche), Heviiberlesia rapax (Comst.), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.), L.
gloveri (Pack.), L. uhni (L.), Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), Pseudaonidia duplex (Ckll.),
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.-Tozz.), Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae (Comst.),
Unaspis euonyvii (Comst.). Aphytis proclia probably has been misidentified often and
in fact morphological entities previously assigned to proclia constitute a sibling species
complex.
Aphelinun Proclia Walker, 1839. Monog. Chalcid. v. 1, pp. 9-10. ♀.
Aphelinus fuscipennis Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rpt. for 1880, p. 356. ♀.

Taxonomy: De Santis, 1948. La Plata Mus. Rev. Zool. (n. s.) 5: 133-138. —Compere, 1955.
Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 10 (4): 278, 287. -DeBach, 1959. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 52 (4): 358.
—Chumakova, 1960. Leningr. Vsesoi. Inst. Zasch. Rast., Trudy 15: 57. —Chumakova, 1961.
Leningr. Vsesoi. Inst. Zasch. Rast., Trudy 15: 316.

Biology: Smith, 1897. N. J. Agr. Expt. Sta., Ann. Rpt. 17: 483-519. — Quayle, 1911. Calif. Agr.
Expt. Sta., Bui. 214: 463-466. —Essig, 1931. Hist, of Ent., pp. 339-341. —Chumakova, 1961.
Ent. Rev. 40 (2): 171-179. -Goryunova, 1964. Trudy VIZR 22 (1): 40-55. — Sumaroka, 1967.
Ent. Rev. 46 (2): 179-185. -Sorokina, 1971. Ent. Rev. 50 (3): 311-312.

Genus CENTRODORA Foerster

Centrodora Foerster, 1878. Naturh. Ver. Rheinlande, Verh. 35: 66.

Type-species: Centrodora aynoena Foerster. Monotypic.
Paraphelinus Perkins, 1906. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1
(8): 264.

Type-species: Paraphelinus xiphidii Perkins. Monotypic.
Proaphelinoides Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., p. 4.

Type-species: Proaphelinoides elongatifomiis Girault. Orig. desig.
Microeupelmiis Otten, 1941. Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. 8 (4): 259.

Type-species: Microeupelmus acridiphagus Otten. Orig. desig.
Pechlaneria Soyka, 1948. Ent. Nachr. 2 (7): 46.

Type-species: Pechlaneria alpina Soyka. Orig. desig.

Centrodora is a cosmopolitan genus containing approximately 30 species. The species of Cen-
trodora attack Orthoptera and Homoptera eggs, but at least one species is purported to
parasitize Diptera and other Hymenoptera. A host-parasite catalog of Centrodora has been
prepared by Hayat, 1974.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1918. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Bol. 18: 103-109. — Mercet, 1930. Eos. 6 (4):
287-295. -Annecke, 1965. So. Africa Agr. Sci., Jour. 8: 1133-1138. —Valentine, 1966. New
Zeal. Jour. Sci. 9: 331-335. —Hayat, 1973. Entomophaga 18 (1): 41-46. —Hayat, 1974. Polski
Pismo Ent. 44 (2): 287-298 (host-parasite catalog). —Graham, 1976. Syst. Ent. 1 (2):
135-136.

Centrodora speciosissima (Girault)
N. Y. s. to Va., w. to Ky., 111. Host: Conocepkalus fuscus (F.),

Conocephaliis sp., Phytophaga destructor (Say), Harrnolita tritici (Fitch), Platygaster

zosiyie Walk.
Agonioneuriis loctistannn Giraud, 1863. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 13: 1278-1279.

6,9. Questionable synonym.
Paraphelinus speciosissinius Girault, 1911. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 19 (3): 181-182. ♀.




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Taxonomy: Gahan, 1934 (1933). U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 174: 124-128. -Erdos, 1958. Folia
Ent. Hungarica 6: 165-184. — Nikol'skaya and Yashnosh, 1966. Opred. Fauny SSSR 91, pp.
156-161.

Biology: McConnell, 1916. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 9 (1): 97-102. —Hill and Smith, 1928. Jour.
Agr. Res. 36 (2): 153-155.

Morphology: Hill and Pinckney, 1940. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 715: 5, 11-13.

Genus MARIETTA Motschulsky

Marietta Motschulsky, 1863. Soc. Nat. Imp. Moscou, Bui. 36 (2): 51.

Type-species: Marietta leopanlina Motschulsky. Monotypic.
Perissopteriis Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent, Tech. Ser. 1: 20.

Type-species: Aplielinus piilchelliis Howard. Orig. desig.
Pseiidaphelinus Brethes, 1918. Soc. Rural Argentina, An. 53: 157.

Type-species: Pseudaphelinus caridei Brethes. Monotypic.
Paraphytk Compere, 1925. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 51 (871): 129-130.

Type-species: Paraph yti.s i'ittata Compere. Orig. desig.

This cosmopolitan genus contains approximately 35 species. Most, if not all, are external
hyperparasites associated with scale insects.

Taxonomy: Compere, 1936. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 6 (12): 277-322. —Nikol'skaya and
Jashnosh, 1966. Opred. Fauny SSSR 91: 162-166. —Annecke and Insley, 1972. So. Africa
Ent. Soc, Jour. 35(1): 1-15.

Marietta carnesi (Howard)
Del. s. to Va., Calif. Host: Comperiella bifasciata How. on Lepidosaphes
beckii (Newm.) and QuadraHpidiotiiH perniciosus (Comst.), Plagionierus diaspidis
Crawford on Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche).
PerisHopterus carnesi Howard, 1910. Ent. News 21 (4): 162-163. ♀.

Biology: Azim, 1961. Mushi 35 (14): 107.

Marietta graminicola Timberlake
Md. s. to Fla., w. to Tex. Host: Anagynis antoninae Timb. on
unknown host.
Marietta graminicola Timberlake, 1925. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc 6 (1): 180-184. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Dean and Schuster, 1958. Jour. Econ. Ent. 51 (3): 364.

Marietta javensis (Howard)
Calif.? Adventive, establishment questionable. Host: Coccophagus lycimnia
(Wlkr.), Microterysflavus (Howard).
Perissoptenis javensis Howard, 1907. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 12 (4): 87, 88.

6, 9.

Biology: Timberlake, 1913. Jour. Econ. Ent. 6 (3): 300.

Marietta mexicana (Howard)
N. Y. s. to Va., Calif. Host: Metapbycus lounsburyi How., Signiphora
merceti Malen. Also on undetermined parasites of Coccus hesperidum L., Lecanium
nigrofasciatmn Perg., Lepidosaphes ulvii (L.), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comst.).
Perissoptenis mexicanus Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 1: 21-23. ♂.
9.

Biology: Smith, 1933. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 26 (3): 525. — Essig, 1931. Hist, of Ent., pp. 348,
349, 354. —Flanders, 1940. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 33 (2): 252. —Cox, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent.
35 (5): 700-701. — DeBach et al. 1958. Jour. Econ. Ent. 51 (1): 115.

Marietta pulchella (Howard)
Cosmopolitan. Ecology: Attacking undetermined parasites on Chionaspis
americana Johns., C. pinifoliae (Fitch), Lecanodiaspis sp. on cottonwood and willow,
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.-Tozz.), Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johns.), Q.
juglansregiae (Comst), Q. perniciosus (Comst).
Aphelinus pulchellus Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept Agr., Ann. Rpt. for 1880, p. 356. ♀.

Biology: Felt, 1916. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 180: 84. -Peterson, 1962. Canad. Ent 94 (4): 740.
— Willoughby and Kosztarab, 1974. Va. Polytech. Inst. St Univ., Res. Div. Bui. 92: 24.

Genus MARLATTIELLA Howard

Marlattiella Howard, 1907. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 12: 73.




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Type-species: Marlattiella prima Howard. Orig. desig.

This genus is presently monotypic and widespread. The type-species attacks pear white scale.

Taxonomy: Rosen and DeBach, 1970. Mushi 43 (3): 39-44.

Marlattiella prima Howard
Md. Host: Lopholeucanpis japonica (CklL).

Marlattiella prima Howard, 1907. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent, Tech. Ser. 12: 73.

Taxonomy: Tachikawa, 1962. Shikoku Ent. See, Trans. 7 (3): 74-79. — Nikol'skaya and
Jashnosh, 1966. Opred. Fauny SSSR 91: 150.

Biology: Compere, 1936. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 6 (12): 279-281.

Genus MESIDIA Foerster

Mesidia Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, p. 30. No species included.
Type-species: Mesidia puviila Mayr. Subsequent monotypy.

This small Holarctic genus is composed of primary internal aphid parasites.

Foerster(1856) described Mesidia in a keybut did not include any species. Subsequently, Mayr
(1904) described M. punnla which was the first and only included species. Mercet (1928) in-
dicated and Nowicki (1929) suggested that puniila was a junior synonym of Myina annulipes
Walker. Graham (1961) was unable to find the type-specimen of annulipes, but on the basis of
three collections of specimens agreeing with Walker's original decription, Nowicki's examination
of the type of piimila, and Mercet's illustration of the male antenna of the specimen thought to
be annulipes, Graham concluded the two were synonymous.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1928. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Bol. 28: 507-512. —Nowicki, 1929. Neue
Beitr. Syst. Insektenk. 4 (13-14): 160. —Graham, 1961. Ent. Monthly Mag. 97 (1164-1166):
140-142. -Ferriere, 1962. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 35 (1-2): 139-143. -Ferriere, 1965.
Faune I'Europe Bassin Medit. 1: 52-56. —Nikol'skaya and Jashnosh, 1966. Opred. Fauny
SSSR 91: 153-156. —Graham, 1976. Syst. Ent. 1 (2): 143.

Mesidia gillettei Howard
Ill, Colo. Host: Brachycoius tritici Gill.

Mesidia gillettei Uoward, 1914. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 16 (2): 80. ♀.

Taxonomy: Dozier, 1933. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 35 (6): 90-91.

Mesidia nigra Lagace
Calif. Introduced. Host: Iziphya punctata Hille Ris Lamb.
Mesidia nigra Lagace, 1969. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 62 (3): 530-531. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Lagace, 1969. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 62 (3): 532-536.

Genus TUMIDISCAPUS Girault

Tumidiscapus Girault, 1911. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 19 (3): 182.
Type-species: Tumidiscapus flavus Girault. Orig. desig.

Six species of Tumidiscapus have been described, with 4 from North America. The North
American species attack tettigoniid and cercopid eggs.

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1932. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 25 (4): 740-742. — Milliron, 1947. Ent. Soc.

Wash., Proc. 49 (7): 193-197. — Hayat, 1974. Polski Pismo Ent. 44 (2): 294-295 (catalog).

Tumidiscapus cercopiphagus Milliron
Fla., Mich., Wis. Host: Aphrophora saratogensis (Fitch).

Tumidiscapus cercopiphagus Milliron, 1947. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 49 (7): 193-195. ♂, ♀.

Tumidiscapus flavus Girault
Pa. w. to S. Dak., Tenn. Host: Orchelimum vulgare Harris, Pliytopltaga
desfrnctor (Say), Lasioptera sp. on Mulilenbergia.

Tumidiscapus flaims Girault, 1911. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 19 (3): 182-183. ♂.

Tumidiscapus orchelimumsis Gahan
Pa., Va., 111. Host: Orchelimion culgare Harris.

Tumidiscapus orclieli)numsis Gahan, 1932. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 25 (4): 741-742. ♂, ♀.

Tumidiscapus orthopterae Gahan
Fla. Host: Tettigoniid eggs on Andropogon abbreviatus.

Tumidiscapus orthopterae Gahan, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 55: 406-407. ♂, ♀.




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Tribe COCCOPHAGINI

Genus ABLERUS Howard

Ablerus Howard, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 7 (1): 7-8.

Type-species: Centrodora clisiocanipae Ashmead. Monotypic.

Ablerus has about 35 species, is predominantly Australian in distribution, and is composed of
hyperparasites.

Taxonomy. Girault, 1913. Queensland Mus., Mem. 2: 189-194. — Girault, 1932. New Pests from
Australia (priv. pub., no page numbers). -De Santis, 1948. La Plata Mus. Rev. Zool. (n. s.)
5 (32): 198-212 (So. Amer. spp.). — Annecke and Insley, 1970. Bui. Ent. Res. 60 (2): 247-248.

Biology: Comber, 1967. New Zeal. Jour. Sci. 10 (3): 641.

Ablerus americanus Girault
D. C. Host: Diaspidiotus uvae (Comst).

Ablerus americanus Girault, 1916. Soc. Ent. 31 (8): 44. ♀.

Ablerus clisiocampae (Ashmead)
N. Y. s. to Fla., w. to La., Minn. Host: Chionaspis furfura (Fitch),

Melanaspis obscura Comst.), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.-Tozz.), Quadraspidiotus
forbesi (Johns.), Q. peniiciosiis (Comst.).
Centrodora clisioca))ipae Ashmead, 1894. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 3 (1): 10. ♀.

Biology: Baker, 1933. U. S. Dept. Agr., Cir. 295: 8-9. — Hodson, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann.
32 (1): 131-136. -Hughes, 1960. Fla. Ent. 43 (2): 90-92.

Ablerus perspeciosus Girault
D. C. Host: Chrysompahlus aonidum (L.), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targ.-Tozz.).
Ablenis perspeciosus Girault, 1916. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 9 (3): 292. ♀.
Azotiis silvestrii Compere, 1926. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (1): 9-11. ♀.

Genus ANERISTUS Howard

Aneristus Howard, 1895. Canad. Ent. 27 (12): 351.

Type-species: Aneristus ceroplastae Howard. Monotypic.

Aneristus is a pantropical genus predominantly found in South America and Africa. It is com-
posed of less than 20 species that are internal parasites of soft-scale insects.

Taxonomy: Dozier, 1932. Puerto Rico Dept. Agr., Jour. 16 (2): 94-102. —Compere, 1936. Calif.
Univ., Pubs. Ent. 6 (2): 285-288 (key). — Ghesquiere, 1949. Soc. Ent. de Belg., Bui. et Ann.
85 (5-6): 156-167 (catalog).

Aneristus ceroplastae Howard
La. w. to Calif. Host: Cocciis hesperidum L., C. pseudomagnoliarum
(Kuw.), Saissetia coffeae (Walk.).
Aneristus ceroplastae Howard, 1895. Canad. Ent. 27 (2): 351. ♀.
Coccophagus orientalis Howard, 1896. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 18: 633-634. ♀.

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1924. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 64 (4): 13-14.
Biology: Smith and Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (9): 242, 246-247.

Aneristus youngi Girault
La., Tex. Host: Ceroplastes sp. on Chrysanthemum, Coccus hesperidum L.,
Saissetia coffeae (Walk.).
AnenistusC.) youngi Girault, 1917. Descr. Hym. Chalcidoid. Variorum Cum Observ. V, p.
11.

Genus ASPIDIOTIPHAGUS Howard

Aspidiotiphagus Howard, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 6 (3): 230.

Type-species: Coccophagus citriuus Craw. Monotypic.
Prospaltoides Brethes, 1914. Nunquam Otiosus, Buenos Aires, p. 12.

Type-species: Prospaltoides hoicardi Brethes. Monotypic. Considered a synonym of

Aspidiotiphagus citrinus
***authority mismatch
Craw.

Aspidiotiphagus is comprised of fewer than 10 species. It is cosmopolitan in distribution, and
its members are internal primary parasites of armored-scale insects.




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Taxonomy: Paoli, 1926. Soc. Ent. Ital, Bol. 58: 97-105. — Dozier, 1927. Puerto Rico Dept.
Agr., Jour. 10 (3-4): 274-277. -Mercet, 1930. Rev. de Biol, y Forest. Limnologia 2 (B):
69-72. —Compere, 1936. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 6 (12): 294-295. — Alam, 1956. Roy. Ent.
Soc. London, Trans. 108 (8): 359-363.

Aspidiotiphagus citrinus
***authority mismatch
agilior Berlese. Va., Fla. Host: Unaspis euonymi (Comst.).

AspkliotiphaguH citrinim var. agilior Berlese, 1916. Redia 12 (1): 5, 7, 10. ♀.

Aspidiotiphagus citrinus
***authority mismatch
citrinus (Craw). Cosmopolitan. Host: Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), A. citrina (Coq.),
A.spidiotus destructor Sign., A. nerii Bouche, Carulaspis visci (Schrank), Cliionaspis
pinifoliae (Fitch), Chryso)iiphalus aonidiini (L.), C. dictyospertni (Morg.), Coccus
hesperidum L., Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putn.), Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newst.),
Diaspis bronieliae (Kern.), D. echinocacti (Bouche), Kuivanaspis liikosaui (Kuw.),
Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.), L. uhni (L.), Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comst.), Nuculaspis
califortiica (Col.), Parlatoria oleae (Colv.), P. pergandii Comst., Pinnaspis aspidistrae
(Sign.), P. strachani (Cooley), Pseudaonidia duplex (Ckll.), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targ.-Tozz.). The morphological form called citrinus may consist of sibling species.

Coccophagus citrinus Craw, 1891. Calif. State Bd. Hort., Bui. 57: 5.

Prospaltoides Iw2vardi Brethes, 1914. Nunquam Otiosus, Buenos Aires, pp. 13-14.

Taxonomy: Howard, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 6 (3): 229-230.

Biology: Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 1: 7, 31. —Isaac, 1905. Calif.
State Comm. Hort., Bien. Rpt. 1: 95. -Essig, 1931. Hist, of Ent., pp. 341-342, 386.
— Benassy, 1958. Entomophaga 3 (2): 104. —Hughes, 1960. Fla. Ent. 43 (2): 90-92.
— Benassy, 1961. Ann. des Epiphyt. 12 (C): 42. — Chumakova, 1965. Ent. Rev. 44 (3):
305-308. — Sorokina, 1971. Ent. Rev. 50 (3): 313-316. —Brewer, 1971. Austral. Jour. Zool. 19
(1): 53-63. -Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 48, 49, 78. — DeBach, 1974. Biol. Control by
Nat. Enem., p. 133.

Morphology: Parker and Thompson, 1925. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 18 (3): 387.

Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi (Berlese and Paoli)
Fla. Host: Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), Chrysomphaius
aonidum (L.), C. dictyospervii (Morg.).
Prospaltella lounsbiiryi Berlese and Paoli, 1916. Redia 11 (1-2): 305.

Taxonomy: Muma, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52 (4): 579. — Annecke, 1963. So. Africa Ent. Soc,
Jour. 26 (1): 206.

Biology: Mathis, 1947. Fla. Ent. 29 (2-3): 33.

Genus AZOTUS Howard

Azotus Howard, 1898. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 4 (2): 138.

Type-species: Azotus tnarchali Howard. Monotypic. Considered a synonym of
Encyrtus atonion Walker.
Dimacrocerus Brethes, 1914. Nunquam Otiosus, Buenos Aires, p. 4.

Type-species: Dimacrocerus platensis Brethes. Orig. desig.

Azotus is a cosmopolitan genus consisting of fewer than 30 species that are usually hyper-
parasites of armored-scale insects, whiteflies, and possibly beetles and cicada eggs according to
Nikol'skaya (1952).

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1923. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 23 (9): 410-413. — Nowicki, 1926.
Polski Pismo Ent. 5 (1-2): 104-113 (Palearctic key). — Ferriere, 1927. Rev. Suisse de Zool.
34 (2): 57-59. —Alam, 1956. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 108 (8): 358, 376-379. — Agarwal,
1964. Indian Acad. Sci., Proc. (B) 60: 326-331. —Annecke and Insley, 1970. Bui. Ent. Res.
60 (2): 237-247. — De Santis, 1974. Rev. Chilena Ent. 8 (1): 11-15 (argentinean spp.).

Biology: Nikol'skaya, 1952. Chalcid Fauna of USSR p. 295 (English translation 1963; p. 301).

Azotus americanus Dozier
Del. Host: Lecaniuni corni Bouche, Lepidosaphes uhni (L.),
QuadraspidiotuH peniiciosus (Comst.).
Azotus americanus Dozier, 1928. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30 (2): 36. ♂.

Azotus marchali Howard
D. C, Md., Va. Host: Diaspidiotus uvae (Comst).

Azotus marchali Howard, 1898. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 4 (2): 138-139. ♂.




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Genus COCCOPHAGOIDES Girault

Coccophagoides Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 58.

Type-species: Coccophagus abiiorniicoriiis Girault. Orig. desig.
Diaspiniphagus Silvestri. 1927. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 20: 35-36.

Type-species: Pwspalta siniilis Masi. Orig. desig.

This genus consists of less than 10 species. One species, C. iitilis Doutt, acts in concert with
Aphytis ttiacitlicornis (Masi) to achieve biological control of the olive scale, Parlatoria oleae
(Colv.), in California. This is an excellent e.xample of multiple parasite importation success.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1928. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 28: 511-512. — Nowicki, 1929. Neue
Beitr. Syst. Insektenk. 4 (13-14): 158. -Compere, 1936. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 6 (12):
292-293. -Doutt, 1966. Hilgardia 37 (9): 219-231.

Biology: Broodryk and Doutt, 1966. Hilgardia 37 (9): 233-254. —Finney, 1966. Hilgardia 37
(9): 337-343. -Kennett et a/., 1966. Hilgardia 37 (9): 255-282. —van den Bosch and
Messenger, 1973. Biol. Control, pp. 39, 110, 111. — DeBach, 1974. Biol. Control by Nat.
Enem., pp. 171, 204.

Coccophagoides fuscipennis (Girault)
III. Host: Melaiiaspis obscum (Comst.). Transfered from Prospaltella
Ashmead, teste H. Compere (in lift.).
Proxpaltella fuscipennis Girault, 1908. Psyche 15 (6): 120-121. ♀.

Biology: Baker, 1933. U. S. Dept. Agr., Cir. 295: 8-9.

Coccophagoides kuwanae (Silvestri)
Conn. s. to N. J., w. to Ohio, Calif. Host: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targ.-Tozz.), Qiiadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comst.).
DiaspiniphaguH Kmvanae Silvestri, 1927. Lab. Zool. Gen. e. Agr. Portici, Bol. 20: 39-41. ♀.

Taxonomy: Compere, 1936. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 6 (12): 293. —Doutt, 1966. Hilgardia 37
(9): 223, 224, 226.

Biology: Flanders, 1960. Jour. Econ. Ent. 53 (5): 757.

Coccophagoides similis (Masi)
Cosmopolitan. Host: Diaspidiotus viticola (Leon.), Qnadraspidiotus
ostreaeforniis (Curt.), Q. perniciosus (Comst.), Targionia vitis (Sign.).
Prospalta similis Masi, 1908. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici , Bol. 3: 148-149. ♀.
Prospaltella ilicis Mercet, 1921. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat. Tomo 50 Aniv., pp. 304-305, 308.
9.

Taxonomy: Silvestri, 1927. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici , Bol. 20: 36-38 (redescribed in
Diaspiniphagus). —Flanders, 1960. Jour. Econ. Ent. 53 (5): 757 (distribution).

Coccophagoides utilis Doutt
Calif. Host: Parlatoria oleae (Colv.).

Coccophagoides utilis Doutt, 1966. Hilgardia 37 (9): 224-226. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Broodryk and Doutt, 1966. Hilgardia 37 (9): 233-254. —Kennett et ai, 1966.
Hilgardia 37 (9): 255-282. -Huffaker and Kennett, 1966. Hilgardia 37 (9): 283-335.
— DeBach, 1974. Biol. Control by Nat. Enem., pp. 171, 204.

Genus COCCOPHAGUS Westwood

Coccophagus Westwood, 1833. London, Edinb. and Dublin Phil. Mag. and Jour. Sci. 3 (3):
344.

Type-species: Entedon scutellaris Dalman. Desig. by Westwood, 1840.
Paracliaritopus Brethes, 1913. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac. de Hist., Nat., An. 24: 105.

Type-species: Paracliaritopus lecanii Brethes. Monotypic.
Onophilus Brethes, 1918. Soc. Rural Argentina, An. 53: 155.

Type-species: Onophilus caridei Brethes. Monotypic.
Parencarsia Mercet, 1930. Eos 6 (2): 198.

Type-species: Coccophagus krygeri Mercet. Orig. desig.

Coccophagus contains about 140 species and is worldwide in distribution. Some species have
been important in biological control of lecaniine coccids.




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Taxonomy: Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 55-57. — Mercet, 1928. Soc. Espan. de
Hist. Nat., Bol. 28: 509-510. —Mercet, 1930. Rev. de Biol. Forest, y Limnologia Ser. B 2:
87-91. -Compere, 1931. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 78 (7): 1-132. —Mercet, 1931. Eos 7 (4):
399-410. -Compere, 1940. Hilgardia 13 (7): 395-405. -Risbec, 1952. Madagascar Inst. Sci.,
Mem. 2 (E): 152. — Alam, 1956. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 108 (8): 363-367.
— Tachikawa, 1957. Japanese Jour. Appl. Ent. Zool. 1 (1): 61-64. — Sugonyayev and
Chung-yun, 1960. Ent. Rev. 39 (3): 503-507. -Agarwal, 1964. Indian Acad. Sci., Proc. (B)
59: 267-274. — Yoshimoto, 1965. Pacific Insects 7 (4): 699. — Hayat, 1971. Entomophaga 16
(4): 421-432. —Hayat, 1974. Jour. Nat. Hist. 8: 179-186. —Hayat, 1974. Oriental Insects 8
(3): 291-297. -Graham, 1976. Syst. Ent. 1 (2): 137-142.

Biology: Flanders, 1936. Science 83 (2160): 499. -Flanders, 1936. Jour. Econ. Ent. 29 (3): 468.
—Flanders, 1936. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 29 (2): 251-255. — Zinna, 1961. Lab. Ent. Agr.
Portici, Bol. 19: 303-317. -Flanders, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 47 (1): 87.

Coccophagus albicoxa Howard
Calif. Host: Physokennes insignicola (Craw), Toumeyella parvicomis
(CklL), T. pinicola Ferris.
CoccophaguH albicoxa Howard, 1911. Jour. Econ. Ent. 4 (2): 276. ♀.
Coccophagus coxalia Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27 (1): 34-35. ♀.

Coccophagus anthracinus Compere
Calif. Introduced from S. Africa, possibly estabHshed. Host: Saissetia
oleae (Oliv.).
Coccophagus antliracimis Compere, 1925. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (3): 309-311. ♀.

Taxonomy: Compere, 1931. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 78 (7): 26. —Compere, 1940. Hilgardia 13
(7): 397, 401.

Coccophagus baldassarii Compere
Calif. Introduced, possibly established. Host: Saissetia oleae (Oliv.).

Coccophagus baldassarii Compere, 1931. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 5 (12): 251-252. ♀.

Coccophagus capensis Compere
Calif. Host: Parasaissetia nigra (Nietn.), S. oleae (Oliv.). Coccophagiis
viodesfus of American authors, not Silvestri.

Coccophagus niodestus var. capensis Compere, 1931. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 78 (7): 83.

Biology: Smith and Compere, 1926. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (3): 51-61. — Essig, 1931. Hist,
of Ent., pp. 346, 386. -Flanders, 1936. Jour. Econ. Ent. 29 (2): 468. -Cendana, 1937. Calif.
Univ., Pubs. Ent. 6 (14): 390-396. -Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 93.

Coccophagus caridei (Brethes)
Calif. Introduced, possibly established. Host: Coccus hesperidum L., C.
pseudomagnoliarum (Kuw.), Planococcus citri (Risso), Saissetia hemispkaerica
(Targ.-Tozz.), S. oleae (Oliv.).
Onophiius Caridei Brethes, 1918. Soc. Rural Argentina, An. 52: 156.
Coccophagus heteropneusticus Compere, 1939. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 7 (5): 83-84. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Flanders, 1939. Jour. Econ. Ent. 32 (6): 888-890. —Flanders, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent.
35 (5): 687. -Flanders, 1949. Canad. Ent. 81 (11): 261.

Coccophagus cinguliventris Girault
Md. w. to 111., Wis. Host: Lecanium conii Bouche, L. nigrofasciatum
Perg.
Coccophagus cinguliventris Girault, 1909. Psyche 16 (4): 79-80. ♀.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1916. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 9 (3): 297-298 (male described).

Coccophagus cowperi Girault
Tex. w. to Calif. Host: Saissetia oleae (Oliv.), Coccus hesperidum L.,
Parasaissetia nigra (Nietn.).
Coccophagus cowperi Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., p. 1. ♀.

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 71 (4): 24-25. -Masi, 1907. Lab. Zool. Gen. e
Agr. Portici, Bol. 1: 239-243 (misident. as flavoscutellum Ashm.). —Compere, 1931. U. S.
Natl. Mus., Proc. 78 (7): 57, 60. —Flanders, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46 (1): 90-91.
—Alam, 1956. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 108 (8): 363-364.

Biology: Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 94. —Flanders, 1959. Jour. Econ.
Ent. 52 (4): 597.

Coccophagus eleaphilus Silvestri
Calif. Host: Saissetia oleae (Oliv.).

Coccophagus eleaphilus Silvestri, 1915. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 9: 318-320. ♂.

9.




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Coccophagus eritreaensis Compere
Calif. Introduced. Host: Coccus pseudo»iagnoliani)n (Kuw.), Saissetia
oleae (Oliv.).
Coccophagus eritreaenaia Compere, 1931. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 5 (12): 254. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Flanders, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52 (4): 597.

Coccophagus flavifrons Howard
Pa. s. to Fla., w. to Te.x. Host: Cliionattpis pinifoliae (Fitch), Coccus
hesperkhiiu L., Lecaniu)u sp. on Pi)ius palustris, Touineyella liriodendri (Gmel.).
Coccophagus flacifrons Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 25. ♂.
Coccophagus koebelei Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 25. ♂.

Coccophagus fletcheri Howard
N. Y. Host: Lecaniuni fletcheri Ckll.

Coccophagus fletchen Howard, 1897. "U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bui. (n. s.) 7: 63. ♀.

Coccophagus fraternus Howard
N. Y. s. to Fla., w. to Mich., Colo. Host: Lecanhwt nigrofasciatuin Perg., L.
persicae (F.), Pulcinaria acericola (W. and R.).
Coccophagus fraternus Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Kept, for 1880, p. 359. ♀.
Coccophagus fuscipes Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rept. for 1880, p. 359. cJ, 9.

Taxonomy: Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 1: 34.

Coccophagus gurneyi Compere
Calif. Host: Pheuacoccus gossypii T. and C, P. sola)ii Ferris, Planococcus
citri (Risso), Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell), P. conistocki (Kuw.), P. lougispinus
(Targ.-Tozz.), P. luaritiuius (Ehrh.), Tetracnetuus peregrinus Compere.
Coccophagus gunteyi Compere, 1929. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 5 (1): 1-3. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Compere and Smith, 1932. Hilgardia 6 (17): 585-617. — Cendana, 1937. Calif. Univ.,
Pubs. Ent. 6 (14): 340-359. -Clancy, 1944. Jour. Econ. Ent. 37 (3): 450. -DeBach, 1949.
Ecology 30 (1): 16-24. -Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 92. -Bartlett
and Lloyd, 1958. Jour. Econ. Ent. 51 (1): 92.

Coccophagus hawaiiensis Timberlake
Calif. Introduced, possibly established. Host: Coccus

pseudotuaguoliaruui (Kuw.), Leca)iiu»i sp., Parasaissetia nigra (Nietn.), Puiviuaria sp.
Coccophagus haivaiiensis Timberlake, 1926. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 6 (2): 315-317. ♀.

Coccophagus immaculatus Howard
N. Y. s. to Fla., Ala., w. to Colo., Calif. Host: Coccus hesperiduui L.,
Eriococcus azaleae Comst., Lecaniuin sp. on Mulberry, Pulvinaria bigeloviae Ckll.,
Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus (Comst.), Saissetia coffeae (Walk.), Toumeyella parvicornis
(Ckll.), T. turgida (Ckll).
Coccophagus iviniaculatus Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rept. for 1880, p. 358. ♂.
9.

Biology: Felt, 1916. N. Y. State Mus., Bui. 180: 65.

Coccophagus insidiator (Dalman)
Mass., N. Y., Colo. Host: Gassy paria spuria (Mod.).

Entedon insidiator Dalman, 1825. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 46: 371-372. ♂, ♀.
Coccophagus niger Masi, 1909. Lab. Zool. Gen. e. Agr. Portici, Bol. 4: 35-36. ♀.
Coccophagus gossypariae Gahan, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 71 (4): 24. ♀.

Biology: Griswold, 1927. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 20 (4): 553-555.

Coccophagus japonicus Compere
Calif. Introduced, possibly established. Host: Ceroplastes sp.. Coccus
pseudouiagnoliaruiu (Kuw.), Pulvi)iaria sp.
Coccophagus japonicus Compere, 1924. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., BuL 23 (4): 117, 120, 122-123.
9.

Coccophagus longifasciatus Howard
111. Host: Lecaniu)n tiigrofasciatu^n Perg.

Aphelinus Inaron Walker, 1839. Monog. Chalcid. v. 1, p. 10. 6. Questionable synonym.
Coccophagus longifasciatus Howard, 1907. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Bui. 12 (4):
80-81. cJ, 9.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1931. Eos 7 (4): 400.

Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker)
Cosmopolitan. Host: Ceroplastes floridensis Comst., Coccus hesperidum L.,
C. pseudo)nag)ioliaru)n (Kuw.), Icerya purchasi Mask., Kermes sp., Lecanium comi
Bouche, L. fletcheri Ckll., L. nigrofasciatuin Perg., L. persicae (F.), L. pruinosuin Coq.,
L. quercifex Fitch, Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.) (?), Parasaissetia nigra (Nietn.),
Parlatoria pergandii Comst., Pheuacoccus acericola King, Physokerines insignicola
(Craw), Planococcus citri (Risso), Pulvinaria acericola (W. and R.), P. aniygdali Ckll,




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P. bigeloviae Ckll., P. vitis (L.), P.floccifera (Westw.), Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus
(Comst.), Saissetia coffeae (Walk.), Saissetia oleae (Oliv.), Touynieyella liriodendri
(Gmel.).

AphelinuH Lycimnia Walker, 1839. Monog. Chalcid. v. 1, p. 11. ♀.

Platygaster Lecanii Fitch, 1859. N. Y. State Agr. Soc, Trans. 18: 805-806.

Coccopliagus lecanii Smith, 1878. Amer. Nat. 12: 661. ♀.

Coccopahgus ater Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rept. for 1880, pp. 359-360. ♂, ♀.

CoccophaguH cognatus Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rept. for 1880, p. 359. ♂, ♀.

Coccopliagus flavoscutellu))! Ashmead, 1881. Fla. Agr. 4: 65. ♂, ♀.

Coccopliagus vividus Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent, Bui. 5: 24, 43. cJ, 9.

Coccopliagus califomiciis Howard. 1889. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 1 (9): 269-270. ♀.

Coccopliagus coccidis Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., p. 2.

Coccopliagus corni Alam, 1956. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., Trans. 108 (8): 363, 364-365. ♂, ♀.

Coccopliagus taxi Alam, 1956. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., Trans. 108 (8): 364, 365-367. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Graham, 1976. Syst. Ent. 1 (2): 139.

Biology: Flanders, 1936. Science 84 (2169): 85. -Flanders, 1936. Jour. Econ. Ent. 29 (2): 468.
—Flanders, 1936. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 29 (2): 253. -Flanders, 1942. Ecology 23: 120.
—Flanders, 1943. Jour. Econ. Ent. 36 (5): 802. -Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui.
1139, pp. 94-95. -Peterson, 1962. Canad. Ent. 94 (7): 740. -Sonina, 1962. Akad. Nauk.
Uzbek. SSR, Biol. Zhur. 3: 62. -Sugonyayev, 1962. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Izv., Ser. Biol. 5:
755. -Phillips, 1963. Canad. Ent. 95 (4): 402. -Sorokina, 1971. Ent. Rev. 50 (3): 313, 315,
316.

Coccophagus mexicensis Girault
Calif. Introduced, possibly estabUshed. Host: Saissetia oleae (Oliv.).
Coccopliagus mexicensis Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., p. 2. ♀.

Biology: Clausen, 1959. Pan-Pacific Ent. 35 (2): 107.

Coccophagus nigritus Compere
Calif. Introduced, possibly established. Host: Saissetia oleae (Oliv.).
Coccopliagus nigritus Compere, 1931. U. S. Natl. Mus.. Proc. 78 (7): 18, 81-82. ♀.

Biology: van den Bosch et al., 1955. Jour. Econ. Ent. 48 (1): 54.

Coccophagus ochraceus Howard
La., Calif. Host: Lecanium corni Bouche, Parasaissetia nigra (Nietn.),
Saissetia coffeae (Walk.), S. oleae (Oliv.).
Coccopliagus ochraceus Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 1: 38-39. ♂.

9.
Coccopliagus bifasciaticorpus Girault, 1916. Soc. Ent. 31: 44. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Smith and Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (9): 259-261.

Coccophagus perflavus Girault
Wis. Host: Kermes sp., Lecanium corni Bouche.
Coccopliagus perflavus Girault, 1916. Soc. Ent. 31: 43-44. ♂, ♀.

Coccophagus pulvinariae Compere
Calif. Introduced. Host: Coccus hesperiduni L., Parasaissetia nigra
(Nietn.), Saissetia oleae (Oliv.).
Coccopliagus pulvinariae Compere, 1931. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 78 (7): 53-54. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, pp. 94-95. —Flanders, 1959. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 52 (4): 597.

purpureas Ashmead. Fla.

Coccopliagus purpureus Ashmead, 1886. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 13: 132. ♀.

Coccophagus quaestor Girault
Wis. Host: Tounieyella parvicornis (Ckll.).

Coccopliagus quaestor Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., p. 2. ♀.

Coccophagus rusti Compere
Calif. Host: Saissetia oleae (Oliv.).

Coccophagus rusti Compere, 1928. In Smith and Compere, Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (9):
261-262. ♀.

Biology: Flanders, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35 (5): 687. —Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech.
Bui. 1139, p. 95.

Coccophagus scutatus Howard
Calif. Host: Kermes nigropunctatus Ehrh. and Ckll.

Coccopliagus scutatus Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. , Tech. Ser. 1: 38. ♂, ♀.




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Coccophagus scutellaris (Dalman)
Fla., Oreg., Calif. Host: Coccus hesperidum L., C. pseiidomagiwliarum
(Kuw.), Lecanium corni Bouche, Saissetia coffeae (Walk.), S. oleae (Oliv.).
Entedoti scutellaris Dalman, 1825. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 46: 365, 371. ♂, ♀.
Coccophagus lunulatus Howard, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 6 (3): 232. ♀.

Taxonomy: Graham, 1976. Syst. Ent. 1 (2): 141-142.

Biology: Smith and Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (9): 242, 254-257. — Cendana,
1937. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 6 (14): 379-390. -Flanders, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52 (1): 74.
—Flanders, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52 (4): 597. — Sonina, 1961. Akad. Nauk. Uzbek SSR.,
Biol. Zhur. 3: 62.

Coccophagus timberlakei Compere
Utah. Host: Piih'inaria bigeloviae Ckll.

Coccophagus timberlakei Compere, 1931. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 78 (7): 28-29. ♀.

Coccophagus yoshidae Nakayama
Calif. Introduced. Host: Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuw.), C.
hesperidum L.
Coccophagus yoshidae Nakayama, 1921. Phillippine Jour. Sci. 18 (1): 98-99. ♀.

Biology: Compere, 1924. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 23 (4): 119. —Smith and Compere, 1928.
Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (9): 263-264. -Sugonyaev and Chung-yun, 1960. Ent. Rev. 39 (3):
503, 506.

Genus ENCARSIA Foerster

Eyicarsia Foerster, 1878. Naturh. Ver. Rheinlande, Verb. 35: 65-66.

Type-species: E)icarsia Tricolor Foerster. Orig. desig.
Doloresia Mercet, 1912. (Madrid) Mus. de Cien. Nat., Trab. 10: 294-295.

Type-species: Doloresia filicor)iis Mercet. Orig. desig.

The genus Eucarsia is morphologically similar to Prospaltella. Encarsia consists of about 50
species distributed throughout the world. They are primary internal parasites of whiteflies and
armored scale insects. Males of some species are purported to be hyperparasites on females of
the same species.

Taxonomy: Howard, 1907. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Bui. 12 (4): 76-79. — Nowicki,

1929. Neue Beitr. Syst. Insektenk. 4: 158-160. —Mercet, 1930. Eos 6 (2): 191-193. —Mercet,

1930. Rev. de Biol. Forest, y Limnologia 2 (B): 77-80. — Agarwal, 1964. Indian Acad. Sci.,
Proc. 49: 282-285. -Jashnosh, 1973. Ent. Rev. 52 (2): 578-585. —Graham, 1976. Syst. Ent. 1
(2): 142-143.

Biology: Steuben, 1949. Biol. Zentbl. 68: 413-429. — Flanaders, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46

(1): 92. -Dysart, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59 (1): 28-33. — Gerling, 1966. Ent. Soc.

Amer., Ann. 59 (1): 142-143. —Gerling, 1966. Canad. Ent. 98 (7): 707-724. — Gerhng, 1967.

Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 60 (6): 1310.

Encarsia angelica Howard
Calif. Host: Aleuroplatus coronatus (Quaint.), Aleyrodes sp. on willow.

Encarsia angelica Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 1: 30. ♂.

Encarsia basicincta Gahan
Fla. Host: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Mask.).

Encarsia basicincta Gahan, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 71 (4): 20-21. ♀.

Encarsia coquilletti Howard
Idaho, Wash., Ariz., Calif. Host: Aleyrodes sp. on Sonchus.

Encarsia coquilletti Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 1: 29. ♂, ♀.

Encarsia formosa Gahan
Cosmopolitan. Host: Trialeurodes vapora riorum (Westw.).

Encarsia fonnosa Gahan, 1924. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 65 (4): 14-16. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Speyer, 1927. Bui. Ent. Res. 17 (3): 301-308. -McLeod, 1938. Sci. Agr. 18: 529-535.
—Burnett, 1948. Ecology 29: 181-189. —Burnett, 1949. Ecology 30: 113-133. —Burnett,
1958. Canad. Ent. 90 (3): 179-191, 225-229. —Burnett, 1962. Canad. Ent. 94 (7): 673.
— Timofeeva, 1963. Zasch. Rast. Vred. i Boleznei. 8: 44. —Curry and Pimentel, 1971. Ent.
Soc. Amer., Ann. 64 (5): 1188-1190. -Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 195, 200-202, 211.

Encarsia luteola Howard
Mass., Conn., D. C, Calif. Host: Trialeurodes femaldi (Morr.), T. packardi
(Morr.).
E7icarsia luteola Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent, Tech. Ser. 1: 29. ♀.




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Biology: Morrill and Back, 1912. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 102: 8. — Poinar, 1964. Jour.
Ent. 57: 382.

Encarsia meritoria Gahan
Fla. w. to Calif. Host: Trialeurodes floridensis (Quaint.).

Encarsia meritoria Gahan, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 71 (4): 19-20. ♂, ♀.

Encarsia pergandiella Howard
N. Y. s. to D. C, w. to 111., Wash., Calif. Host: Aleuroplatiis coronatus
(Quaint.), Trialeurodes abutilonea (Hald.), T. vaporarioruni (Westw.).
Encarsia pergandiella Howard, 1907. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Bui. 12 (4): 78. ♀.
Encarsia versicolor Girault, 1908. Psyche 15 (3): 53. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Garman, 1922. Ky. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 241: 92-93. — Dysart, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Ann. 59 (1): 28-33. -Gerling, 1966. Canad. Ent. 98 (7): 707-724.

Encarsia quaintancei Howard
D. C. w. to 111. Host: Aleyrodes sp. on Polygonum.

Encarsia quaintancei Howard, 1907. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 12 (4): 79. ♀.

Biology: Dysart, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59 (1): 28-33.

Encarsia variegata Howard
Fla. Host: Paraleyrodes perseae (Quaint.).

Encarsia variegata Howard, 1908. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 10 (1-2): 64.

Biology: Morrill and Back, 1912. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 102: 8.

Genus LOUNSBURYIA Compere and Annecke

Lounsburyia Compere and Annecke, 1961. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 24 (1): 28-29.
Type-species: Coccopliagus trifa.sciatus Compere. Orig. desig.

This African genus of coccophagines consists of only a few species which are similar to Coc-
copliagus. The type-species was imported into California for the biological control of the black
scale, Saissetia oleae (Oliv.).

Lounsburyia trifasciata (Compere)
Calif. Introduced. Host: Saissetia oleae (Oliv.).

Coccopliagus trifasciatus Compere, 1925. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (3): 311-313. <5, 9.

Taxonomy: Compere, 1931. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 78 (7): 1-132. —Compere and Annecke,
1961. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 24 (1): 28-32.

Biology: Cendana, 1937. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 6 (14): 372-379. —Flanders, 1942. Ecology 23:
120.

Genus PHYSCUS Howard

Pkyscus Howard. 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 1: 43.

Type-species: Coccopliagus varicornis Howard. Monotypic.
Encyrtophysctis De Santis, 1948. La Plata Mus. Rev., Zool. (n. s.) 5: 192-193.

Type-species: Physcus flavoflagellatus De Santis. Orig. desig.

Pkyscus consists of about 40 species distributed throughout the world. Females are internal
parasites of scale insects; males develop as hyperparasites of females of their own species
(sometimes called facultative adelphoparasitism) or on other primary parasites (sometimes
called heterotrophic arrhenoparasitism).

Taxonomy: Howard, 1914. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc 16 (2): 82-84. — Mercet, 1930. Rev. de Biol.
Forest, y Limnologia 2 (B): 61-63. — De Santis, 1940. La Plata Univ. Nac, Fac Agr. Rev.
24 (3): 29-44. — Erdos, 1958. Folia Ent. Hungarica (n. s.) 11 (5): 85. —Compere and
Annecke, 1961. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 24 (1): 20-26. — Agarwal, 1964. Indian Acad. Sci.,
Proc. (B) 60: 320-324. — Jashnosh, 1968. Ent. Rev. 47 (1): 117-124. — Jashnosh, 1973. Ent.
Rev. 52 (4): 578-585. —Graham, 1976. Syst. Ent. 1 (2): 144.

Biology: Jashnosh, 1968. Ent. Rev. 47 (1): 117-124. —Fisher, 1961. Jour. Econ. Ent. 54 (3):

444. -Williams, 1971. Bui. Ent. Res. 61 (3): 463-484.

Physcus flaviventris Howard
Tex. Ecology: Associated with Antonina gram in is (Mask.). Introduced.

Physcus flaviventris Howard, 1910. Ent. News 21 (4): 162. ♀.

Physcus fulvus Compere and Annecke
Calif. Introduced. Host: Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.).

Physcus fulvus Compere and Annecke, 1961. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 24 (1): 21-23. ♂, ♀.




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Biology: Flanders, 1953. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 33: 22 (as Physcus "B").
—Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 122 (sp. "B").

Physcus howardi Compere
Calif. Host: Nuculaspiii californica (Col.).

Physcus howanii Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (8): 223. ♂, ♀.

Physcus stanfordi Howard
Calif. Host: Stmnie)iaspis kelloggi (Col).

Physcus stanfordi Howard, 1914. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 16 (2): 84. ♀.

Physcus testaceus Masi
Calif. Introduced, possibly established. Host: Lepidosaphes uhni (L.),
Lepidosaphes sp.
Physcus testaceus Masi, 1909. Lab. Zool. Gen. e. Agr. Portici, Bol. 4: 36-37. ♀.

Biology: Flanders, 1957. Jour. Econ. Ent. 50 (2): 171-172.

Physcus varicornis (Howard)
Que. s. to Fla., w. to Wis., s. to Neb., Calif. Host: Chionaspis americana
Johns., C.furfura (Fitch), C. pinifoliae (Fitch), Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putn.), D. uvae
(Comst), Lecauiu))! nigrofasciatuni Perg., Melanaspis obscura (Comst.), Nuculaspis
californica (Col.), Quadraspidiotus jugalnsregiae (Comst.), Q. perniciosus (Comst.).
Coccophagus variconiis Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rept. for 1880, p. 360. ♀.
Physcus cariiconiis Dalla Torre, 1898. Cat. Hym., 5: 226. Unjustified emendation.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1911. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 19 (3): 183.

Biology: Baker, 1933. U. S. Dept. Agr., Cir. 295: 8-9.

Genus PROSPALTELLA Ashmead

Prospalta Howard, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 7 (1): 6. Preoccupied by Walker,

1857.

Type-species: Prospalta niurtfeldiae Howard. Monotypic.
Prospaltella Ashmead, 1904. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 6 (2): 126. New name.
Mimatomus Cockerell, 1911. Ent. News 22 (10): 464.

Type-species: Miniato»tus peltatus Cockerell. Monotypic.

The genus Prospaltella is cosmopolitan and contains about 40 species. Morphologically it
resembles Aspidiotiphagus and Eucarsia. Many species are primary internal parasites of scale
insects and whiteflies, but some species have hyperparasitic males.

Taxonomy: Howard, 1908. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 1 (4): 281-284. — Malenotti, 1917. Redia 12:
195-196. -Mercet, 1921. Real Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat. 50: 300, 304-308. -Silvestri, 1930.
Lab. Zool. Gen. e. Agr. Portici, Bol. 25: 49-68. -Mercet, 1930. Rev. Biol. Forest, y
Limnologia 2 (B): 72-77. -Mercet, 1931. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat, Bol. 31 (9): 659-669.
— Alam, 1956. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 108 (8): 357-384. — Agarwal, 1964. Indian
Acad. Sci., Proc. (B) 59: 274-282. -Yoshimoto, 1965. Pacific Insects 7 (4): 695-696.
— Shafee, 1973. Entomophaga 18 (3): 251-258. — Ferriere, 1961. Schweiz. Ent. GeselL, Mitt.
34 (3): 253-269.

Biology: Chumakova and Goryunova, 1962. Ent. Rev. 42 (2): 178-181.

Prospaltella aurantii (Howard)
Cosmopolitan. Host: Abgrallaspis howardi (Ckll.), Aleuroplatus coronatus
(Quaint), Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), A. citrina (Coq.), Amiidomytilus concolor (Ckll.),
Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, Chionaspis sp., Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morg.),
Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putn.), D. ancylus var. on linden, Hemiberlesia rapax (Comst),
Kennes nigropunctatus Ehrh. and Ckll., Lecanium corni Bouche, L. nigrofasciatum
Perg., L. persicae (F.), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.), L. gloverii (Pack.), L. ulmi (L.),
Pseudaonidia duplex (Ckll.), Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johns.), Q. juglansregiae (Comst),
Q. peniiciosus (Comst.). It is probable that P. aurantii is a complex of sibling species.
Coccophagus aurantii Howard, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 6 (3): 231-232. ♀.

Taxonomy: Rust 1913. Ent. News 24 (4): 161.

Biology: Taylor, 1907. Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 120: 10. — Essig, 1913. Calif. State Comn.
Hort., Month. Bui. 2: 276. —Griffiths and Stearns, 1947. Fla. Ent 30 (1-2): 4-7. — Benassy,
1958. Entomophaga 3 (2): 104. — Muma, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent 52 (4): 579.

Prospaltella bella Gahan
N. Y., Mich., Calif. Host: Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch).

Prospaltella bella Gahan, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 71 (4): 21-22. ♂, ♀.




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Prospaltella berlesei (Howard)
D. C. s. to Fla., w. to La. Host: Melanaspis obscura (Comst.),
Pseitdaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.-Tozz.).
Prospalta berlesei Howard, 1906. Ent. News 17 (8): 291-293. ♀.

Taxonomy: Silvestri, 1908. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 3: 22-28. -Masi, 1908. Lab.
Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 3: 143-146. —Flanders, 1960. Jour. Econ. Ent. 53 (5): 757.
— Ferriere, 1961. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 34 (3): 256, 261-263.

Biology: Baker, 1933. U. S. Dept. Agr., Cir. 295: 8-9. -Gireau, 1956. Phytoma 82: 29.
—Benassy, 1957. Entomophaga 2 (4): 283. — Benassy, 1958. Ann. Epiphyt. 9 (C): 459.
—Benassy, 1961. Ann. Epiphyt. 12 (C): 127.

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1910. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 39: 66.

Prospaltella brasiliensis (Hempel)
Fla. Host: Aleurotlirixus floccosus (Mask.).

Prospalta brasiliensis Hempel, 1904. Bol. da Agr. Sao Paulo (ser. 5) 1: 20-21. ♀.

Prospaltella citrella Howard
Fla., Ariz., Calif. Host: Aleuroplatus coronatus Quaint, Kermes sp. on
Quercus undiilata.
Prospaltella citrella Howard, 1908. Ent. See. Amer., Ann. 1 (4): 282-283. ♀.

Prospaltella diaspidicola Silvestri
Mass. s. to Va., w. to 111., Tex. Host: Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus
(Comst.).
Prospaltella diaspidicola Silvestri, 1909. Real Accad. dei Lincei (ser. 5): 18 (11): 564-565.
9.

Taxonomy: Flanders, 1960. Jour. Econ. Ent. 53 (5): 757 (questionable synonym of berlesei
(Howard)).

Prospaltella elongata Dozier
La. w. to Calif. Host: Lepidosaplies gloveri (Pack.).

Prospaltella elongata Dozier, 1937. Puerto Rico Univ., Jour. Agr. 21 (2): 128-129. ♀.

Prospaltella fasciata Malenotti
D. C. s. to Fla., w. to Tex. Host: Canilaspis visci (Schraeder),
Pseudaonidia duplex (CklL).
Prospaltella fasciata Malenotti, 1916. Redia 12 (1-2): 195-196. ♀.

Taxonomy: Ferriere, 1961. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 34 (3): 255, 259-260.

Biology: Benassy and Bianchi, 1960. Entomophaga 5 (2): 168.

Prospaltella fasciativentris Girault
Mich., 111. Host: Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), Diaspidiotus aesculi
(Johns.), Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johns.), Q. juglansregiae (Comst.), Q. pemiciosus
(Comst.).
Prospaltella fasciativentris Girault, 1908. Psyche 15 (6): 117-120. ♀.

Prospaltella forbesi Dozier
Del. Host: Quadras pidiotits forbesi (Johns.).

Prospaltella forbesi Dozier, 1928. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 30 (2): 37-38. ♀.

Prospaltella murtfeldtiae (Howard)
D. C. w. to Mo., Ark. Host: Diaspidiotus uvae (Comst.),
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.-Tozz.), Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johns.).
Prospalta murtfeldtiiil) Howard, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 7 (1): 6-7. ♀.

Prospaltella peltata (Cockerell)
Colo. Host: Aleyrodes pniinosa euphorbiarum Ckll.

Mimatomus peltatus Cockerell, 1911. Ent. News 22 (10): 464. ♀.

Prospaltella perniciosi Tower
N. Y. s. to Va., w. to Kans., Calif. Host: Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.),
Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus (Comst.).
Prospaltella perniciosi Tower, 1913. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 6 (1): 125-126. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Ferriere, 1961. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 34 (3): 266-267.

Biology: Tower, 1914. Jour. Econ. Ent. 7 (6): 422. —Tower, 1914. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 7 (3):
249. —Rice, 1937. Abs. Ph. D. Diss., Ohio St. Univ., pp. 267-278. —Flanders, 1939. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 32 (6): 890. —Flanders, 1944. Science 100 (2591): 168. —Flanders, 1944. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 37 (1): 105. — DeBach, 1953. Jour. Econ. Ent. 46 (6): 1103. -Clausen, 1956. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 124. —Flanders, 1956. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol.
33: 23. — Chumakova, 1957. Zool. Zhur. 36 (4): 534. —Benassy and Bianchi, 1960.
Entomophaga 5 (2): 168. —Flanders, 1960. Jour. Econ. Ent. 53 (5): 757. — Popova, 1962.
Biol. Control Agr. Pests and Diseases 1: 147-176. —Chumakova and Goryunova, 1963. Ent.
Rev. 42 (2): 178-181. -Sorokina, 1971. Ent. Rev. 50 (3): 311, 315, 316. -Huffaker, 1971.




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Biol. Control, pp. 74-75, 181, 186. -DeBach, 1974. Biol. Control by Nat. Enem., pp. 179,

180, 181.

Prospaltella perspicuipennis Girault
111.

Prospaltella per.spiciiipenuis Girault, 1910. N. Y. Ent. See, Jour. 18 (4): 234-236. ♀.

Prospaltella quercicola Howard
Calif. Ecology: Aleuroplatus coro7iatus (Quaint.), A. gelatinostis (Ckll.).

Prospaltella quercicola Howard, 1908. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 1 (4): 282, 284. ♀.

Tribe ERIAPORINI
Genus MYIOCNEMA Ashmead

Myiocnenia Ashmead, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32 (11): 349.

Type-species: Myiooiema CoDiperei Ashmead. Monotypic.

Myiocnema is a monotypic genus found in the Oriental and Australian regions. It has been
propagated in the laboratory in North America and may have become established here.

compere! Ashmead. Calif. Introduced, possibly established. Host: Parasaissetia nigra (Nietn.).
Myiocnema Comperei Ashmead, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32 (11): 349. ♀.

Tribe PTEROPTRICINI

Genus ARCHENOMUS Howard

Arclienotnus Howard, 1898. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 4 (2): 136-137.

Type-species: Arclienontus bicolor Howard. Monotypic.
Pteroptrichoidea FuUaway, 1913. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Ann.
Rept. 1912, pp. 27-28.

Type-species: Pteroptriclioides perkinsi Fullaway. Orig. desig.
Psezidopteroptrix Fullaway, 1918. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 3 (5): 464.

Type-species: Pseudopteroptrix iniitatrix Fullaway. Monotypic.

Less than 15 species of Archenomus are known. They are parasites of armored scale insects.

Archenomus bicolor Howard
Va. s. to Ga., Ohio, Oreg. Host: Aspidiotus sp. on sweet gum,
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.-Tozz.).
Archenomus bicolor Howard, 1898. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 4 (2): 137-138. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Sorokina, 1971. Ent. Rev. 50 (3): 310, 315, 316.

Archenomus imitatrix (Fullaway)
Fla. Adventive. Host: Howardia biclavis (Comst.).

Pseudopteroptrix imitatrix Fullaway, 1918. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc 3 (5): 464.

Genus ERETMOCERUS Haldeman

Erefmocerus Haldeman, 1850. Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts (2) 9: 111.

Type-species: Eretmocerns conii Haldeman. Monotypic.
Ricinusa Risbec, 1951. Mem. Inst. Fr. Africa Noire 13: 403.

Type-species: Rici)iHHa aleyrodipha'ga Risbec. Monotypic

Eretmocerus contains about 25 species which are found throughout the world, but predomi-
nantly in the tropics. They are parasites of whiteflies and some have been important in biological
control (see DeBach, 1974).

Taxonomy: Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 1: 16. — Mercet, 1931. Eos 7
(4): 395-399. -Dozier, 1932. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 34 (7): 112-118. —Compere, 1936. Calif.
Univ., Pubs. Ent. 6 (12): 316-321. — Tachikawa, 1962. Shikoku Ent. Soc, Trans. 7 (3): 73.
— Yoshimoto, 1965. Pacific Insects 7 (4): 690-691. — Gerling, 1969. Lab. Ent. Agr. Portici,
Bol. 27: 79-87. -Gerling, 1970. So. Africa Ent. Soc, Jour. 33 (2): 325-329. — Hayat, 1972.
Entomophaga 17 (1): 99-106. —Gerling, 1972. Ent. Ber. 32 (8): 156-161.

Biology: DeBach, 1974. Biol. Control by Nat. Enem., pp. 140-143, 167, 202.

Eretmocerus californicus Howard
Calif. Host: Aleyrodes sp. on Quercus agrifolia.

Eretmocerus californicus Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 1: 16-17. ♂.

9.




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Eretmocerus corni Haldeman
N. Y., N. J., Pa. Host: Trialeurodes packardi (Morr.).
Eretmocerus corni Haldeman, 1850. Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts (2) 9: 110.

Taxonomy: Howard, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 1: 16.

Eretmocerus haldemani Howard
Fla. w. to Calif., 111. Host: Aleyrodes spp. on Ambrosia, Erigonuvi,

Hardenbergia, Quercus, and Solidago; Aleiiroplatus coronatus (Quaint), Aleurothrixus
floccosus (Mask.), Trialeurodes abutilonea (Hald.), T. vaporariormn (Westw.).
Eretmocerus haldemani Howard, 1908, Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 10 (1-2): 65.

Biology: Watson and Berger, 1932. Fla. Agr. Expt. Sta., Ext. Bui. 67: 56-57. —Watson and
Berger, 1937. Fla. Agr. Expt. Sta., Ext. Bui. 88: 53-55. — Dysart, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Ann. 59 (1): 28-33. — Gerling, 1967. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 60 (6): 1306-1321.

Eretmocerus illinoisensis Dozier
111.

Eretmocerus illinoisensis Dozier, 1932. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 34 (7): 115. ♂.

Eretmocerus portoricensis Dozier
Fla. Host: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Mask.).

Eretmocerus portoricensis Dozier, 1932. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 34 (7): 115-116. ♀.

Subfamily SIGNIPHORINAE

The names Signiphoridae and Thysanidae have been used interchangeably. Thysanus Walker
is older (1840) and Thysanidae was used in the 1951 edition of the catalog. Signiphorinae is used
here because it is the commonly used name. Signiphora Ashmead and Thysanus have been
synonymized. However, Rozanov (1965) and others have shown that the genera are distinct. The
Signiphorinae were characterized by Howard (1894).

De Santis (1968) divided the Signiphoridae into the Signiphorinae and Thysaninae. His sub-
famiUes have been retained as tribes.

Taxonomy: Howard, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 6 (3): 234. — Girault, 1913. U. S. Natl.
Mus., Proc. 45: 189-233. -Mercet, 1916. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 16: 519-533.
— Mercet, 1917. Rev. Acad. Cien. Madrid 16 (4): 160-170. — Nikol'skaya, 1950. Doklady
Akad. Nauk SSSR 75 (2): 319-321. -Rozanov, 1965. Ent. Rev. 44 (4): 508-515. — De Santis,
1968. Rev. Fac. Agron., La Plata 44 (1): 7-16 (nomenclature). — Hayat, 1970. Entomophaga
15 (4): 387-399. -De Santis, 1973. Univ., Fac. Agron., Rev. La Plata 49 (2): 143-153.
—Subba Rao, 1974. Bui. Ent. Res. 64 (4): 525-531.

Morphology: Domenichini, 1954. Ann. Fac. Agr., Inst. Ent. Agr. (n. s.) 3: 117-132.

Tribe SIGNIPHORINI

Genus SIGNIPHORA Ashmead

Signiphora Ashmead, 1880. Orange Insects, pp. 29, 30.

Type-species: Sig)iiphora flauopalliata Ashmead. Monotypic.

Signiphora consists of about 20 species which are parasites of armored scale insects and
whiteflies.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 189-233. —Mercet, 1916. Soc. Espan. de
Hist. Nat, Bol. 16: 519-533. — Malenotti, 1918. Redia 13 (1): 39-45. -Nikol'skaya, 1950.
Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR 75 (2): 319-321. -Ferriere, 1953. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 26
(1): 5. -Rozanov, 1965. Ent. Rev. 44 (4): 508-515. -De Santis, 1973. Univ. Fac. Agron.,
Rev. La Plata 49 (2): 143-153.

Signiphora aleyrodis Ashmead
Pa., Tex., Calif. Host: Aleuroplatus coronatus (Quaint.), Chrysomphalus
ao)iidHi)i (L.), C. dictyospenui (Morgan).
Signiphora aleyrodis Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 409, 412. ♀.

Signiphora aspidioti Ashmead
Ga.

Signiphora aspidioti Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 410, 412. ♀.

Signiphora borinquensis
***authority mismatch
Quezada, DeBach and Rosen. Calif. Introduced, possibly established. Host:
Aspidiotus destructor Sign., Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche).
Signiphora borinquensis Quezada, DeBach and Rosen, 1973. Hilgardia 41 (18): 549-552. ♂.

9.

Biology: Quezada et al., 1973. Hilgardia 41 (18): 543-604.




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Signiphora citrifolii (Ashmead)
Florida. Host: Aleiiroplatus coronatus (Quaint.), A. gelatinosus (CklL),
Aleyrodes sp. on Quercus agrifolia.
Signiphora Citrifolii Ashmead, 1880. Orange Insects, p. 66. ♀.

Signiphora coquilletti Ashmead
N. Y. s. to Fla., Calif. Host: Aleyrodes sp., Diaspis boisduvali Sign.

Signiphora coquilletti Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 409, 412. ♀.

Signiphora flava Girault
Calif. Host: Aspidiotus spinosus Comst., Hemiberlasia rapax (Comst.).

Signiphora flava Girault, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 213-214. ♀.

Signiphora flavella Girault
Fla. w. to Tex. Host: Hemiberlasia lataniae Sign., Aspidiotus sp.
Signiphora flavella Girault, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 214-215. ♀.
Signiphora basilica Girault, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 215. ♀.

Signiphora flavopalliata Ashmead
Ga., Fla. w. to La., Calif. Ecology: This species is apparently

hyperparasitic. Host: Aleyrodes sp., Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), A. citrijia (Coq.),
Chionaspis sp. on Magnolia, Chrysoniphaius dictyosperrui (Morg.), Hemiberlesia
lataniae (Sign.), H. rapax (Comst.), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.), L. gloveri (Pack.),
Prospaltella sp., Pseudaonidia duplex (CklL).
Signiphora flavopalliatus Ashmead, 1880. Orange Insects, pp. 29, 31. 9. As flavo-palliatus
on p. 31.

Biology: Muma, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52 (4): 577-587. —Hughes, 1960. Fla. Ent. 43 (2): 90.

Signiphora louisianae (Dozier)
Fla. w. to La. Host: Hemiberlasia lataniae Sign.

Thysanus louisianae Dozier, 1933. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 35 (6): 100. ♂.

Signiphora merceti Malenotti
La., Calif. Host: Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan), Hemiberlesia
lataniae (Sign.), H. rapax (Comst.).
Signiphora merceti Malenotti, 1917 (1916). Redia 12 (1-2): 181-182. ♀.

Taxonomy: Malenotti, 1916. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 16: 529.

Biology: Cressman, 1933. Jour. Econ. Ent. 26 (3): 704.

Signiphora occidentalis Howard
Fla., Calif. Host: Aleyrodes sp., Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), A. citrina
(Coq.), Hemiberlasia lata)iiae (Sign.), Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae (Comst.),
Lepidosaphes gloveri (Pack.).
Signiphora occidentalis Howard, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 6 (3): 233, 235. ♂, ♀.

Signiphora thoreauini Girault
Calif. Host: Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot).

Signiphora thoreauini Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 41. ♀.

Signiphora townsendi Ashmead
D. C, Tex. Host: Aleyrodes sp., Hemiberlesia lataniae (Sign.),

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.-Tozz.), Quadraspidiotiis peniiciosus (Comst.).
Signiphora townsendi Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 410, 412. ♀.

Tribe THYSANINI

Genus CHARTOCERUS Motschulsky

Chartocerus Motschulsky, 1859. Etudes Ent. 8: 171-172.

Type-species: Chartocerus musciformis Motschulsky. Monotypic.
Signiphora subg. Matritia Mercet, 1916. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 16: 523.

Type-species: Signiphorina conjugal is Mercet. Orig. desig. Boucek (in Peck et al.,
1964) synonymized Xana with Matritia.
Xana Kurdjumov, 1917 (1916). Jour. Appl. Ent. 1 (1): 80-81.

Type-species: Xana nigra Kurjumov. Monotypic. Junior secondary homonym of
Signiphora nigra Ashmead, 1900. I have not seen the type-specimen of
Chartocerus {Xa)ia) niger (Kurdjumov). If the synonymy of Rozanov (1965) is
correct, a replacement name for Kurdjumov's species must be proposed.
Signiphorina Nikol'skaya, 1950. Doklady Akad. Nauk. SSSR 75 (2): 321.
Type-species. Signiphorina mala Nikol'skaya. Monotypic.

Chartocerus contains about 10 species that parasitize various Homoptera and Diptera.

Taxonomy: De Santis, 1968. Rev. Fac. Agron. La Plata 44 (1): 11-13. — Hayat, 1970.
Entomophaga 15 (4): 388, 390-399.




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Chartocerus dactylopii (Ashmead)
Tex. w. to Calif. Host: Phenacoccus solenopsis Tins., Leiicopis sp.

predaceous on Phenacoccus gossypii Towns, and Ckll., Pseiidococcus ephedrae (Coq.).
Signiphora dactylopii Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 410. ♀.

Chartocerus elongatus (Girault)
N. J. s. to Ga., w. to S. Dak., Calif. Host: Coccus hesperiduvi L.,

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.), coccid on Muhlenhergia, Acerophagus notativentris
(Gir.), Achrysopophagus modestus Timb., Anagyrus yuccae (Coq.), Clausenia purpurea
(Ishii), Pseudleptontastix squamnnilata Gir., Tetrastichus minutus (How.), Zarhopalus
corvinus Gir.
Neosigniphora elongata Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 41-42. ♀.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 246-248. — Novitzky, 1954. Univ.
Milano Bol. di Zool. Agr. e Bach. 20: 207. — Ferriere, 1957. Opusc. Zool. 10: 6.

Biology: Clausen, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 257-266, 281-284. —Clancy, 1944. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 37 (3): 451.

Chartocerus fasciatus (Girualt)
Tex. w. to Calif. Host: Coccus viridus Green, Melanaspis lilacina (Ckll.),
Parasaissetia nigra (Nietn.).
Signiphora fasciata Girault, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 206, 219-220, 221, 229. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Arnaud, 1959. Ent. News 70 (6): 163 (primary parasite).

Chartocerus mexicanus (Ashmead)
Calif. Host: Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot).

Signiphora niexicana Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 411. ♀.

Chartocerus niger (Ashmead)
N. Y. s. to Fla., 111., Calif. Host: Aphycus lounsburyi (How.), Chrysomphalus
aoniduni (L.), Clausenia purpurea Ishii, Coccus hesperidum L., Pseudococcus comstocki
(Kuw.), Leptoviastidea abnonnis (Gir.), Saissetia oleae (Oliv.).
Signiphora nigra Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 410. ♀.

Taxonomy: Smith and Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (9): 242, 245, 332-334.

Biology: Compere, 1925. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (3): 296. —Clancy, 1944. Jour. Econ. Ent.
37 (3): 451.

Chartocerus nigrellus (Girault)
Tex. Host: Melanaspis tenebricosus (Comst.).

Signiphora nigrella Girault, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 215. ♀.

Chartocerus pulcher (Girault)
N. J. s. to N. C, 111., Ark. Host: Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche), Chionaspis
anierica)ia Johns., Lecanium nigrofasciatuni Perg., Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(Targ.-Tozz.), Quadraspidiotus peniiciosus (Comst.).
Signiphora pulchra Girault, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 215-217, 229. ♂, ♀.
Signiphora nigrita Girault, 1913. U. S. Natl., Mus., Proc. 45: 215.

Chartocerus unifasciatus (Ashmead)
Ga., Fla. Host: Ceropsylla sideroxyli Riley.

Signiphora unifasciata Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 410. ♀.

Genus THYSANUS Walker

Thysanus Walker, 1840. Ann. Nat. Hist. 4: 234.

Type-species: Thysaiius ater Haliday. Monotypic.
Triphasius Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud. v. 2, pp. 83, 84. Unnecessary new name.
Plastocharis Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, p. 145. Unnecessary new name.
Neosigniphora Rust, 1913. Ent. News 24 (4): 164.

Type-species: Neosig)iiphora nigra Rust. Monotypic.

Species of Thysanus are hyperparasites of armored scale insects. Two species are known.

Taxonomy: Silvestri, 1918. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 12: 266-271. — Nikol'skaya,
1950. Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR 75 (2): 319-321. -Ferriere, 1953. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell.,
Mitt. 26 (1): 5. — Yoshimoto, 1965. Pacific Insects 7 (4): 703-704. — Rozanov, 1965. Ent.
Rev. 44 (4): 508-515. — Quezada, DeBach and Rosen, 1973. Hilgardia 41 (18): 543-604.
—Subba Rao, 1974. Bui. Ent. Res. 64 (4): 525-531.

Thysanus ater Haliday
Md. Ecology: Primary parasite attacking Melanaspis obscura (Comst.).
Thysanus ater Haliday, 1840. Ann. Nat. Hist. 4: 234.




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Subfamily TETRACNEMINAE
Tribe ANAGYRINI
Genus ANAGYRUS Howard

Anagyriia Howard. 1896. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 18: 638-639.

Type-species: AnagyruK greeni Howard. Monotypic.
Epidinocarsis Girault, 1913. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 79A (6): 83.

Type-species: Epidinocarsis tricolor Girault. Monotypic.

Anagynis is distributed throughout the world; its species are parasites of mealybugs.

Ta.\onomy: Timberlake, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 224-231. — Ishii, 1928. Imp. Agr.
Expt. Sta. Japan, Bui. 3 (2): 84-92. -Compere, 1939. Bui. Ent. Res. 30 (1): 3-7.
—Timberlake. 1941. B. P. Bishop Mus.. Occas. Papers 16 (9): 218. —Compere, 1947. Calif.
Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 20-22. -Hoffer, 1953. Ochr. Pirody 8 (4): 84. -Tachikawa. 1956.
Mem. Ehime Univ.. Sect 6. 1 (2): 138-141. 147-152. -Trjapitzin, 1968. Vses. Ent. Obshch.,
Trudy 52: 90-92. —Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 219-220.

Anagyrus antoninae Timberlake
Fla. w. to Tex. Host: Antonina graniinis (Mask.).

Anagyrus (Epidi)iocar.sis) antoninae Timberlake, 1920. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (2):
409-413. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Riherd, 1950. Fla. Ent. 33 (1): 18-22. -Riherd, 1951. Jour. Econ. Ent. 44 (4): 622-623.

—Clausen. 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr.. Tech. Bui. 1139, pp. 4. 61. 75. -Questel and Genung.

1957. Fla. Ent. 40 (4): 123-125. -Dean and Schuster, 1958. Jour. Econ. Ent. 51 (3): 363-365.

—Dean, 1960. Jour. Econ. Ent. 53 (4): 694. -Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 228. 229.

— DeBach. 1974. Biol. Control by Nat. Enem., p. 169.

Anagyrus clauseni Timberlake
Calif. Host: Pneudococcus maritijnus (Ehrh.).

Anagyrus clauneni Timberlake, 1924. Calif. Univ.. Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 226-228. ♀.

Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault)
Calif. Host: Pseudococcus longispinus (Targ.-Tozz.).

Epidinocarsi.s fuNciventris Girault. 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 144. ♀.

Anagyrus nigriconiis Timberlake, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (1): 197-199. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Flanders, 1940. Jour. Econ. Ent. 33 (5): 757-758. —Flanders, 1940. Calif. Citrog. 25

(5): 146, 154-155. —Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr.. Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 75.

Anagyrus graminicolens Dozier
Tex. Host: Antonia graniinis (Mask.). This may be a synonym of
Cerchysius pulchricomis Howard, 1894.

Anagyrus graminicolens Dozier, 1937. Puerto Rico Univ., Jour. Agr. 21 (2): 123. ♀.

Anagyrus nigritus (Howard)
Calif.

Aphycus nigritus Howard. 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus.. Proc. 21: 241, 243. ♀.

Anagyrus pallidipes Ashmead
N. Y. s. to Fla., w. to Tex.

Anagyrus pallidipes Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 354. ♂.

Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault)
Calif. Introduced. Host: Pseudococcus citri (Risso).

Epidinocarsis pseudococci Girault, 1915. Entomologist 48: 185. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Flanders, 1939. Jour. Econ. Ent. 32 (6): 889. —Flanders, 1953. Jour. Econ. Ent. 46

(2): 268. — Bartlett and Lloyd, 1958. Jour. Econ. Ent. 51 (1): 92-93.

Anagyrus pulcher (Ashmead)
Conn. s. to Fla.

Dinocarsis pulcher Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4 (1): 17. ♀.

Anagyrus putonophilus Compere
Calif. Host: Puto ambiguus (Full.), P. yuccae (Coq.).

Anagyrus putonophilus Compere, 1947. Cahf. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 20, 22. ♀.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 45, 57-59.

Anagyrus smithi Doutt
Calif. Host: Spilococcus implicatus Ferris.

Anagyrus smithi Doutt, 1952. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 14 (3): 401-402. ♂, ♀.

Anagyrus thyridopterygis (Ashmead)
N. J. s. to Fla. Host: Thyridopteryx epkemeraefomiis (Haw.)?
Host is probably an associated coccid.
Dinocarsis thyridopterygis Ashmead, 1886. Canad. Ent. 18 (5): 97. ♀.




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Anagyrus townsendi (Howard)
N. Mex. Host: Plienacoccui^, sp. on cotton.

AphycuH town^iendi Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 243. ♀.

Anagyrus yuccae (Coquillett)
Calif. Host: Anii^ovoccuii cmwii (Coq.), Pseudococcns iiiaritiiints (Ehrh.),
P. sp. on grapes, Pnfo i/itccae (Coq.), Achrysopopliagim Diodestiis Timb.

Blastothrix ifnccae Coquillett, 1890. West. Amer. Scientist 7: 44. ♀.

Epidi)iocarsi.s subalbiconils Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 44-45. ♀.

AHayi/ruxfeirisi Compere, 1926. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (1): 18-22. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1949. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 13 (3): 359-360.

Biology: Clausen, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 256-266, 274-276. -Maple, 1947. Calif.
Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 55-59.

Morphology: Maple, 1937. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 30 (1): 146.

Genus ANATHRIX Burks

Aiiathrix Burks, 1952. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 60 (3): 179-180.
Type-species: Anatlirix (ngi/nis Burks. Orig. desig.

Anathrix argyrus Burks
Que. s. to Va., Tex. Host: Ferrisia cirgatu (Ckll.).

Amiihrix arggvus Burks, 1952. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 60 (3): 181-182. ♀.

Genus ANUSIA Foerster

Anusiu Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud. v. 2, p. 32. No species included.

Type-species: Annski iiasicurnis Foerster. Desig. by Gahan and Fagan, 1923.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica Himen. Fam. Encirtidos, pp. 87-89. —Graham, 1958.
Ent. Tidskr. 79 (3-4): 148-149. -Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 214.

Anusia neomexicana Ashmead
N. Mex. w. to Calif. Host: Anionostheriuni lichtenHioides (Ckll.).
Aniisia neoiHcxicaiia Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 22: 348. ♀.

Genus APOANAGYRUS Compere

Apoauagj/nis Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 18.

Type-species: Apoanaggnin califonicun Compere. Monotypic.

Apoanagyrus californicus Compere
Ariz., Calif. Host: Paeiidococciis nolani (Ckll.).

Apoaiiaggrns califoniicn.s Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 18-19. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 63-66.

Genus LEPTOMASTIDEA Mercet

Leptoviaxtidea Mercet, 1916. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 16: 112.

Type-species: Leptomastidea aurantiaca Mercet. Monotypic.
Tanaouiastix Timberlake, 1918. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1 (8): 362-364.

Type-species: Paraleptomaatix abnorniis Girault. Orig. desig.

Less than fifteen species of Lepfo))ia,stidea are known. All are thought to be primary internal
parasites of mealybugs.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1923. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 25 (3): 59. —Mercet, 1924. Soc Espan.
de Hist. Nat., Bol. 24: 252-258. —Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 7,
15-18, 27, 56, 64, 76, 107-114, 243. -Risbec, 1952. Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Ser. E, Ent.
2: 5, 10-15. -Ferriere, 1953. Schweiz. Ent. GeselL, Mitt. 26 (1): 17. — Trjaptizin, 1965. Ent.
Rev. 44 (4): 517-518.

Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault)
Que. s. to Fla., w. to La., Calif. Host: Plienacoccus gossypii Tnsd. and Ckll.,
Plonococciis citri (Risso), P. kraiiiihiae (Kuw.).
Parak'ptoniastix abnoDiiis Girault, 1915. Entomologist 48: 184-185. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Smith, 1917. Jour. Econ. Ent. 10 (2): 262-268. — Armitage, 1920. Calif. Dept. Agr.,
Monthly Bui. 9: 446. -Compere and Smith, 1932. Hilgardia 6 (17): 610-611. — McLeod, 1940
(1939). Ent. Soc Ontario, Ann. Rept. 70: 65-66. —Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2):




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91-93. -Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 109. -Huffaker, 1971. Biol.
Control, p. 196.

Leptomastidea claripennis (Timberlake)
Calif. Host: Di/siiiicoccioi n/aiii (Coq.).

Tanaoniustix clitniH'inii.s Timberlake, 1918. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1 (8): 363, 365-366. ♀.

Genus LEPTOMASTIX Foerster

Lf'i)toiii(i.stix Foerster. 1856. Hym. Stud. v. 2, pp. 34, 37. No species included.

Type-species: Lcptomantix liintvio Mayr. Subsequent monotypy.
Sterrhocoiiia Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, pp. 33, 36, 37.

Type-species: Slcrrhui-oiiia histriu Foerster. Monotypic.
Stciiotcnis Thomson, 1876 (1875). Hym. Scand., v. 4, pp. 115, 128.

Type-species: Stotofcnis orbitalis Thomson. Monotypic.
Culoceriiiclla Girault, 1913. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 11: 46.

Type-species: Caloci'iiiiella trifaxciafa Girault. Monotypic.

This rather large genus of internal parasites of pseudoccoids is poorly represented in North
America.

Ta.xonomv: Ruschka, (1922). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 72 (2): 12. —Compere, 1938.
Bui. Eiit. Res. 29 (3): 323-325. -Compere, 1939. Bui. Ent. Res. 30 (1): 24. —Compere, 1939.
Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 7 (4): 57-58. -Kryger, 1950. Ent. Meddel. 26 (2): 107-108. -Risbec,
1952. Mem. In.st. Sci. Madagascar, Ser. E,'Ent. 2: 15-19. -Trjapitzin, 1965. Ent. Rev. 44
(4): 518-520. -Graham, 19(J9. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (1): 216-219.

Leptomastix dactylopii Howard
Que. s. to La., Calif., Wash. Host: Pheiutcoccus gosstjpii Tnsd. and Ckll., P.
tiolaiii Ferris, PliniucocriiK ritri (Risso), PschiIococck.s calccolariae (Mask.), P. conintocki
(Kuv.), P. loiKjispiiius (Targ.-Tozz.), P. iiniiitinni.s (Ehrh.).
Lcptoniuslix (Id'ctt/lopii Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 23-24, 42. ♂, ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Compere, 1939. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 7 (4): 57-58.

Biology: Flanders, 1939. /// Compere, Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 7 (4): 58. —Watson, 1939.
Citrus Grower (Fla.) 1 (17): 11. -Bess, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32 (1): 202-206.
— McLeod, 1940 (1939). Ent. Soc. Ontario, Ann. Rept. 70: 65-66. — Clancey, 1944. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 37 (3): 450. -Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 115. -Huffaker, 1971.
Biol. Control, p. 195. See Peck (1963) for an extensive bibliography of this species.

Genus PARANUSIA Brethes

Para)niNia Brethes, 1913. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac. de Hist. Nat., An. 24: 102.

Type-species: Para)iiisia bifasciata Brethes. Orig. desig.
PItilopoiu'ctmiiia Brethes, 1913. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac. de Hist. Nat., An. 24: 104.

Type-species: Pliilopo)iectw)iia pectinatuin Brethes. Orig. desig.
GiimiiHsia Brethes, 1920. Rev. Chile Hist. Nat. 24: 137.

Type-species: Gi/miiHsia porteri Brethes. Orig. desig.

An unidentified species is found in California on Spliaemlcia.

Ta.xonomy: Timberlake, 1923. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 25 (3): 60. -Timberlake, 1924. Calif.
Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 225. — De Santis, 1950. La Plata Mus. Rev. Zool. (n. s.) 6: 54, 60-61.

Genus PARASTENOTERYS Girault

Parastciiotcrjis Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 165.

Type-species: Pai-dstcnotcri/s pniicfafits Girault. Orig. desig.
Pan'ctroiiionlex Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 171.

Type-species: Pairctromoide.s iiiagiiiscutellHiii Girault. Orig. desig.

Parastenoterys niveiclava Girault
Md.

Parastoiotcri/s nirciclaca Girault, 1917. Chalcidoidea Nova Marilandensis II, p. 1. ♀.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1920. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 58: 191.




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Genus PSEUDLEPTOMASTIX Girault

Pseudleptoniastix Girault, 1915. Ent. See. Amer., Ann. 8 (3): 272.

Type-species: Pseitdleptomastix sqiiatiniiulattiN Girault. Monotypic.

Pseudleptomastix squammulata Girault
Calif. Host: A))ionostlie)-iuni lichteiisioides (Ckll.), Pseudococcus
))iaritiiiius (Ehrh.).
PHendleptoniaatix squanniinlatiis Girault, 1915. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 8 (3): 272. ♀.
ParaleptoiHdstrix uotatiis Girault, 1917. Entomologist 50: 38. ♀.
PNeudlepto)iia.stixflatuleiiC(')i.s Compere, 1926. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (1): 22-24. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 232-235. —Compere, 1947. Calif.
Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 17.

Biology: Clausen, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 257-266. -Clausen, 1924. Calif. Univ.,
Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 277-279. -Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 112-113.

Genus RHOPUS Foerster

Rhopiis Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, pp. 34, 37, 151.

Type-species: Eiici/rtiis pi.so Walker. Orig. desig.
XanthofHcurtus Ashmead, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34 (11): 302.

Type-species: Xantliooici/rtits nigroclaratiis Ashmead. Monotypic.
Mimxtipiiachnx Girault, 1915. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 23 (3): 166.

Type-species: Mirasti/iiiachiis eitwpaetis Girault. Orig. desig.
SccliocHcurtiis Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 161.

Type-species: Scclioenci/rtns iiigricUirus Girault. Orig. desig.
Pliolidoirras Mercet, 1918. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 18 (3-4): 237-239.

Type-species: Pholidoceras bracliyptera Mercet. Monotypic.
Pholidoccrodcx Ferriere, 1955. Lab. ZooL Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 33: 358.

Type-species: Pliilodoceras parcula Mercet. Monotypic.

This genus consists of approximately 30 species which are parasites of scale insects. The
North American fauna has been poorly studied, but several species are known from Europe.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1928. Eos 4 (1): 5-7. — Hoffer, 1955. Acta Mus. Nat. Pragae 11 (1): 17-22.
—Ghesquiere, 1956. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 33: 683-692. — Ghesquiere, 1957.
Neotropica 3 (10): 17-22. — Ting-hsi, 1961. Ent. Rev. 40 (1): 72-74. — De Santis, 1965. Com.
Invest. Cient. Prov. Buenos Aires, An. 4: 53-56. —Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2):
220-224.

Biology: Webster, 1903 (1902). Ind. Acad. Sci., Proc, p. 103.

Rhopus americanus (Girault)
D. C, Del., Oreg.

MimsfyniacliHs aHiericanitH Girault, 1915. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 23 (3): 167. ♀.

Rhopus nigroclavatus (Ashmead)
Va. w. to Nebr., S. Dak. Host: Coccid on Panicuvi sp., Pseudaonidia
sp. on P. xalapciisc.
XanthociiciirtKx ni(jroclaratuN Ashmead, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34 (11): 302. ♀.

Biology: Webster, 1903 (1902). Ind. Acad. Sci., Proc p. 103.

Tribe CHRYSOPLATYCERINI

Genus CHRYSOPLATYCERUS Ashmead

Rilcfia Howard, 1888. In Smith, Ent. Amer. 4 (4): 80. Preocc by Jiileya Ashmead, 1888.

Type-species: Rilei/a splciidciis Howard. Monotypic.
ClniiKoplatiiccrKs Ashmead, 1889. Canad. Ent. 21 (1): 38. N. name.

This small genus consists of fewer than five described species. The species of
Clirt/soplatifccnis are parasites of pseudococcids and thus may be of some importance in biologi-
cal control.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1922. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 61 (2): 1-10.

Chrysoplatycerus ferrisi Timberlake
Calif. Host: Aiiisococcus adeiiostoniae (Ferris).

ClirijsoplatycerHsfcrrisi Timberlake, 1922. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 61 (2): 6. ♂, ♀.




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Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 115.

Chrysoplatycerus howardii Ashmead
Fla. Host: Pseudococcus sp.

Cln-ysoplafycenis Iwmirdii Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 405. ♀.

Chrysoplatycerus splendens (Howard)
Que. (greenhouses), Fla., Calif. Host: Dysniicoccus ryani (Coq.),

Plauococits citri (Risso), Pneudococcu-s longi.spiuus (Targ.-Tozz.), P. ))iariti))uis (Ehrh.).

Rileya uplendenx Howard, 1888. In Smith, Ent. Amer. (4) 4: 80. ♀.

Biology: Clausen, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 256-266, 279. -Clancy, 1944. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 37 (3): 450. -Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 115. See Peck (1963)
for an extensive bibliography of this species.

Tribe ERICYDNINI

Genus CLAUSENIA Ishii

CUiKsenia Ishii, 1923. Japan Dept. Agr. and Com., Imp. Plant Quar. Sta. Bui. 3: 98-100.
Type-species: Clnu-seiiia purpurea Ishii. Orig. desig.

ClauKcuid consists of less than a dozen described species, most of which are African. With
more research on the group it should prove to be considerably larger. All known species are
parasites of mealybugs. At least one species, C. purpurea, is e.xceptionally important in biologi-
cal control of the Comstock mealybug in the United States and Canada.

Ta.xonomy: Rosen, 1965. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Proc. (B) 34 (5-6): 61-64. -Kerrich, 1967.
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., Bui. 20 (5): 181-188. — Annecke and Mynhardt, 1970. Ent. Soc.
So. Africa, Jour. 33 (1): 42-47.

Clausenia purpurea Ishii
Ont. s. to Va. Introduced. Host: Pseudococcus co7Hstocki (Kuw.).

Clauseuia purpurea Ishii, 1923. Japan Dept. Agr. and Com., Imp. Plant Quar. Sta., Bui. 3:
100-101. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Cox, 1940. Jour. Econ. Ent. 33 (3): 446. — Rivnay, 1942. Bui. Soc. Fouad ler Ent. 26:
1.19. —Clancy, 1944. Jour. Econ. Ent. 37 (3): 450-451. — Haeussler and Clancy, 1944. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 37 (4): 503. —Hough, Clancy and Pollard, 1945. Jour. Econ. Ent. 38 (4): 423-425.

Morphology: Flanders, 1942. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 35 (3): 252, 262.

Tribe PAURIDIINI

Genus PAURIDIA Timberlake

Pauridia Timberlake, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (1): 206-207.
Type-species: Pauridia peregriua Timberlake. Orig. desig.

This monotypic genus has been employed in biological control programs against Pneudococcus
spp. throughout the world.

Pauridia peregrina Timberlake
Tex., Calif. Introduced. Host: Planococcus citri (Risso), P. kraunhiae
(Kuw.), PxcudococcHs uiarifiiiius (Ehrh.).
Pauridia peregrine Timberlake, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 4 (1): 208. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Armitage, 1920. Calif. Dept. Agr., Monthly Bui. 9: 446. — Essig, 1931. Hist, of Ent,
pp. 361, 389. -Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 36. -DeBach, 1964. Biol.
Control Insect Pests Weeds, p. 442.

Tribe RHINOENCYRTINI
Genus RHINOENCYRTUS Mercet

Rhiuoi'ucyrtHs Mercet, 1918. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 18 (3-4): 234-235.
Type-species: Rhitioeiicyrtus uialenoiti Mercet. Monotypic.

An unidentified species is found in Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma.

Genus AENASIUS Walker

Aenaniu!^ Walker, 1846. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 17 (III): 181.




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Type-species: EHcyrtits HycttuK Walker. Orig. desig.

This genus holds about 25 species which seem to be exclusively Neotropical in distribution. All
known species are presumed primary parasites of the genera PneudococcuH, Plie>iacocci(s and
Puto.

Taxonomy: Compere, 1937. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 9 (3): 383-404. — Kerrich, 1967. Brit. Mus.
(Nat. Hist.) Ent., Bui. 20 (5): 195-225.

Aenasius advenus Compere
Fla.

Aenasius advena Compere, 1937. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 9 (3): 384, 388-389, 393. ♂, ♀.

Aenasius ianthinus Compere, 1937. Hawaii. Ent. See, Proc. 9 (3): 388, 391, 393-394. ♀.
flandersi Kerrich. Calif. Ecology: On Pittosiwruui.

Aenu>iiu>

Aenasius maplei Compere
Calif. Host: Plitto ijuccac (Coq.).

Ai'Hdxiu.^ maplei Compere, 1937. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 9 (3): 384, 390, 397. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 55-57.

Aenasius nitens Kerrich
Nebraska.

Aenaaius nitetix Kerrich, 1967. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., Bui. 20 (5): 211-212, 224. ♀.

Aenasius paulistus Compere
California? Introduced, possibly established. Host: Pseiulococcus
iiiaritiniHn (Ehrh.).
Aettasiux i)(nili>itii.s Compere, 1937. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 9 (3): 383-385, 401-403. ♂, ♀.

Aenasius personatus Kerrich
Fla. Ecology: On Hibiscus tiliacens.

Acitdsiiis pcisoiialns Kerrich, 1967. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., Bui. 20 (5): 198, 200, 221.
9.

Genus CHALCASPIS Howard

Chalcaspis Howard, 1895. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 17: 606.

Type-species: Chdlcospis pcrg
Closely related to AcHasins but considerably smaller, Chalcaspis seems to have adapted itself
to more xeric conditions than Aoia.sins. Clidlcaspis consists of less than 10 species which are
also mealybug parasites.

Taxonomy: Kerrich, 1967. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., Bui. 20 (5): 191-195.

Chalcaspis arizonensis Girault
Ariz. Idaho, Mo., Wash., Calif. Host: Phenacoccus soleuopsis Tinsley.
Chalcaspis arizonensis Girault, 1915. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 8 (3): 280. ♀.

Chalcaspis pergandei Howard
Mass., s. to D. C, S. Dak. s. to Tex.

Chalcaspis pergandei Howard, 1895. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 17: 606. ♀.

Chalcaspis phenacocci (Ashmead)
Md. s. to Fla., w. to Iowa, Idaho, N. Mex., w. Calif.

Blepijrus phenacocci Ashmead, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34 (11): 301. c^, 9.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 115.

Tribe TETRACNEMINI
Genus CALOCERINUS Howard

Caloceriniis Howard, 1892. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 15: 362, 368.

Type-species: Tetracneiiins poridanus Ashmead. Monotypic.

Calocerinus floridanus (Ashmead)
Fla.

Tetranctn Hs(\) floridanns Ashmead, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: Proc. p. xviii. ♂.
Generic name a lapsus for Tetracneniiis.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., p. 7.

Genus ARHOPOIDEUS Girault

Arhopoideiis Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 174-175.

Type-species: Arhopoideiis brericornis Girualt. Monotypic.
Hiingariella Erdos, 1946. Ann. Hist. Nat., Nat. Mus. Hung. 39: 144.




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Type-species: Hungavh'Ua piceae Erdos. Orig. desig.

The taxonomic status of members of the genus Arliopoidens has been confused but recently
clarified by the work of Tachikawa (1974) and Annecke (unpublished). Part of the problem stems
from the misinterpretation of Tclrucnoiiu.s Westwood. Arhopoideu>> is comprised of less than 10
species all of which are mealybug parasites.

Tax'onomy: Erdos, 1955. Acta Zool. (Budapest) 1 (3-4): 216-218. -Hoffer, 1959. Mus. Nat.
Pragae, Acta Ent. 33: 13-15. -Hoffer, 1960. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Faun. Ent. 6: 101-102.
— Kerrich, 1967. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., Bui. 20 (5): 147, 154-166. —Tachikawa and
Valentine, 1971. Shikoku Ent. Soc, Trans. 11(1): 21-30. -Tachikawa, 1974. Shikoku Ent.
Soc, Tran.s. 12 (1-2): 23-31.

Arhopoideus peregrinus (Compere)
Calif. Introduced. Host: P-seiulococciiN calceolariae (Mask.), P.
loiK/inpiiius (Targ.-Tozz.), P. )ii(n-iti)iiits (Ehrh.).
Tetntcnoinis pcregiiiiKs Compere, 1939. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 7 (4): 59-61. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Flanders, 1940. Jour. Econ. Ent. 33 (5): 757. —Flanders, 1944. Jour. Econ. Ent. 37
(2): 308-309. -DeBach, 1949. Ecology 30 (1): 16-24. —Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech.
Bui. 1139, p. 130.

Arhopoideus pretiosus
***authority mismatch
(Timberlake). Calif. Host: P seudococcus calceolariae (Mask.), P. longispinus
(Targ.-Tozz.), P. ninritiiiins (Ehrh.).
TetraciH'iiiiix /;y(^o.s».s- Timberlake, 1929. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 5 (1): 5-11. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Compere and Smith, 1932. Hilgardia 6 (17): 585, 601-605, 609-617. -Quayle, 1932.
Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 542: 51. -Clancy, 1934. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 6 (8): 231-248.
—Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 114-115. -DeBach, 1949. Ecology 30 (1):
l()-24. -Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 130. — Bartlett and Lloyd,
1958. Jour. Econ. Ent. 51 (1): 92. —DeBach, 1974. Biol. Control by Nat. Enem., p. 138.

Genus TETRACNEMUS Westwood

Tefrac lie INKS Westwood, 1837. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1: 258.

Type-species: Tctrac nouns dirersicoriiis Westwood. Monotypic.
Tetracladid Howard, 1892. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 15: 367.

Type-species: Tetracladia texana Howard. Desig. by Ashmead, 1900.
Paracalocfrinus Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 142.

Type-species: Pcuacalocerinus aiistroliensis Girault. Orig. desig.
Mttsio Mercet, 1920 (1919). Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 19 (9-10): 470-472.

Type-species: Masia bifasciatella Mercet. Orig. desig.
Annsiello Mercet, 1923. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 23 (6): 287-289.

Type-species: Anusiella heydeni Mercet. Orig. desig.
Placocerus Erdos, 1946. Frag. Faun. Hung. 9: 1.

Type-species: Placocemn colocense Erdos. Monotypic.
Conipcrencurtiis De Santis, 1964. Com. Cien., Ann., Buenos Aires, An. 4: 106.

Type-species: Comperencyrtus maculipennis De Santis. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Erdos, 1955 Acta Zool. (Budapest) 1 (3-4): 221-229. —Hoffer, 1960. Mus. Nat.
Pragae, Acta Faun. Ent. 6: 101-102. —Kerrich, 1967. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent, Bui. 20
(5): 149.
atnericanus (Girault). Kans., Va.

Pamcaloceriiiiis anwricauns Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27 (5): 225-226. ♀.

Tetracnemus gracilis (Howard)
Fla.

Tetracladia gracilis Howard, 1892. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 15: 362, 368. ♂.

marilandius (Girault). Md., 111.

Poracaloceriiiiis n/arilandia Girault, 1917. Chalcidoidea Nova Marilandensis I, p. 1-2. ♀.

Taxonomy: Dozier, 1933. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 35 (6): 94-95.

Tetracnemus tertius (Girault)
Calif., Utah. Host: Eriococcus sp.

Paracalocerinns fertiiis Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., pp. 7-8. ♀.

Tetracnemus texanus (Howard)
Tex.

Tetracladia texana Howard, 1892. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 15: 362, 367-368. ♂.




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Genus ANARHOPUS Timberlake

Anarhopm Timberlake, 1929. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 5 (2): 15-18.

Type-species: AiiarhopuN si/dtu'i/inisis Timberlake. Orig. desig.

Anarhopus sydneyensis Timberlake
Calif. Host: Pseiidococcus calceolariac (Mask.), P. lo)igi>ipi)uts
(Targ.-Tozz.).
Anailiopioi si/dneiieiisls Timberlake, 1929. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 5 (2): 5, 18. ♀.

Biology: Compere and Flanders, 1934. Jour. Econ. Ent. 27 (5): 966-973. —Flanders, 1940.
Calif. Citrog. 25 (5): 146, 154-155. —Clancy, 1944. Jour. Econ. Ent. 37 (3): 450. -Maple,
1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 59-60. -DeBach, 1949. Ecology 30 (1): 16-25. -Clausen,
1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, pp. 75, 130. -Flanders, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52
(1): 75.

Unplaced T.^xa of Subfamily Tetracneminak
The following genera have not been placed in tribes of the Tetracneminae.

Genus CIRRHENCYRTUS Timberlake

Cinlioiciirtns Timberlake, 1918. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1 (8): 360-362.
Type-species: Pseudococcohin-s elirliortii Timberlake. Orig. desig.

Cirrhencyrtus ehrhorni (Timberlake)
Calif. Host: Dfisiiiicocciin riiani (Coq.), Spilococciis sequoiae (Colm.).
Pscndococcobiits clirlionii Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 564. 2.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1918. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1 (8): 362.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 115.

Genus ECTROMATOPSIS Compere

Ediouiatopsis Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 13-15.
Type-species: Ectroma americanum Howard. Orig. desig.

Ectromatopsis americana (Howard)
N. Mex. w. to Calif. Host: PheHacoccus soknii Ferris.
Ecf)V)iia (niu'ricauHiH Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 248. ♀.

Taxonomy: Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 13, 14, 15.

Biology: Maple, 1947. CaHf. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 78-80.

Genus NEODUSMETIA Kerrich

Neodusnietia Kerrich, 1964. Entomophaga 9 (1): 76.

Type-species: Dusnietia saHgiva)ii Subba Rao. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Burks, 1958 (1957). Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 52 (4): 124-125. —Richards, 1958.
Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Proc. (B) 27 (3-4): 61. —Kerrich, 1964. Entomophaga 9 (1): 75-77.

Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao)
Fla. w. to Ariz. Host: Antoni)ia grauiiius (Mask.).

Dusmetia sangwani Subba Rao. 1957. Ind. Acad. Sci., Proc. 46: 385-386. ♀, ♂.
Dnswefia indica Burks, 1958 (1957). Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 52 (4): 125-127. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Dean, Schuster and Bailey, 1961. Jour. Econ. Ent. 54 (5): 953. — Beardsley, 1961.
Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc 17 (3): 327. —Kerrich, 1964. Entomophaga 9 (1): 75. —DeBach,
1974. Biol. Control by Nat. Enem., p. 168-169.

Genus PARALEUROCERUS Girault

Porali'iirocerus Girault, 1915. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 23 (3): 172.

Type-species: ParaU'iirocents bicoloripes Girault. Orig. desig.
Gibberella Miller, 1961. Canad. Ent. 98 (6): 494.

Type-species: Gibbctrllo scntellata Miller. Orig. desig.

Paraleurocerus bicoloripes Girault
N. S., Ont., Mass., Tex. Host: Ca)}/emria caryaefoliella (Clem.),

Lithocolletis sp. mining cherry leaf, L. spp. on Ahiu.s crispa, Carya sp., Corijlus sp.,
Fagiis sp., Haiiiainelis sp., Pnoius sp., L. htcetiella Clem, on Tilia a}i/erica)ia.
Paraletiwcerus bicoloripes Girault, 1915. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 23 (3): 172-173. ♀, ♂.




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Gibbeiclla >icutellat(, Miller, 1961. Canad. Ent. 98 (6): 495, 496. cJ, 9.
Biology: Fitzgerald and Simeone, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64 (4): 774-777 (polyembryony).

Genus TETRACNEMOPSIS Ashmead

Tetraonniopsis Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 330, 358.
Type-species: Tetraciiennin iristicooili Cockerell. Orig. desig.

Tetracnemopsis westwoodi (Cockerell)
Que., Me., Colo. Host: Phcuacocciis ))iiiii)int.s Tinsley.
TctraviieiHUs west, rood i Cockerell, 1898. Canad. Ent. 30 (8): 224. (5,9.

Subfamily ENCYRTINAE

Tribe APHYCINI

Genus ACEROPHAGUS Smith

Accropliof/ns Smith, 1880. No. Amer. Ent. 1: 83.

Type-species: AccioplKujits coccois Smith. Monotypic.
RhopoidcHs Howard, 1898. U.S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 235.

Type-species: Rliopoidvas citrimis Howard. Monotypic.

This genus is comprised of fewer than fifteen species and seems restricted to North America
and the Caribbean.

Ta.xonomy: Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 574-579. -Timberlake, 1918. Calif.
Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1 (8): 347-351. -Rosen, 1969. Hilgardia 40 (2): 41-72.

Acerophagus antennalis Rosen
Calif. Host: Dt/.sinicoccii.s ri/aiii (Coq.).

AccrophiifjHs (uitcnialis Rosen, 1969. Hilgardia 40 (2): 42, 43, 44, 45, 50-52. ♂, ♀.

Acerophagus californicus Rosen
Calif. Host: Spilocuccus pirssus Ferris.

AccroplKujKs califoniicHs Rosen, 1969. Hilgardia 40 (2): 43, 45, 68-69. ♀.

Acerophagus citrinus (Howard)
Calif., Nev. Host: Quad raspid lot ns peynicioHiin (Comst.)?, AitlacaapiH
rosae (Bouche).
Rhopoideu^ cilriniis Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 235. ♀.

Acerophagus coccois Smith
Mass. s. to N. J., w. to 111., Calif. Host: Pheimcoccu.s acericola King, Pulcinana
i'itis (L.).
Aceiopliagiis coccois Smith, 1880. No. Amer. Ent. 1: 84. ♀.

Biology: Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rept. for 1880, p. 361.

Acerophagus erii Timberlake
Utah. Host: Aiiioxostherins lichtensioides (Ckll.).

Aceiophagus erii Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 575, 577-578. ♀, ♂.

Acerophagus fasciipennis Timberlake
Calif. Host: A)nsococcus cmicii (Coq.).

Acerophacjusfasciipennis Timberlake, 1918. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1 (8): 347, 348-349. ♂.
9.
Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 54, 109.

Acerophagus gutierreziae Timberlake
N. Me.\. Host: Spilococcus gutieryeziae (Ckll.).

Acerophagus gntieireziae Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 575, 577. ♀, ♂.

Acerophagus notativentris (Girault)
Calif. Host: PscKdococciis niaritin/Hs (Ehrh.), P. sp. on grape.

Pscudaplit/cus iiotati rent lis Girault, 1917. Descr. Hym. Chalcidoid Variorum Cum Observ.
Ill, p. 10. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Clausen, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 256-266, 271-274. -Maple, 1947. Calif.
Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 54. —Flanders, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52 (1): 72.

Acerophagus pallidus Timberlake
Calif. Host: P lie ii a coccus soloiii Ferris, P.^ieiidococcus viaritiiiius (Ehrh.),
Spilococcus at ri pi ids (Ckll), S. criogoiii (Ehrh.).
Acerophagus pallidus Timberlake, 1918. CaUf. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1 (8): 348, 350-351. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Flanders, 1944. Jour. Econ. Ent. 37 (2): 312. —Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8
(2): 54-55, 109.

Acerophagus texanus (Howard)
Tex. Host: Ferrisia rirgota (Ckll.).

Aplnjcus texauus Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 245. ♀.




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Genus AENASIOIDEA Girault

Aenasioidea Girault, 1911. Canad. Ent. 43 (5): 171-173.

Type-species: Aenasioidea latiscapim Girault. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 579-585. — Mercet, 1925. Eos 1 (1):

30-31. -Hoffer, 1955. Acta Mus. Nat. Pragae 11 B (1): 1-22. —Compere and Annecke,

1960. Jour. Ent. Soc. So. Africa 23 (2): 386, 382.

Aenasioidea armitagei Compere
Calif. Host: Kennesf on native oak.

Aenasioidea aimitagei Compere, 1926. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (1): 30-31. ♀.

Aenasioidea ferrierei Burks
Md. Host: Aclerda undwpoyonis McConnell on Andvopogon virginiciis.

Ae)iasioidea ferrierei Burks, 1964. Entomophaga 9 (1): 18-20.

Aenasioidea kermicola Timberlake
Utah, Calif. Host: Kernies gallifor)ius Riley, K. nigropuHctatiis Ehrh.
and Ckll.

Aenasioidea kermicola Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 580, 583-584. ♀, ♂.

Aenasioidea latiscapus Girault
111. Host: Kennes pubescens Bogue.

Aenasioidea latiscapus Girault, 1911. Canad. Ent. 43 (5): 173-174. ♀.

Aenasioidea pulchella (Howard)
N. Y., N. J., Okla. Host: Kennes pubescens Bogue, K. sp. on Qiioxus
celutina.

Aplujcus ptilchellus Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 242. ♀.

Aenasioidea trimblei Dozier
Pa. Host: Leeaiiinm qnercifex Fitch.

Aenasioidea trimblei Dozier, 1935. Ent". Soc. Wash., Proc. 37 (9): 183-184. ♀, ♂.

Genus APHYCUS Mayr

Aplu/cus Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 25: 695.

Type-species: Encgrfus apicalis Dalman. Desig. by Ashmead, 1900.
Pseudoc'occobius Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 563.

Type-species: Apln/cus terri/i Fullaway. Orig. desig.
Waterstonia Mercet, 1917. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 17 (5): 268.

Type-species: Waterstonia prima Mercet. Orig. desig.
Euaphgcus Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 197-212.

Type-species: Enctjrtus liederaceus Westwood. Desig. by Mercet.

It is difficult to estimate the size of Apln/cus because of the confusion which has existed over
the genera Metaphijcas and Aplujcus. In the 1951 Hymenoptera Catalog the species of
Metaphifcns were synonymized under Aphijcus. Compere and Annecke (1960) discussed the
problem and indicated that sound structural differences exist between the genera. Graham
(1969) noted that Mercet misidentified Encyrtus liederaceus Westwood, the type-species of
Euapligcus. Most species of Euaphycus fall under Metaphycus whereas the type-species is as-
signable to Aphycus.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 587-639. —Mercet, 1917. Soc. Espan.

de Hist. Nat., Bol. 77 (2): 128-139. -Mercet, 1925. Eos. 1 (1): 14-18. -Ishii, 1928. Imp. Agr.

Exp. Sta. Japan, Bui. 3 (2): 121-123. —Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 1-13.

—Hoffer, 1955. Acta Soc. Ent. Cechosl. 51: 82-94. — Alam, 1957. Roy. Ent. Soc. London,

Trans. 109 (15): 434-438. -Compere and Annecke, 1960. Ent. Soc. So. Africa, Jour. 23 (2):

377, 378. — Trjapitzin, 19(52. Zool. Inst. Leningrad, Trudy 30: 281-286. —Graham, 1969.

Polski Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 224-228.

Aphycus annulipes (Ashmead)
Ont. s. to Fla. Host: Lecaniiim corni Bouche, L. iiigrofasciatuni Perg.,
L. sp. on Quereus nigra.

Coccopliagns annulipes Ashmead, 1882. Canad. Ent. 14 (2): 37. ♀.

Aphycus apicalis (Dalman)
Establishment in U. S. questionable.

Enci/rtus apicalis Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 153-154.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 228-231.

Aphycus bifasciatus (Timberlake)
N. H. Host: Plienacoccus sp. on apple.

Psendococcobins bifasciatus Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc. 50: 564, 566-567. ♀.

6.

Taxonomy: Compere, 1939. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 7 (4): 62.




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Aphycus brunneus Howard
N. Y., N.J. Host: AulacaHpiH rosae (Bouche).

AphtjCHti bnunieus Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent.. Bui. 5: 17, 31, 36. ♀.
Aplificns bnineiin Dalla Torre, 1898. Cat. Hym., v. 5, p. 251. Unjustified emendation.

Aphycus ceroplastis Howard
Fla.?, N. Mex. Host: Ceroplastes floridensis Comst.? C. irregularis Ckll.,
C. sp. on Arteinixia.
Apln/cus ceroplastis Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 18, 31, 41. ♀, ♂.

Aphycus cockerelli Howard
N. Me.\. Host: Lecuniiati sp. on osage orange.

Apln/CHs cockerelli Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 243. ♀.

Aphycus hederaceus (Westwood)
Establishment in U. S. questionable. Host: Pulviuaria acericola (W.
and R.).
Encyrtus hederaceus Westwood, 1837. London, Edinb. and Dublin Phil. Mag. and Jour. Sci.
10 (3): 441. ♀.

Taxonomy: Howard, 1900. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bui. 22: 23. -Compere, 1957. Portici
R. Lab. Ent. Agr., Bol. 15: 222. -Graham, 1958. Ent. Tidskr. 79 (3-4): 173. -Graham, 1969.
Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 224-225.

Aphycus immaculatus Howard
Calif. Host: Aoiiidielki aurcDitii (Mask.).

AphticHs iiiniiacniutus Howard, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 6 (3): 235-236. ♂.

Genus BLASTOTHRIX Mayr

Blastothrix Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 25: 697.

Type-species: EnciirUis sericeiis Dalman. Desig. by Ashmead, 1900.
AiUKji/ropsis Girault, 1917. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 5 (7-9): 136.

Type-species: Ainujtints ptirpnreus Girault. Orig. desig.

The cosmopolitan genus Blastotlnix has been poorly studied and at present consists of ap-
proximately thirty-five species. All species appear to be primary, internal parasites of coccids
and kermococcids. Undoubtedly, the North American fauna is larger than indicated here.

Taxonomy: Ruschka, 1923 (1922). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 72 (2): 1-6. —Girault,
1924. Homo Perniciosus and New Hymen. (Private Pub.), p. 4. — Alam, 1961. Beitr. zur
Ent. 11 (7-8): 807-812. -Sugonyayev, 1965. Ent. Rev. 44 (2): 189-198. —Graham, 1969.
Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 241-243.

Blastothrix adjutabilis Howard
Va. s. to Fla. Host: LecaiiiioH spp. on Crataegus, Japaneese persimmon
and oak.
Blastothrix adjutabilis Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rpt. for 1880, pp. 365-366. ♀.
incerta Howard. Fla. Host: LecauiiDii sp.? on mesquite, Lecauiuui sp.

Blastothrijc incerta Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rpt. for 1880, p. 366. ♂.

Blastothrix longipennis Howard
Ont. s. to N. Y., D. C. w. to Minn.; N. Mex. w. to Calif., B. C. Host:

Kermes pnbescens Bogue, Lecaniiuii corni Bouche, L.fletcheri Ckll., L. prniimsH»i Coq.,
L. qiiercifex Fitch.
Blastothrix longipennis Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rept. for 1880, p. 366. ♀.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1915. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 8 (3): 274.

Biology: Glendenning, 1931. Brit. Columbia Ent. Soc, Proc. 28 (1): 30-31. — Lyne, 1934. Calif.
Dept. Agr., Monthly Bui. 23: 232. -Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 67-68.
—Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 271.

Blastothrix sericea (Dalman)
Que. s. to Pa., La., B. C. Host: Kermes sp. on ash, Lecaniioii cori/li (L.), L.
nigrofasciatnii/ Perg, Bacclia fascipeiinis Wied.?
Encijrtiis sericeus Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 357. ♀.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1915. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 8 (3): 274. — Silvestri, 1919. Lab. Zool. Gen. e
Agr. Portici, Bol. 13: 163-173. — Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp.
249-251.

Biology: Glendenning, 1933. Canad. Ent. 65 (8): 169-171. —Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs.
Ent. 8 (2): 68-69. —Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 318-319.




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Genus BOTHRIOCRAERA Timberlake

Bothriocmem Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 567-568.
Type-species: Botlniocraera flacipen Timberlake. Orig. desig.

Bothriocraera bicolor Compere and Zinna
Introduced, possibly established.

Bothriocmem bicolor Compere and Zinna, 1955. Lab. Ent. Agr. Portici, Bol. 14: 94, 95,
101-105. cJ, 9.

Bothriocraera flavipes Timberlake
Utah. Host: Mealybug on Ehjimif;.

Botliriocraemflacii)es Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 568-569. ♂, ♀.

Genus ERYTHRAPHYCUS Compere

Erythraphycus Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 7-8, 10.

Type-species: Eri/thmphycits aryijrocomus Compere. Orig. desig.

This small but distinctive genus can readily be identified by its bright scarlet coloration as the
name implies. Species of Erytlnvplujciin apparently parasitize eriococcids. An undescribed spe-
cies parasitizes a pseudococcid of the genus SteHniuitonierinx.

Erythraphycus argyrocomus Compere
Calif. Host: Eriococcns sp. on croton, asters, and Ericaxieria sp.

ErtithraplnicHs arijyroconnts Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 8, 10-11. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 84-86, 88.

Erythraphycus calvus Compere
Calif.

Erythrai)ln/cit>> calms Compere, 1947. Cahf. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 10, 11-12. ♀.

Erythraphycus matteolus Compere
CaHf.

Ertiflnaphficus uidttcolus Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 10, 11. ♂.

Genus MELANAPHYCUS Compere

MeUoiaplnicHs Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 4, 5.

Type-species: Psciidococcohiux fioiiipennis Timberlake. Orig. desig.

Melanaphycus clauseni (Timberlake)
Calif. Host: Aiiio>iostlierin»i lichfoisioidcH (Ckll.), ^4. sp.? on cactus,
EriococcKs adenonto))iae Ehrh., E. paliistri.s Dodds.
Pseiidococcobius clauseni Timberlake, 1918. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1 (8): 358-360. ♂.

Biology: Dodds, 1923. Jour. Ent. and Zool. 15 (4): 57-60.

Melanaphycus fumipennis (Timberlake)
Calif. Host: Eriococcus sp., Plienacoccus soUuii Ferris,
Pseitdococciis NoUnii (Ckll.).
PseiidococcobiHsfnuiipenHis Timberlake, 1918. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1 (8): 356-258. ♂.
9.

Melanaphycus fuscipennis (Howard)
Calif. Host: LecatiiiDii cortii Bouche.

Aplujcus fiiscipoiius Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 241-242. ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 597-599. —Compere, 1947. Calif.
Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 5-6.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 115.

Genus METAPHYCUS Mercet

Mefaplniciis Mercet, 1917. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 17 (2): 129, 138-139.
Type-species: Mctaphi/ciis zebratiis Mercet. Monotypic.

As indicated earlier, controversy has e.xisted over the status of Aplit/cits and Mctupln/ciis.
Most encyrtid specialists now believe the genera are distinct and Trjapitzin (1973) has placed
them in separate subtribes of the Aphycini.

Ta.xonomy: Mercet, 1925. Eos 1 (1): 28. —Timberlake, 1926. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 6 (2):
310. -Compere, 1940. Bui. Ent. Res. 31 (1): 7-13, 27. —Gomes, 1941. Esc. Nac. de Agron.
(Rio de Janerio), Bol. 2: 30-34. —Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 2-5. — Alam,
1957. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 109 (15): 425-426. —Compere, 1958 (1957). Portici Lab.
Ent. Agr., Bol. 15: 221-230. —Compere and Annecke, 1960. Ent. Soc. So. Africa, Jour. 23




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(2): 376-378, 382-385. -Sugonyayev, 1960. Ent. Rev. 39 (2): 235-250. — Trjapitzin, 1967.
Akad. Nauk SSSR Zool. Inst., Trudy 41: 185-186. —Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39
(2): 229-232. -Annecke and Mynhardt, 1971. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines. 83 (3-4): 322-360.

— Annecke and Mynhardt, 1972. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines. 85 (3-4): 227-274. —Trjapitzin,
1973. Ent. Rev. 52 (2): 287-295.

Metaphycus alberti (Howard)
Calif. Host: Coccus hcsperidiDii L.

Aphiicus alhcrti Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 241-247. ♂, ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 94-95. -Compere, 1958 (1957). Portici
Lab. Ent. Agr., Bol. 15: 221-230.

Biology: Timberlake, 1913. Jour. Econ. Ent. 6 (3): 294-295.

Metaphycus californicus (Howard)
Pa., Md., Calif. Host: LecaiiiiDii nigrofosciatiDii Perg.
Aiihijcus californicus Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 241, 245. ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Compere and Annecke, 1961. Ent. Soc. So. Africa, Jour. 24 (1): 34. —Annecke and
Mynhardt, 1972. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines. 85 (3-4): 272.

Biology: Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, p. 271.

Metaphycus coquilletti (Howard)
Utah, Calif. Host: Pulciuaria hiyelociae Ckll.

Aphi/cus coquilletti Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 241, 244. ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Timberlake, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent. 6 (1): 43.

Metaphycus eriococci (Timberlake)
Fla., Te.x., Utah, Calif. Host: Eriococcus quercus (Comst.), Coccus
livsjH'riduiu (L.).
Aplnicus eriococci Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 631-632. ♀.

Metaphycus eruptor (Howard)
Va. s. to Fla. Host: Ccroi)lastes floricknisis Comst., Ceroplasfes sp.?

Aplu/cus eruptor Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rept. for 1880, p. 364-365. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 115.

Metaphycus flammeus Compere
Calif. Host: Lecatiiutu qnercif'ex Fitch.

Metapin/cus fidwiiieus Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 13. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 95.

Metaphycus flavus (Howard)
N. Y. s. to Fla., w. to Tex. Host: Coccus liesperidu)ii L., C.

pseu(lo>u(t(juoli(iruiu (Kuw.), Lepidosaplies glorerii (Pack.), Puli'i)iaria acericola (W. and
R.), Saissctia oleae (Oliv.), Tacliardia sp., Touiueijella liriodotdri (Gmel.).
Aphycus flavus Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rept. for 1880, p. 365. ♀.

Biology: Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, p. 463.

Metaphycus helvolus (Compere)
Calif. Host: Coccus hesperiduui L., C. pseudoviag)toliaru)i) (Kuw.),
Lecaniuiu cor)ii Bouche, Parasaissetia uigra (Nietn.), Saissetia coffeae (Walker), S.
oleae (Oliv.).
Aphycus helrolus Compere, 1926. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (1): 25-29. cJ, 9.

Taxonomy: Compere, 1958 (1957). Portici Lab. Ent. Agr., Bol. 15: 221-230. —Compere and
Annecke, 1960. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 23 (2): 375-389. -Annecke, 1964. Rep. So. Afr.
Dept. Agr. Tech. Serv., Ent. Mem. 7: 11-13.

Biology: Smith and Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (9): 242, 274. -Flanders, 1942.
Jour. Econ. Ent. 35 (5): 690-695. — Woglum ef al., 1947. Jour. Econ. Ent. 40 (5): 819.
—Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, pp. 80-81. —Flanders, 1959. Jour. Econ.
Ent. 52 (1): 74; 52 (4) 596-599. — Damaino, 1963. Rev. di Agr. Subtrop. e Trop. 57: 452.

— Huffaker, 1971. Biol Control, pp. 76, 265. —van den Bosch and Messenger, 1973. Biol.
Control, pp. 52, 59, 66, 77, 78.

Morphology: Flanders, 1942. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 35 (3): 253, 262-265.

Metaphycus howardi (Cockerell)
N. Mex. w. to Calif. Host: Eriococcus tiusleyi Ckll., E. sp. on Ericajueria.

Aphycus Howardi Cockerell, 1898. Canad. Ent. 30 (10): 276. ♀.
Taxonomy: Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 12.
Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 94-97.




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Metaphycus johnsoni (Howard)
Ont., Que. s. to N. C, w. to 111. Host: Cocciin heapcridiDii L., Keiiiies sp.
LeccDiiittii corni Bouche, L. tiigrofaticiafiDn Perg.

Aplufcus jolnisoui Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 241, 244. ♀.

Metaphycus kincaidi Timberlake
Wash. Host: LeccniiiDii coryli (L.).

Mefaphtjciis kiucaiill Timberlake, 1929. Pan-Pacific Ent. 6 (1): 43-45. ♂, ♀.

Metaphycus kingi (Timberlake)
Mass., Ohio. Host: Pulci)iaria sp.

Aphi/cKs kiiKji Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 589, 613-614. ♀.

Metaphycus lecanii (Howard)
Calif. Host: Lecaiiiioii conii Bouche, L. pubesce)in Ehrh., L. quercifex Fitch,
PIniKokeiiiu's insignicold (Craw).
Aphijcux lecanii Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 240, 242. 9 (c^ misdet.).

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 115.

Metaphycus lounsburyi (Howard)
Mass., Calif. Host: Sainsetia oleae (OHv.).

Aphticiis lontisbnvtn Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 241, 244. ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Smith and Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (9): 275-292. — Annecke and
Mynhardt, 1971. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 83 (3-4): 335-338, 355.

Biology: Clausen, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35 (5): 748. —Flanders, 1942. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann.
35 (2): 252, 262. —Flanders, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35 (5): 696. —Flanders, 1943. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 36 (6): 922-925. -Flanders, 1944. Jour. Econ. Ent. 37 (3): 409. -Maple, 1947.
Univ. Calif. Pubs., Ent. 8 (2): 95, 97-99. -Woglum et al., 1947. Jour. Econ. Ent. 40 (6): 819.
—Clausen, 195(i. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 81. — Beardsley, 1962. Hawaii. Ent.
Soc, Proc. 18 (1): 16. -DeBach, 1964. Biol. Control Insect Pests and Weeds, pp. 318, 411,
475, 682. -DeBach, 1974. Biol. Control by Nat. Enem, pp. 28, 29, 286.

Morphology: Compere, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (1): 8-9.

Metaphycus luteolus (Timberlake)
Calif. Host: Coccns hesperidiuii L., C. psen(lo)iiag)ioliani»! (Kuw.),
LccdiiiiiiH conii Bouche, Saissctia oleae (Oliv.).
AphficHs hiteuhts Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 591, 592, 636-637. ♂, ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Compere, 1958 (1957). Portici Lab. Ent. Agr., Bol. 15: 229. —Smith and Compere,
1928. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (9): 274-275. —Compere and Annecke, 1960. Ent. Soc. So.
Afr., Jour. 23 (2): 385.

Biology: Flanders, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35 (2): 263. —Flanders, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35
(6): 832-833. -Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 96, 99-100. —Woglum et al.,
1947. Jour. Econ. ent. 40 (6): 819-820. —Flanders, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52 (1): 74; 52 (4):
596-599. —DeBach, 1964. Biol. Control of Insect Pests and Weeds, pp. 351, 451.
—Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, p. 79.

Metaphycus maculipennis (Timberlake)
Mass. Host: Lecaiiiiuii cor)ii Bouche.

Aplnjcus wacnlipennis Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 589, 591, 593-594. ♂.
9.

Ta.xonomy: Annecke and Mynhardt, 1971. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 83 (3-4): 357.

Metaphycus maculipes (Howard)
Ont., Mass. s. to S. C, w. to 111. Host: Coccus liesperidii))/ L., Lecaiiiiun
corni Bouche, L. sp. on Quercus nigra, L. sp.
Aphi/cus maculipes Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 18-19, 31, 41. ♂, ♀.

Metaphycus mexicanus (Howard)
Pa., La. Host: Ceroplastes cirripefliformis Comst.

Apln/cus mexicanus Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 241, 247. ♀.

Metaphycus oregonensis (Howard)
Oreg. Host: Pulciuaria sp. on Oregon flowering currant, P. sp. on
Ribes.

Apln/cus oregonensis Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 241, 246. ♀ (♂ misdet.).

Metaphycus physokermis (Timberlake)
Calif. Host: Plnjsokermes insiguicola (Craw).

Apliijcus plu/sokermis Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 589, 591, 606-607. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Compere and Annecke, 1960. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 23 (2): 385. —Annecke and
Mynhardt, 1972. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 85 (3-4): 270-271.

Metaphycus psyllidis Compere
Calif. Host: Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc).

Metaplnjcus psgllidis Compere, 1943. Pan-Pacific Ent. 19 (2): 71-73. ♂, ♀.




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Taxonomy: Compere and Annecke, 1960. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 23 (2): 385. — Annecke and
Mynhardt, 1972. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 85 (3-4): 271.

Metaphycus pulvinariae (Howard)
Cosmopolitan. Host: LecauiHin conii Bouche, L. flctclicri Ckll., L.
yiigrofasciatiim Perg., L. sp. on Japaneese persimmon, L. sp. on wild goose plum,
PurumissctUi iiigid (Nietn.), PnlriiKiriu acciicold (W. and R.), P. riti.s (L.), P. sp. on
plum, P. sp. on willow.
Apln/cHs pitlriiKUKw Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rept. for 1880, p. 365. ♀.

Metaphycus punctipes (Dalman)
N. Amer.? ».

Eiicjirtits p/iiictipi's Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 154.

Metaphycus rileyi (Timberlake)
Ont. s. N. Y., w. to Mo., Te.x. Host: Lecaniioii conii Bouche, Lcccuuioii sp.
on Japaneese persimmon.

Aphtjcus rilciil Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 589-591, 600-(301. ♂, ♀.

Metaphycus schwarzi
***authority mismatch
(Timberlake). Ariz.

Aplttjcus xchwarzi Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 589, 599. ♀.

Metaphycus similis (Timberlake)
Te.\. Host: Lecaiiinni sp. on Japaneese persimmon.

Aplificiis .SV////7/.S Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 589, 605-606. ♀.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 115.

Metaphycus stanleyi Compere
Calif. Host: Coccus hcupcriilion L., C. pseudoiii(njnoliai-n)ii (Kuw.),
EncdlijiiiiKttKs tcssclldtiis (Sign.), Saissctia olcae (Oliv.).
Mctaphi/cits staiilciji Compere, 1940. Bui. Ent. Res. 31 (1): 10, 11, 20. ♂, ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Compere. 1940. Hilgardia 13 (7): 417-419. —Compere and Annecke, 1960. Ent.
Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 23 (2): 385. —Annecke and Mynhardt, 1972. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines
85 (3-4): 2(52-265.

Metaphycus stomachosus (Girault)
Mass. s. to Va., w. to 111. Host: LccaniiuH nigrofasciatuiu Perg.

Apln/cns stoiiHicliosiis Girault, 1909. Psyche 16 (4): 77-79. ♂, ♀.

Metaphycus subfasciatus (Timberlake)
Kans. Host: Lecanluni corni Bouche.

Aphycm subfasciatn.s Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 589, 591, 601-602. ♂, ♀.

Genus PSEUDAPHYCUS Clausen

PNetidaphjiciis Clausen, 1915. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 258: 41.

Type-species: Pfieitdapliyciis angelicii.s Howard. Monotypic.
Ptiilo}iiiri)iu.s Brethes, 1916. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac. de Hist. Nat., An. 27: 424.

Type-species: Psiloniirittu.sflavidKln.s Brethes. Orig. desig.

Representatives of the genus Pseiidaphticus are internal parasites of pseudococcids. Some
species, {P. ntilis, P. ninliiius), have been useful in biological control programs.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 569-574. — Mercet, 1925. Eos 1 (1):
10-14. -Ferriere, 1937. Bui. Ent. Res. 28 (2): 316-317. -Gahan, 1946. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
Proc. 96: 311-327. -De Santis, 1947. Soc. Ent. Argentina Rev. 13 (1-5): 281-287. -Hoffer,
1954. Acta. Soc. Ent. Cechosl. 51: 81, 102-103. —Compere and Annecke, 1960. Ent. Soc. So.
Afr., Jour. 23 (2): 377, 379. —Hoffer, 1960. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Faun. Ent. 6: 94-97.

Pseudaphycus abstrusus Gahan
Va. Host: Psciidococciis coiiinfocki (Kuw.).

PscKdapln/ciis ahslnisiis Gahan, 1946. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 96: 313, 316-317. ♂, ♀.

Pseudaphycus alveolatifrons Gahan
N. J. Host: P.scnilococcus conistoclxi (Kuw.).

Pscudapln/cua alceolatifrons Gahan, 1946. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 96: 314, 326-327. c?, 9.

Pseudaphycus angelicus (Howard)
Que., Calif. Host: Di/sniicoccus rt/ani (Coq.), Pheuacoccns gossijpii Tns.
and Ckll., PsckcIococcks calccolariae (Mask.), P. longisphuis (Targ.-Tozz.), P. inarititmiN
(Ehrh.), P. sp. on Arfciiiisia califoniica, P. sp. on passion flowers.
Aplujciix angclicns Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 241, 245. ♀.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 573-574.

Biology: Flanders, 1940. Jour. Econ. Ent. 33 (5): 756-758. — Haeussler and Clancy, 1944. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 37 (4): 504-509. —Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 110-111.




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Pseudaphycus graminicola
***authority mismatch
Timberlai^e. N. Mex., Utah. Host: Trionymus utaliensis (Ckll.), pseudococcoid on
Ely in UK coiuleiisafus.

P lie lulaph yens gmniinicolu Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 570-571. ♂, ♀.

Pseudaphycus limatulus Gahan
Md. Host: Plieiiacoccus sp. on Andvopogon sp.

Pneudupliycus linuitulns Gahan, 1946. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 96: 313, 324-325. ♂, ♀.

Pseudaphycus malinus Gahan
Ont., Conn. s. to Va., w. to Mo. Host: Pseudoccus comstocki (Kuw.).

Pseiidaphiicus iiialluus Gahan, 1946. U. S. Natl. Mus.. Proc. 96: 313, 317-319. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Jasnosh, 1957. Ent. Oboz. 36 (3): 720. — Hoffer, 1960. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta
Faun. Ent. 6: 95, 97. -Sugonyayev, 1962. Akad. Nauk SSSR Izv., ser. Biol., 5: 754-766.

Biology: Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 125. —Sugonyayev, 1960. Ent.

Rev. 39 (2): 235. -DeBach, 1964. Biol. Control Insect Pests and Weeds, p. 681. — DeBach,

1974. Biol. Control, by Nat. Enem., p. 160.

Pseudaphycus meracus Gahan
Va. Host: Ferrisia cirgata (Ckll.).

P>ii'HdaphticHs meracus Gahan, 1946. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 96: 314, 325-326. ♂, ♀.

Pseudaphycus meritorius Gahan
Va. Host: Feyrisia rirgata (Ckll.).

Pseudapln/cus meritorius Gahan, 1946. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 96: 312, 314-315. ♂, ♀.

Pseudaphycus mundus Gahan
Va. s. to Fla., w. to La. Host: Dys)iiicoccus boitiusis (Kuw.), Plieuacocciis
gossypii Tns. and Ckll., Pseudococcus coniatocki (Kuw.), P. longispinus (Targ.-Tozz.).

P'seudaphycus mundus Gahan, 1946. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 96: 313, 321-324. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Bynum, 1938. La. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 298: 27-29. —Clancy and Pollard, 1947. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 40 (4): 579.

Pseudaphycus perdignus Compere and Zinna
Calif., released, possibly established.

Pseudaplijjcus perdignus Compere and Zinna, 1955. Portici Lab. Ent. Agr., Bol. 14: 94,
105-108.' 6,9.

Pseudaphycus prosopidis Timberlake
N. Mex. Host: Spilococcus prosopidis (Ckll.).

Pseudaphncus prosopidis Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 570, 571-572. ♀.

Pseudaphycus websteri Timberlake
Ind., 111. Host: Pseudococcus viaritii)riis (Ehrh.), mealybug on stem of
Elymus virginicus.
Pseudupligcus u-ebstcri Timberlake, 1916. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 50: 570, 572. ♀.

Genus STEMMATOSTERES Timberlake

Stemmatosteres Timberlake, 1918. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1 (8): 352-354.
Type-species: Sfe)n)natosteres apterus Timberlake. Orig. desig.

This morphologically aberrant genus consists of only a few species which seem restricted to
the Holarctic Region. A North American species is parasitic on pseudococcids.

Taxonomy: Hoffer, 1955. Acta Soc. Ent. Cechosl. 51: 109-111. —Compere and Annecke, 1960.
Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 23 (2): 381. —Hoffer, 1960. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Faun. Ent. 6:
98.

Stemmatosteres apterus Timberlake
Calif. Host: Dijsinicoccus tiniberlakei (Ckll.).

Stemmatosteres apterus Timberlake, 1918. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1 (8): 354-355.
Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 109, 114.

Stemmatosteres kuchari Yoshimoto
Alta.

Stemmatosteres kuchari Yoshimoto, 1972. Canad. Ent. 104 (11): 1837-1839. ♂, ♀.

Genus TACHARDIOBIUS Timberlake

Tachardiobius Timberlake, 1926. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 69 (3): 19-22.
Type-species: Tachardiobius nigricaiis Timberlake. Orig. desig.

Tachardiobius nigricans Timberlake
Ariz., Calif. Host: Tachardiella larreae (Comst.).

Tachardiobius nigricans Timberlake, 1926. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 69 (3): 22-23. ♂, ♀.

Genus TIMBERLAKIA Mercet

Timberlakiu Mercet, 1925. Eos 1 (1): 9-10.

Type-species: Acerophagus europaeus Mercet. Orig. desig.




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The only species of this genus was imported from Europe in attempts to control the Rhodes
grass scale, Antoniua g raw in is (Maskell). Biological control of this pest is achieved by another
parasite, Neo(lits»ietia saugwani (Subba Rao), but T. eiiropeaea (Mercet) has become
established.

Taxonomy: Compere and Annecke, 1960. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 23 (2): 377, 878. -Hoffer,
1960. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Faun. Ent. 6: 98.

Biology: Dean and Schuster, 1958. Jour. Econ. Ent. 51 (3): 365. —Dean, 1960. Jour. Econ.
Ent. 53 (4): 694. —Schuster ef uL, 1971. In: Huffaker, Biol. Control, p. 228.

Timberlakia europaea (Mercet)
Fla., Te.x. Introduced from Europe. Host: Aufonina gmminis (Mask.).
Aceropluignu eitroiKwits Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 191-193. ♂.
9.
Biology: Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, p. 228.

Tribe ARRHENOPHAGINI

Genus ARRHENOPHAGUS Aurivillius

Arrlienophagus Aurivillius, 1888. Ent. Tidskr. 9: 144-146.

Type-species: Anlienophagn.s cliionaspidis Aurivillius. Monotypic.
Mywarii'lla Risbec, 1951. Inst. Fr. Afr. Noire, Mem. 13: 402-403.

Type-species: Mgiitufivlki parlatoreae Risbec. Monotypic.

Anlie)topluigns consists of fewer than five species, but is widespread in distribution. Its spe-
cies are parasitic on armored scale insects.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1915. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 23 (4): 241-242. — Timberlake, 1924. Hawaii.
Ent. Soc, Proc 5 (3): 433. — Agarwal, 1963. Ztschr. f. Parasitenk. 22 (5): 394-397.

Arrhenophagus chionaspidis
***authority mismatch
Aurivillius. Md. s. to Fla. Host: Anlacaspis co.sflf (Bouche), Quad raspidiof its
peniicioxn-'i (Comst.), Q.foi'bcsi (Johns.).
Arrhenophagm chionaspidis Aurivillius, 1888. Ent. Tidskr. 9: 146. ♀.
Coccobius d'iaspidis Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 22: 408. ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Girault, 1911. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 19 (3): 177-179. -Girault, 1915. N. Y. Ent.
Soc, Jour. 23 (4): 241-242. — Ferriere, 1953. Rev. Path. Veg. d'Ent. Agr. France 32 (2): 116.
—Tachikawa, 1957. Jap. Jour. Appl. Ent. and Zool. 1 (3): 174-179. -Hoffer, 1964. Acta Soc
Ent. Cechosl. 61 (2): 118-122. -Trjapitzin, 1968. Vses. Ent. Obshch., Trudy 52: 47.

Biology: Benassy, 1958. (Paris) Acad. Sci. Compt. Rend. 246 (1): 179-181. — Zak-Ogaza, 1961.
Polskie Pismo Ent. 31 (26): 356.

Morphology: Dominichini, 1953. Zool. Agr. Bach Univ. Milano, Bol. 19: 242.

Tribe BOTHRIOTHORACINI

Genus BOTHRIOTHORAX Ratzeburg

Bothriofhorax Ratzeburg, 1844. Ichn. d. Forstins., v. 1, table facing p. 4; pp. 208-209.

Type-species: Botliriothorox altensteinii Ratzeburg. Monotypic. The type-species is
considered a synonym of Enct/rfus clavicornis Dalman.
Trimorphocerus Dahlbom, 1857. Ofver's. Svenska Vetensk, Akad. Forh. 14 (8): 293-294 (no

species included).

Type-species: Bofhriotliorax altensteinii Ratzeburg. Desig. by Gahan and Fagan,

'l923.

This Holarctic genus consists of about 15 species that are parasites of syrphid flies.

Taxonomy: Howard, 1895. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 17: 607-611. —Graham, 1958. Ent. Tidskr.
79 (3-4): 161-165. -Kerrich, 1963. Beitr. zur Ent. 13 (3-4): 364. -Trjapitzin, 1967. Akad
Nauk SSSR, Zool. Inst., Trudy 41: 209-212.

Biology: Heiss, 1938. 111. Biol. Monog. 16 (4): 19, 99, 100. -Graves, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Ann. 53 (1): 74.



930 Hymenoptera in America Nortii of Mexico

Bothriothorax californicus Howard
Calif. Host: Scaeva pyrantri (L.), Si/rpliufi nHe)tn Zett., S. opinator 0. ♂.
Botln-iothonu- califoniicus Howard, 1895. U. S. Natl.'Mus., Proc. 17: 607, 609-610. ♀.

Biology: Kamal, 1926. Jour. Econ. Ent. 19 (5): 726-728.

Bothriothorax faridi
***authority mismatch
Kama!. Calif. Host: Sijrphns opinutoy 0. ♂.

Botln-iofhoraxfarkli Kamal, 1926. Canad. Ent. 58 (11): 283-284. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Kamal, 1939. Egypt Min. Agr. Tech. and Sci. Serv. Ent. Sect., Bui. 207: 33, 46, 48.

Bothriothorax macroglenes Ashmead
Kans.

Botlniothonix iiiacrogleue.s Ashmead, 1888. Kans. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 3: app. p. V. 9.

Bothriothorax nigripes Howard
N. Mex., Calif. Host: Eupeodea cohicria 0. ♂.

Botln-iotliomx nkjripes Howard, 1895. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 17: 607, 610. ♀.

Biology: Kamal, 1939. Egypt Min. Agr. Tech. and Sci. Serv. Ent. Sect., Bui. 207: 33, 46, 48.
—Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 70-71.

Bothriothorax noveboracensis Howard
N. H. s. to N. J.

Bothnothomx nofeboracen.'^is Howard, 1895. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 17: 607, 609. ♀.

Bothriothorax peculiaris Howard
N. H. s. to Va., w. to Wis. Host: Mefasyrplitis aiin')-ica)iits (Johns.),
Siiipliiis rectus 0. S., S. ribesii (L.).

Bot'hriotliorax peculiaris Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 20-21, 43. c^, 9.

Bothriothorax rotundiformis Howard
Calif., Colo., Wash.

Bothriothorax rotundifoniiis Howard, 1895. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 17: 607, 610-611. ♀.

Bothriothorax virginiensis Howard
Va.

Bothriotlwrax cinjinieHsis Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 20, 43. ♀.

Genus TRJAPITZINELLUS Viggiani

Trjapitzinellus Viggiani, 1967. Portici Lab. Ent. Agr., Bol. 25: 166-167.

Type-species: TrjapitziuelluH seiiiidalipliagus Viggiani. Orig. desig.

This genus consists of two species, one from Italy and one from California. Both are lar-
val-pupal parasites of Coniopterygidae.

Trjapitzinellus microrphanos Gordh
Calif. Host: Co)iwe)ttzia sp., Parasemidalis sp.

Trjapifziuellus microrphanos Gordh, 1973. Pan-Pacific Ent. 49 (1): 51-55.

Genus ZETETICONTUS Silvestri

Aratus Howard, 1897. Linn. Soc. London, Jour., Zool. 26: 155-156. Preocc. by Aratus

Milne-Edwards, 1853.
Zeteticoutus Silvestri, 1915. Portici Lab. Zool, Bol. 9: 343-344.
Type-species: Zeteticontus abilis Silvestri. Orig. desig.
Mirreuci/rtus Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 115.

Type-species: Mirreuci/rtus glabriscufellu»i Girault. Orig. desig.
Aratiscus Ghesquiere, 1946. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 39 (4): 368. N. name for Arafus

Howard.
Prolitoiuastix Hoffer, 1954. Ochr. Prirody 9 (6): 172.

Type-species: Prolitomasfix restouicoisis Hoffer. Orig. desig.

Zeteticontus is cosmopolitan and contains about ten species. Members of the genus are nitidu-
lid beetle parasites.

Zeteticontus insularis (Howard)
Fla. Host: Aiiastrepha ludeus (Loew). Kerrich examined the holotype of
H. insularis and considered it to be an Aratus (=Zeteticontus). This is interesting
because insularis is a fly parasite whereas all other species oi Zeteticontus parasitize
nitidulids.
Bothrlothora.v insularis Howard, 1896. Linn. Soc. London, Jour., Zool. 26: 147. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Kerrich, 1963. Beitr. zur Ent. 13 (3-4): 367-368.



Superfamily CHALCIDOIDEA 931

Tribe CERAPTEROCERINI

Genus AMMONOENCYRTUS De Santis

Aiiniiv>io()iC!irtiis De Santis, 1964. Com. Inv. Cient. Prov. Buenos Aires, An. 4: 376-378.
Type-species: CempterocentN boHariinsis Brethes. Orig. desig.

This New World genus contains two hyperparasitic species that attack parasites of soft-scale
insects.

Taxonomy: Annecke, 1967. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 119 (4): 101, 159-160.

Ammonoencyrtus californicus (Compere)
Calif. Host: Primary parasite of Coccus hesperidum L., Saissetia
olcdc (Oliv.), C('iui)lastcx cirriix-difoniiis Comst., Mefaplii/ciiK loioisbHri/i (Howard).
Eusemion californicum Compere, 1925. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (3): 296, 304-306. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Compere, 1925. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (3): 306-308. —Smith, 1933. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 26 (3): 525-528. -Flanders, 1940. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 33 (2): 252.
—Flanders, 1943. Jour. Econ. Ent. 36 (6): 923-924. —Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8
(2): 89-90.

Genus ANICETUS Howard

AiiicrtKs Howard, 1896. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 18: 639.

Type-species: Aniccfiis cci/loitoisis Howard. Monotypic.
A-^tcrupm'Hs Howard, 1898. U. s! Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 231.

Type-species: Astcropdcits pfhnns Howard. Monotypic.
Hahrolcpoplcijigis Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 86.

Type-species: Huhrolepopti'iiicjis felix Girault. Monotypic.
Krislniicriclla Mani, 1935. Rec. Indian Mus. 37 (4): 421-422.

Type-species: Krislmivricllu ccropUintudis Mani. Orig. desig.

Anicctiis contains about 20 species which are parasitic on soft scales, especially Ceroplastes.
The genus is predominantly Ethiopian and Oriental in distribution.

Taxonomy: Girault. 1916. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 9 (3): 302. — Mercet, 1925. Soc. Roy. Ent.
Egypt, Bui. for 1925, p. 50. -Subba Rao, 1965. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Proc. (B) 34 (5-6):
71. — Trjapitzin, 1965. Ent. Rev. 44 (4): 524-525. —Annecke, 1967. Roy. Ent. Soc. London,
Trans. 119 (4): 99-169. -Hayat, 1976. Ent. Monthly Mag. Ill (1328-1330): 49-50.

Anicetus annulatus Timberlake
Tex., Calif. Host: Coccun heaperiduni L.

AiiicetHs (uninlatH.s Timberlake, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (1): 227-231. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Cahf Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 60.

Anicetus toumeyellae Milliron
Del. s. to Va. Host: Toniin't/ella liriodendri (Gmel.), Ceroplastes sp. on

lilly.
Anicetus tontiwiieUae Milliron, 1959. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 62 (1): 28, 29-30. ♂, ♀.

Genus CERAPTEROCERUS Westwood

Cerapterocents Westwood, 1833. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6: 495.

Type-species: Ceiapterocerus mirabilis Westwood. Monotypic.
Telegraph IIS Ratzeburg, 1848. Ichn. d. Forstins., v. 2, pp. 152-153.

Type-species: Tetegrapliiis inacitlipeiniis Ratzeburg. Monotypic. The type-species is
considered a synonym of Cera pteroceriis )Nirabilis Westwood.

This small genus consists of only a few species which are parasitic on mealybugs.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1924. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc 5 (3): 432. — Agarwal, 1963. Ztschr. i.
Parasitenk. 22 (5): 398-400. — Doblado, 1966. Graellsia 22: 54.

Cerapterocerus floridanus Ashmead
Fla.

Cerapterocerns floridaiiiis Ashmead, 1887. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 14: 190. ♂.




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Genus EUSEMION Dahlbom

Ensciiiiu)! Dahlbom, 1857. Ofvers. Svenska Vetenska. Akad., Forh. 14 (8): 293. No species
included.

Type-species: Eiici/iins coriiiyer Haliday. Subsequent monotypy (Thomson, 1876
(1875)).

Enseniio)! is a small genus consisting of less than five species as the genus is understood by
Annecke (1967). These insects are hyperparasitic on primary parasites of soft scales.

Taxonomy: Compere, 1925. CaUf. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (3): 303-308. —Compere, 1938. Bui. Ent.
Res. 29 (3): 319-320. -Ferriere, 1949. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 22 (4): 383. —Annecke,
1967. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 119 (4): 100, 103-104.

Eusemion longipennis (Ashmead)
Fla., Calif. Host: Mi'taphi/CHs flarus (Howard), Microferys flams
(Howard) on Lecuiiiuni sp.
Mira lotu/ipcniiix Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4 (1): 17. ♀.

Biology: Timberlake, 1913. Jour. Econ. Ent. 6 (3): 301-302.

Tribe CHALCERINYINI
Genus ECHTHROGONATOPUS Perkins

Echthrogouafopiis Perkins, 1906. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui.
1 (8): 256.

Type-species: Eclifhrogoiiatopiis cxiiiosits Perkins. Desig. by Girault, 1915.

This is a small genus, consisting of fewer than five species. They are parasites of dryinids, but
the North American species was reported to have been recovered from a mealybug. An undeter-
mined species occurs in Florida on Dijsniicoccit.s patidae (Rao).

Taxonomy: Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 76.

Echthrogonatopus pachycephalus Perkins
Ohio. Host: Dryinid.

EchthrogoHdtopiia pachi/ccplialns Perkins, 1906. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta.
Div. Ent. Bui. 1 (8): 257. ♀.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1922. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 10 (7-9): 150. —Girault, 1934. New
Capsidae and Hymen. (Priv. pub., no page number.)

Genus HELEGONATOPUS Perkins

Helegoiiafopiia Perkins, 1906. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. E.xpt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1
(8): 257.

Type-species: Hclcgoiiatopits pseiidophaiies Perkins. Monotypic.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1918. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (1): 185. —Timberlake, 1924. Hawaii.
Ent. Soc, Proc. 5 (3): 432. —Williams, 1931. Handb. Ins. and Other Invert, of Hawaii.
Sugar Cane Fids., p. 255.

Helegonatopus pseudophanes Perkins
Fla., Ohio, Ky. Host: Gonatopus sp., ex. dryinid on A)iiblijsellits cnrtiNi.

Hclcgoiiutopus pscitclophom's Perkins, 1906. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta.,
Div. Ent., Bui. 1 (8): 258. ♀.

Tribe CHEILONEURINI

Genus APTERENCYRTUS Ashmead

Aptcroictjrtns Ashmead, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37 (1): 5.

Type-species: Aptere)icgrti(s piilcliriconus Ashmead. Monotypic The type-species is
considered a synonym of Cliilo)ieHrHs iiilcrophagHs Mayr.
ChiloneHrinits Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, p. 646.

Type-species: CliiloiieKins niioopliagus Mayr. Orig. desig.

This cosmopolitan genus of scale parasites consists of fewer than 10 species.




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Taxonomy: Gahan, 1951. Canad. Ent. 83 (7): 171. — Ferriere, 1955. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt.

28 (1): 117-118. -Hoffer, 1957. Acta. Sec. Ent. Cechosl. 54 (4): 349-352. -Alam, 1957. Roy.

Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 109 (15): 423, 438-441. -Trjapitzin, 1967. Akad. Nauk SSSR Zool.

Inst., Trudy 41: 213-214. -Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 270-271.

Apterencyrtus microphagus (Mayr)
Conn. s. to Fla., Calif. Host: LecaiiiHiii )iigrofasciatHni Perg.,

Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae (Comst.), Q. pemiciosus
(Comst.).

Euviivttis Liuiihiniis Walker, 1S38. Ent. Mag. 5: 422. ♀.

Eiicurtns Enrijclm Walker, 1844. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 14: 184. ♀.

Cliiloiii'iinis iiiicroplnKjHs Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 25: 745,
746. ♀.

ChiloiicKnis diaspidiimnnii Howard, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 7 (3): 256. ♀.

Aptercnci/rtHs piilchriconi is Ashmead, 1905. Canad. Ent. 37 (1): 5. ♀.

ApliidciictirtKx uspidloti Girault, 1915. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 8 (3): 283, 284. ♀.

HdhroU'pin iiKit/ri Ruschka, 1915. Zt.schr. Angew. Ent. 2: 403-404. ♀.

AptcreHciirtiin zoiuitiis Alam, 1957. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 109 (15): 439, 441. ♀.
Although Eiici/rfH-s lambinas Walker has priority over ClieiloiieiiiKs niicroplKigns
Mayr, the latter name is well known and has been frequently published. Therefore
niicropli(u/iis is retained here as the accepted name in the interest of stability.

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1924. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 65 (4): 1-2.

Biology: Griswold, 1925. N. Y. (Cornell) Agr. Expt. Sta., Mem. 93: 44-47.

Genus BOUCEKIELLA Hoffer

Boitcckiflla Hoffer, 1954. Ochr. Prirody 9 (6): 172, 173.

Type-species: BoncckUdla dcpivusa Hoffer. Orig. desig.
Uroti/udunclnis Ferriere, 1955. Soc. Ent. de France, Bui. 60 (1-2): 9-10.
Type-species: Urofi/ndaricliu.s antouinae Ferriere. Orig. desig.

Boucekiella depressa Hoffer
Tex. Introduced for biological control of the Rhodes grass scale, Antonina
graminis (Mask). Host: Chaetococcus phragjuitis (Marchal).
BoHcekieUu depressa Hoffer, 1954. Ochr. Prirody 9 (6): 172-173. ♀.
Urotiindariciis a)ifo)U)ttte Ferriere, 1955. Soc. Ent. de France, Bui. 60 (1-2): 10. ♀.

Taxonomy: Hoffer, 1957. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Ent. 31 (486): 220.

Biology: Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 228.

Genus CHEILONEURUS Westwood

ChciloiicHriis Westwood, 1833. London, Edinb. and Dublin Phil. Mag. and Jour. Sci. 3 (3):
343.

Type-species: Eiici/rtiis elegans Dalman. Monotypic.
Cliilonciinis Foerster, 185(5. Hym. Stud. v. 2, pp. 32, 34, 50. Unjustified emend.
Cristatithorax Girault, 1911. Canad. Ent. 43 (5): 169.

Tvpe-species: Cristatithorax pnlclwr Girault. Monotypic.
Mi'tachciloiicnnis Hoffer, 1957. Acta Soc. Ent. Cechosl. 54 (4): 336-337.

Type-species: Mctaclwilonciinis nioestiis Hoffer. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1914. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 7 (3): 247-248. —Ruschka, 1923. Zool.-Bot.
Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 72 (1): 6-10. -Compere, 1931. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 5 (11): 233.
—Compere, 1938. Bui. Ent. Res. 29 (3): 327-328. — Geyer, 1947. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 10
(1): 98. —Alam, 1957. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 109 (15): 423, 441-444. —Hoffer, 1957.
Acta Soc. Ent. Cechosl. 54 (4): 339-348. — Claridge, 1958. Ent. Monthly Mag. (4th. Ser.) 94
(1130): 156-161. —Trjapitzin, 1964. Zool. Zhur. 43 (10): 1463-1465. —Graham, 1969. Polskie
Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 273-275.

Cheiloneurus albicornis Howard
Ont. s. to S. C, w. to La., n. to Wis., Colo. Host: Kerinen sp. on oak,

Lecaiiiuiii carijac Fitch, L. conii Bouche, L.fletcheri Ckll., L. iiigrofasciattDii Perg.,




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PhyHokeriiiefi piceae (Schr.), Pitlviiiaria acericola (W. and R.), P- vitis (L.), P. sp. on
poison ivy.
CliiloneHrus albiconiis Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Kept, for 1880, pp. 363-364.

9.

Ta.xonomy: Girault, 1916. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 9 (3): 300-301 (male, female).

Cheiloneurus cupreicollis Ashmead
Fla. Host: Lecutiiuin sp. on oak.

Cliiloiieurus cupreicollis Ashmead, 1886. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 13: 131. ♀.

Cheiloneurus cushmani Crawford
Va. Host: Keniies sp.

Chciloncnnis ciishniani Crawford, 1911. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 13 (2): 126. ♂, ♀.

Cheiloneurus dubius Howard
Mass. w. to Wis., Mo. Host: Keniies sp., LecaniiDii sp. from dwarf mountain
pine, L. sp. from Scotch pine.
ChiloHennis dubius Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 17, 42. ♂.

Cheiloneurus elegans (Dalman)
N. Y. s. to Pa., Va. Host: Maycfiola destructor (Say), Platygaster zosine
Wall<.
Euct/rtus elcyatis Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 151. ♀.

Taxonomy: Claridge, 1958. Ent. Monthly Mag. 94 (1130): 157-158.

Biology: Gahan, 1934 (1933). U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. 174: 60-64. —Hill et «/., 1939. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 689: 5, 12. — Ferriere, 1952. Ninth Internat. Cong. Ent. Amsterdam,
Trans, v. 1, p. 594.

Taxonomy: Ferriere, 1956. Lab. Zool. Gen. e. Agr. Portici, Bol. 33: 354.

Biology: Sugonyayev, 1958. Ent. Rev. 37 (2): 260.

Morphology: Hill and Pinckney, 1940. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 715: 5-6, 11-13.

Cheiloneurus inimicus Compere
Fla. w. to Calif. Host: Metophycus loniisburyi (How.), M. physokermis
(Timb.).
Cheiloiieurns iuiuiicus Compere, 1925. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (3): 296, 197-302. ♂, ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 71.

Biology: McCoy and Selheim, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63 (2): 618. —Compere, 1925. Calif.
Univ., Pubs Ent. 3 (3): 301-302.

Cheiloneurus lineascapus Gahan
Md., La., CaHf. Host: Kennes sp. on lilac, K. sp. on oak, Saissefia oleae
(Oliv.), Metaplii/cux louiisbun/i (How.).
CIteiloneurus lineascapus Gahan, 1910. Canad. Ent. 42 (6): 207-208. ♀.

Taxonomy: Compere, 1925. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (3): 296.

Biology: Smith, 1933. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 26 (3): 525.

Morphology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 115.

Cheiloneurus noxius Compere
Calif. Host: Saissetia oleae (OHv.), Metapliycus louusburyi How.

Cheiloneunis noxius Compere, 1925. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (3): 296, 302-303. ♀.

Taxonomy: Smith and Compere, 1928. CaHf. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (9): 242, 272-274.

Biologv: Flanders, 1940. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 33 (2): 252. — Lepelly, 1937. Bui. Ent. Res. 28
(2): 181-183. -Weseloh, 1969. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 62 (2): 299-305. -Weseloh, 1971. Ent.
Soc. Amer., Ann., 64 (3): 580-586. -Weseloh, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64 (6): 1188-1190.
—Weseloh, 1972. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 65 (1): 41-46. —Weseloh and Bartlett, 1971. Ent.
Soc. Amer., Ann. 64 (6): 1259-1264.

Morphology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 71.

Cheiloneurus pulcher (Girault)
III. Host: Keniies pnbesceiis Bogue.

Cristatithorux pulcher Girault, 1911. Canad. Ent. 43 (5): 170. ♀.

Cheiloneurus pulvinariae Dozier
D. C. s. to Fla. Host: Metapliycus flarus (How.) parasitic on Pulrinaria sp.
Cheiloueurus pulciiiariae Dozier, 1927 (1925). Puerto Rico Dept. Agr., Jour. 9 (4): 363-365.
6, 9.




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swezeyi Ashmead. Conn., Ohio. Host: OvnieniH septoitrionalis (Spin.), Psilodryinus
typhlocyhae (Ashm.).
CheHoneunoi awezeyl Ashmead, 1903. Ent. News 14 (6): 193. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Swezey, 1903. Ohio Nat. 3: 446-447.

Genus CHRYSOPOPHAGUS Ashmead

Clin/sopophayus Ashmead, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 7 (3): 245-246.

Type-species: Clnysopopluiyus coiiipir.ssiconiis Ashmead. Monotypic.
Saroiiotioii Perkins, 1906. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 1 (8):
259-260.

Type-species: SaroHotit))! aiistraliae Perkins. Desig. by Gahan and Pagan, 1923.

ChrysopopliaguN consists of less than ten species.

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 331, 350-351. — Girault, 1924. Homo
Perniciosus and New Hymen, not paged, (priv. pub.). — Subba Rao, 1957. Indian Acad. Sci.,
Proc. (B) 46 (6): 382-383.

Chrysopophagus amplicornis (Gahan)
Tex. w. to Calif. Host: Eiiococcus sp. on Bouteloua.

Cli<'ilo)ieurus (uiiplicornis Gahan, 1914. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 7 (3): 247. ♀.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 115.
banks! Howard. Tex., N. Mex.

ChrysopopluujiiH banksi Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 247-248. ♀.

Chrysopophagus compressicornis Ashmead
N. C, S. C. w. to Iowa, Mo., Calif. Host: Clirynopa califomica Coq.,
C. tnaju.sciila Banks, C. plombntida Fitch, C. niflabris Burm.
ClinjHopophayHs cofupre^KicoDiis Ashmead, 1894. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 7 (3): 246.
6, 9.

Biology: Clancy, 1946. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 7 (13): 432-440. —Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ.,
Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 72. -Muma, 1959. Fla. Ent. 42 (4): 150-152.

Chrysopophagus flaccus (Walker)
N. C. s. to Fla., Ohio, Calif. Host: Dryinid.

EucyrtHs (CevchyHiiis) Flaccii.s Walker, 1847. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (130): 21. ♀.
SaraiiotuiH aiiiciiccniinn Perkins, 1906. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div.
Ent., Bui. 1 (8): 260.

Taxonomy: Burks, 1975. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., Bui. 32 (4): 147-148.

Chrysopophagus kansensis Girault
Kans.

Clirysopuphagiis koHsoisis Girault, 1917. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 53: 447. ♀.

Genus DIVERSINERVUS Silvestri

Dirersiiwrrus Silvestri, 1915. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 9: 301-304.

Type-species: DircrsinerciiN elegans Silvestri. Orig. desig.
Chciloiieuroides Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 96, 122.

Type-species: ClwiluiwHroides bicristafiis Girault. Orig. desig. The type-species is
considered a synonym of Dirersi)ien'Hs elegans Silvestri.

Diccrsiiwrritu is predominantly an African genus consisting of fewer than ten species which
parasitize lecaniine scale insects.

Ta.xonomy: Girault, 1917. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 5: 37. —Compere, 1931. Calif. Univ.,
Pubs. Ent. 5 (11): 233-235. —Compere, 1940. Hilgardia 13 (7): 407. — Trjapitzin, 1961. Ent.
Rev. 40 (3): 369.

Diversinervus elegans Silvestri
Calif. Host: Saissetia oleae (Oliv.).

Dicerxinerriis elvgan>f Silvestri, 1915. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. Gen. e Agr., Bol.

9: 304-305. ♂, ♀.
Cheiloneiiroides bicristafiis Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 96-97.
Dirersiiwrnis iiieridionalis Compere, 1931. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 5 (11): 237-239. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Compere, 1931. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 5 (11): 241-245, 249.




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Genus PARASYRPOPHAGUS Girault

PamHyrpophagus Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 105.

Type-species: PamsijrpopliagH-s fiDientlis Girault. Orig. desig.

This genus has been recovered in India, Australia and the Holarctic Region. It contains four
or five species. In North America it is represented by material from California under a manus-
cript name of Girault.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 58, 73, 82, 270. — Hoffer,
1957. Acta. Soc. Ent. Cechosl. 54 (4): 329-330.

Genus PROCHILONEURUS Silvestri

Prochiloneurus Silvestri, 1915. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 9: 350-351.

Type-species: PvocIiUoih'kvhk piilcliellHs Silvestri. Orig. desig.
Achrysopophagus Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 89.

Type-species: Aclngsopopliagiis ocidnctits Girault. Orig. desig.

Approximately thirty species have been assigned to Aclntfsopopliagns and Procliiloneiirus.
All of the species originally assigned to Aclntisopophagiis are hyperparasitic on mealybugs and
perhaps soft scale insects. The genus is cosmopolitan.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1919. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 19 (9-10): 473-474. —Mercet, 1929.
Eos 5 (4): 359. —Compere, 1938. Bui. Ent. Res. 29 (3): 325-327. — Domenichini, 1952. Zool.
Agr. Bach. Univ. Milano, Bol. 17 (3): 175-179. -Hoffer, 1957. Acta Soc. Ent. Cechosl. 54
(4): 329, 348-349. — Trjapitzin, 1968. Vses. Ent. Obshch., Trudy 52: 116-122.

Prochiloneurus americanus (Girault)
D. C.

Achriisopophdgns iiiin'ricaiiKs Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., p. 16. ♀.

Prochiloneurus dactylopii (Howard)
D. C, N. Mex., Minn. Host: Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, Planococcus
cifri (Risso).
CliiloHciirux (lactt/lopii Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent, Bui. 5: 17, 42. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Kerrich, 1953. Bui. Ent. Res. 44 (4): 798-799.

Biology: Kirkpatric, 1952. Rept. Cacao Res. 1952, p. 65.

Prochiloneurus modestus (Timberlake)
Calif. Host: PsiiuIococck.s iiiariti))ii(.s (Ehrh.), A^taggrus giiccae (Coq.),
Zarkopalus corvinus (Gir.).
Acln-gsopophagiis modestus Timberlake, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 240-243. ♀.

Biology: Clausen, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 257-266, 284-286. -Maple, 1947. Calif.
Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 55.

Genus TINEOPHOCTONUS Ashmead

Tiiicoplmctoinis Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 328, 351.
Type-species: Phaci/odiscus aniiatiis Ashmead. Orig. desig.

This is a Holaractic genus consisting of only a few species. The host associations of Ti)ieoplioc-
toiuis are not clear. Armatits has been reported as an anobiid parasite in Europe (its host still
unknown in North America) whereas ti)n'a('ronis attacks tineid larvae.

Taxonomy: Viggiani, 1966. Doriana 4 (168): 1-5. —Mercet, 1932. Eos 8 (3): 311-316.

Tineophoctonus armatus (Ashmead)
Fla. Host: Aiioblitiii piitictatnni (DeG.).

Pluu'iiodiscits
Taxonomy: Mercet, 1932. Eos 8 (3): 312-316.

Tineophoctonus tineaevorus (Ashmead)
Fla. Host: Tineid larva in gall of Aiidric/is paftoni (Bass.).
LvptoiHd.sti.r tiiicacroiv Ashmead, 1887. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 14: 191. ♀.

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4 (1): 16.

Genus TYNDARICHUS Howard

Tgiularlclnis Howard, 1910. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Ser. Bur. Ent., Bui. 19: 5-6.
Type-species: Tgiidariclnis iiarac Howard. Orig. desig.




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Tyndarichus has less than 10 described species some of which are apparently hyperparasitic
on other chalcidoids that attack Lepidoptera eggs. An undetermined species is found from Wis. w.
to Mont., s. to Nebr., Fla., Calif.

Ta.xonomv: Mercet, 1918. Rev. Mont. Madrid 42: 775-781. — Mercet, 1919. Rev. Appl. Ent. (A)
7: 229-230. -Nowicki, 1928. Ztschr. f. Wiss. Insektenbiol. 4 (1): 17, 24-25. -Eady, 1960.
Bui. Ent. Res. 50 (4): 669-670. —Paine, 1964. So. Pacific Comm. Tech. Paper 145: 40.

Tribe COMPERIINI

Genus COMPERIA Gomes

Coiiiperid Gomes, 1942 (1941). Esc. Nac. Agron. Rio de Janerio, Bol. 2 (1): 41-42.
Type-species: Dicaniosin merceti Compere. Orig. desig.

This genus consists of fewer than five described species and presumably has its origin in
Africa. One species parasitizes cockroach oothecae.

Taxonomy: Annecke, 1969. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 32 (2): 447.

Comperia merceti (Compere)
Cosmopolitan. Host: Siipclhi loiigipalpa (Serville).
Dicarnnsis tiH'ircti Compere, 1938. Bui. Ent. Res. 29 (3): 317-319. ♀.
Coiiipoiu nwrceti var. fiilsicoDiix Gomes, 1942 (1941). Esc. Nac. Agron. Rio de Janeiro,
Bol. 2(1): 43-44. d. 9.

Biology: Lawson, 1954. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27 (4): 128-142. — Gordh, 1973. Jour. Ent. (A) 47
(2): 115-123.

Tribe COPIDOSOMATINI

Genus AGENIASPIS Dahlbom

Afjotiaspis Dahlbom, 1857. Ofvers. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Forh. 14 (8): 293. No species
included.

Type-species: Eiictjifiis fnscicollls Dalman. Desig. by Ashmaed, 1904.
Holcothorax Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bct. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 25: 691.

Type-species: (Encyrtus) Holcothorax testaceipes (Ratzeburg). Desig. by Gahan and
Fagan, 1923.

Agoiiaspis contains fewer than 10 species, most of which are parasites of Lepidoptera. One
species,/H.sc/co///.s (Dalman), is poiyembryonic. The genus appears to be cosmopolitan.

Ta.xonomy: Narayanan, 1960. Natl. Inst. Sci. India, Proc. (B) 26: 23. — Trjapitzin, 1967. Akad.
Nauk SSSR Zool. Inst.. Trudy 41: 180. —Trjapitzin, 1968. Vses. Ent. Obshch., Trudy 52:
100-101. -Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 292-293.

Ageniaspis bucculatricis (Howard)
Ont. s. to D. C, w. to Mo. Host: Bncculatrix pomifoliella Clem., galls
oi Rliabdoplnuja coninfa Walsh and R. Niliqiia Walsh.
Eiici/rtus hitcciilatrix Howard, 1883 (1882). //( Lintner, Injurious Insects N. Y., Ann. Rept.
1:160-161. ♀.

Genus COELOPENCYRTUS Timberlake

Coelopencyrtits Timberlake, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (1): 218-221.

Type-species: Coelopencyrtits odipieri Timberlake. Orig. desig.
NeaeucfirtHs Timberlake, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (1): 223-224.

Type-species: Adeleticyrtiis kaalae Ashmead. Orig. desig.
Batvachencyitiis Jansson, 1957. Ent. Tidskr. 78 (1): 71-74.

Type-species: Batraclioicyrtits collidii Jansson. Orig. desig.

Coelopencyrtus contains about ten species, all of which are parasites of aculeate Hymenop-
tera. The genus appears throughout the world, with the possible e.xception of South America.
With more thorough investigations of aculeate biology Coelopoicyrtus may become a larger
genus.




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Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1922. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 5 (1): 135-139. — Burl Acad. Sci., Jour. 48 (1): 22-26. -Trjapitzin, 1960. Ent. Rev. 39 (2): 500-502. — Annecke,
1968. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 31 (2): 249-258. -Hedqvist, 1973. Ent. Tidskr. 94 (1-2): 94-96.

Coelopencyrtus hylaei Burks
Md., Nebr. Host: HylaeuH cresso)ii (Ckil.), Hylaeus sp.

Coelopencyrtiis hylaei Burks, 1958. Wash. Acad. Sci., Jour. 48 (1): 25-26. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Brandhorst, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55 (4): 477.

Coelopencyrtus hylaeoleter Burks
Ont., Idaho, Utah, Calif. Host: Hylaeus sp., H. ellipticus (Kirby).
Coelopencyrtits hylaeoleter Burks, 1958. Wash. Acad. Sci., Jour. 48 (1): 24-25. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, p. 433 (host, life history).

Genus COPIDOSOMA Ratzeburg

Copidosoiiia Ratzeburg, 1844. Ichn. d. Forstins. v. 1, table facing p. 40, p. 157.

Type-species: Copklosoina boucheaniDu Ratzeburg. Monotypic.
Litomastix Thomson, 1876 (1875), Hym. Scand., v. 4, pp. 118, 171.

Type-species: EHcyrtus chalconotits Dalman. Desig. by Ashmead, 1900.
Berecyntus Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 237-238.

Type-species: Berecyntus bakeri Howard. Monotypic.
Copi(loso})iopsis Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 94.

Type-species: Copidosomopsis penni)tutHn Girault. Monotypic.
ParacopidoNomopsis Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 49.

Type-species: Berecyntus Jloridanus Ashmead. Orig. desig. The type-species is
considered a synonym of Copidoso))ia tncncatelluiii (Dalman).
Verdunia Mercet, 1917. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 17 (3): 203-204.

Type-species: Verdunia gloriosa Mercet. Orig. desig.
Litoinastiellus Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, p. 443.

Type-species: Litomastix (Lito)nastiellHN) clariger Mercet. Desig. by Peck, 1951.
Limasiotix Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, p. 443.

Type-species: Litomastix (Limastotix) hispanicus Mercet. Monotypic.
Neocopidosoyna Ishii, 1923. Japan Dept. Agr. and Com., Imp. Plant Quar. Sta., Bui. 3: 101.

Type-species: Neocopidoso)na ko)nabae Ishii. Orig. desig.
BerecijHtiscHs Ghesquiere, 1946. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 34: 368. N. name for

Berecyntus Howard.
Arrenoclavus Doutt, 1948. Pan-Pacific Ent. 24 (3): 145-148.

Type-species: Copidosonia koehleri Blanchard. Orig. desig.

This is a large, cosmopolitan genus whose members are polyembryonic parasites of Lepidop-
tera. Polyembryony in this instance seems to be an evolutionary strategy whereby a parasite of
comparatively low reproductive potential has succeeded in maximizing its efficiency by
completely consuming a host sometimes thousands of times larger than its own body size.

Taxonomy: Masi, 1911. Lab. Zool. Agr. Portici, Bol. 5 (4): 163-169. —Mercet, 1923. Soc.
Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 23 (1): 51, 54. — Ferriere, 1949. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 22
(4): 374. -Graham, 1958. Ent. Tidskr. 79 (3-4): 167-169. —Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo
Ent. 39 (2): 300-305.

Copidosoma bakeri (Howard)
Cosmopolitan. Host: Chorizagrofis sp., C. anxiliaris (Grote), C. thanatologia

Dyar, Agrotis coierabilis Wlkr., Euxoa flavicollis (Smith), E. detersa (Wlkr.), E.

tristicula (Morr.), Cymodes devastator (Brace), Feltia diicens Wlkr., F. sp.
Berecyntus bakeri Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 238. ♀.
Berecyntus bakeri var. arizouensis Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 50. ♀.
Berecyntus bakeri var. gemma Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 49-50. ♂, ♀.
Berecyntus bakeri var. euxoae Strickland, 1916. Canad. Dept. Agr., Ent. Branch, Bui. 13:

21-22. ♀.

Biology: Gibson, 1915. Canada Dept. Agr., Ent. Branch, Bui. 10: 11. —Snow, 1925. Jour. Econ.
Ent. 18 (4): 606. -King and Atkinson, 1928. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 21 (2): 174 — Huffaker,
1971. Biol. Control, p. 267.




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Copidosoma celaenae Howard
Que., s. to Conn., w. to Mo., s. to Miss. Host: Eiixoa scolastica McD.,
Lacinipolia venigem (Steph.).
Copklosowa celaenae Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 11-12, 42. ♀.
dcceptor Miller. Cosmopolitan. Host: Epiuotia )ia}iatio (Treit.), Acleria rariaua (Fern.), Diirita
luttella Busck, Euconlylia hiuitella Kief., Recurraiia apicitripiiiictella Clem., R.
caniisclla Free., R. )iiilleri Busck, R. iiioreoiiella Hein., R. )iauella (Hbn.), R. starki
Freem., R. thujaella Kearf., Exoteleia dodecella (L.), E. pitiifoliella (Chamb.),
Argijre.stliia anreoargeutella Brower.
Copido.sonia decepfor Miller, 1958. Pan-Pacific Ent. 34 (2): 58-60. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Stark, 1961. Canad. Jour. Zool. 39 (6): 893-905. —Telford, 1961. Jour. Econ. Ent. 54
(2): 348. -Richards, 1963. Canad. Ent. 95 (5): 519.

Copidosoma gelechiae Howard
N. H. s. to N. C, Ont., Minn. s. to Mo., Ariz. Host: Epibhnnu ncadderiaua

(Clem.), GuorhiiOKcheuia gallaeasterella (Kell.), G. gallaesolidaginis (Riley), G. saliiiarifi
Busck.
Copidosowa gelechiae Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 10-11, 42. ♂, ♀.
P.s//o/j/(n/.s luialinipenuis: Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 21, 42. ♂.
Psiloplirys jxillipes Ashmead, 1888. Kans. Agr. E.xpt. Sta., Bui. 3: App. p. V. 9.
Pailophrys pallidipes Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hym., p. 146. Unjustified emend.
Copidosowa gelechiae var. .so(/f( Girault, 1920. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 58: 188-189. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Patterson, 1919. Jour. Hered. 10: 346. —Barber, 1938. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 46 (2):
169-171, 174-175. -Schaffner, 1959. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 737: 37, 86. -Miller, 1963.
Ohio Jour. Sci. 63: 71.

Morphology: Leiby, 1922. Jour. Morph. 37 (1): 195-285.

Copidosoma geniculatum (Dalman)
Ont., Mass., N. Y., Conn. Host: Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.).
Eiicyiius getiiculatus Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 361. ♂.

Taxonomy: Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 25: 734, 735, 736-737.

Biology: Dowden, 1934. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 27 (4): 600.
intermedium Howard. N. J., Mo., Kans. Host: G)iori)uosche))ta gallaeaaterella (Kell).

Copidononni ititennediuni Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 12, 42. ♂, ♀.

Copidosoma lymani Howard
Ont. Host: A)iaca))ipsi.s liipinella Busck, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.).

Copidoaoiua Lymani Howard, 1907. Canad. Ent. 39 (3): 103. ♀.

Copidosoma melanocerum (Ashmead)
D. C, N. C, Iowa, Kans. Host: Feltia sp. (Haw.).

Liothorax nielanocera Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 363. ♀.

Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman)
Que. to Fla., w. to Tex. and Ariz. Host: Anomis erosa Hbn.,

Autographa sp., Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guen.), Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.), Zeuzera pyrina
(L.).
Encyrhis truncatellus Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 168-169.
Berecyntus Jloridanus Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 365. ♀.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 456-457.

Biology: Silvestri, 1906. Lab. Zool. Agr. Portici, Bol. 6: 3-51. — Silvestri, 1937. Harvard Univ.,
Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 81: 472-487. — Stoner and Weeks, 1974. Environm. Ent 3 (6):
957-960. -Hunter and Bartlett, 1975. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 68 (1): 61-62 (karyotype).
—Hunter and Stoner, 1975. Environm. Ent. 4 (3): 381-382.
turn! (Packard). N. H., Conn., N. J. Host: Papilio glaiicus L.

Encyrtu.s turni Packard, 1881 (1880). Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc. 21: 32-33. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Howard, 1889. hi Scudder, Butterflies of Eastern U. S. and Canada, pp. 1872,
1888.

Copidosoma vagum Howard
Que., N. J., Mo. Host: Filiti)na pseudoacaciella (Chamb.).

Copidosoma vaguw Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 11, 31, 42. ♂, ♀.

Genus PARABLASTOTHRIX Mercet

Parablastothrix Mercet, 1917. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 17 (9): 538-540.
Type-species: Parablastothrix vespertinus Mercet. Monotypic.




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Parablasfothrix contains only a few species and is Holarctic in distribution. The type-species
has been reported as a parasite of buprestid larvae whereas the North American representa-
tive of the genus has been recorded from small Lepidoptera.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1932. Soc. Ent. France, Liv. Cent., pp. 685-686. —Miller, 1965. Canad.
Ent. 97 (7): 750-753. — Erdos, 1955. Budapest Magyar Nemz. Muz., Ann. Hist. Nat. (n. s.) 6:
292-294. -Erdos, 1963. Beitr. zur Ent. 13 (3-4): 285.

Parablastothrix nearctica Miller
Mich., W. Va., Miss. Host: Obrussa sp., Coptodisca sp. on Vaccinhan
arboreutn.
ParablaHtotltrix nearctica Miller, 1965. Canad. Ent. 97 (7): 750, 751-753. ♂, ♀.

Genus PARALITOMASTIX Mercet

Paralitomastix Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 8, 27, 58, 70, 438.

Type-species: E)icyftus variconiis Nees. Orig. desig.
PneudoUtonittHtix Risbec, 1954. Inst. Fr. Afr. Noire, Bui. 16: 1068.

Type-species: Litoniatifix creona Risbec. Orig. desig.

A cosmopolitan genus consisting of about a dozen species. Pamlitomastix attacks Lepidoptera
larvae.

Taxonomy: Risbec, 1952. Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Ser. E, Ent. 2: 6, 38-40. —Risbec, 1954.
Inst. Fr. Afr. Noire, Bui. 16 (4): 1067-1068. — Trjapitzin, 1967. Akad. Nauk SSSR Zool.
Inst., Trudy 41: 206-207. -Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 294-295.

Paralitomastix pyralidis (Ashmead)
Ont., Mich., Md. s. to Fla., w. to Utah, Calif. Host: Anarsia lineatella
Zell., Tricliotaphe Jlat'ocostella Clem., T. setoaella Clem.
Eiicyrtnsil) pyralidin Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4 (1): 15. 9. Generic name is a lapsus for

EiicyrtiiN.
Copidosonia rariegotuw Howard, 1888. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 1 (8): 197. ♀.

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 366-367.

Biology: Pack, 1930. Utah Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 216: 15-16. -Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs.
Ent. 8 (2): 109. -Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139, p. 22.

Genus PENTALITOMASTIX Eady

PseudoUtoDiastix Eady, 1960. Bui. Ent. Res. 50 (4): 667-668. Preocc. by Pseudolitomastix

Risbec.

Type-species: Pseudolitomastix nacoleiae Eady. Monotypic.
Pentalitomastix Eady, 1960. Bui. Ent. Res. 51 (1): 173. N. name for Pseudolitomastix

Eady.

This genus has not been recorded from Africa or South America, but it probably occurs there
also. Pentalitomastix presently consists of fewer than five species of polyembryonic parasites of
Lepidoptera larvae.

Taxonomy: Eady, 1960. Bui. Ent. Res. 51 (1): 173. -Hoffer, 1960. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta
Faun. Ent. 6: 105-108. —Paine, 1964. So. Pacific Comm., Tech. Paper 145, p. 29.
—Trjapitzin, 1967. Akad. Nauk SSSR Zool. Inst, Trudy 41: 207-208.

Pentalitomastix plethoricus Caltagirone
Calif. Introduced, possibly established. Host: Laspeyresia carayana
on pecan, Paraniijelois transitella (Walk.) on pod of Ta»iarindus indica.
Pentalitomastix plethoricus Caltagirone, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42 (2): 145-149. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Caltagirone, 1971 (1970). Lab. Ent. Agr. Filippo Silvestri Portici, Bol. 28: 98-112.

Genus PENTACNEMUS Howard

PentacneuiHs Howard, 1892. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 15: 362, 366-367.
Type-species: Pe)itacne)nits bucculatricis Howard. Monotypic.

This monotypic genus is known only from North America. The type-species is a parasite of
lepidopterous larvae.




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Pentacnemus bucculatricis Howard
Cosmopolitan. Host: Coleotechnites thujaella Kearf., Argyresthia
thuiella (Pack.), Argyresthia libocedrella Busck on Libocedrus decurrens.
Pentacnemus bucculatricis Howard, 1892. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 15: 366-367. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Underhill, 1943. Va. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 349: 22.

Tribe DISCODINI

Genus DISCODES Focrster

Discodes Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, pp. 32, 34, 144.

Type-species: Eiicyrtits aoieits Dalman. Orig. desig.
PhaenodiscHN Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, p. 144. N. name for Discodes, thought to be
too much like Discoidea Gray and Discoides Klein.

This genus presently contains fewer than ten species. It is Holarctic in distribution and
parasitizes Coccidae. There is an undescribed species in California and Washington which feeds
on Asterolecanium arabidis (Sign.).

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc. 22: 376. — Hoffer, 1954 (1953). Acta. Soc.

Ent. Cechosl. 50: 156-157, 167-174. -Trjapitzin, 1967. Akad. Nauk SSSR Zool. Inst, Trudy

41: 212-213. -Trjapitzin, 1968. Vses. Ent. Obshch., Trudy 52: 114. -Graham, 1969. Polskie

Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 280-282.

Discodes arizonensis (Howard)
Tex., Colo., N. Mex., Ariz.

Phaenodiscus arizonensis Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 248. ♀.

Discodes unicolor (Ashmead)
Va., Ga., Fla.

ApliycHs unicolor Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4 (1): 15. ♀.

Tribe ENCYRTINI
Genus ENCYRTUS Latreille

Encyrtiis Latreille, 1809. Gen. Crust. Ins., v. 4, p. 31.

Type-species: Chrysis infidus Rossi. Desig. by Latreille, 1810.
Eucomys Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, pp. 32, 34.

Type-species: Encyrtits swederi Dalman. Orig. desig.
Coinys Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, pp. 144-145. N. name for Eucowys thought to be

preocc. by Eucoynis in Liliaceae.
Hmvardia Dalla Torre, 1897. Wien. Ent. Ztg. 16: 86. Preocc. by Howardia Berlese and
Leonardi, 1896.

Type-species: Bothriothorax peckhami Ashmead. Monotypic.
Hoicardiella Dalla Torre, 1898. Cat Hym., v. 5, p. 228. N. name for Howardia Dalla Torre.
AUorhopoideus Brethes, 1916. Mus. Argentina Cient. Nat., An. 27: 425.

Type-species: AUorhopoideus niirabilis Brethes. Orig. desig.
Prorhopoideus Brethes, 1921. Soc. Ent. de France, Bui. for 1921, p. 80.

Type-species: Prorhopoideus Baezi Brethes. Monotypic.

Encyrtus contains over 40 species. It is cosmopolitan in distribution and parasitizes Coccidae.
Taxonomy: Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 305-311.

Encyrtus albicoxa (Ashmead)
Fla. w. to Calif. Host: Coccus hesperiduni L., Phniococcus cllri (Risso),
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targ.-Tozz.).
Comys albicoxa Ashmead, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: Proc. pp. xvi-xvii. 6, ^.

Encyrtus atys (Girault)
N. Y.

Eucomys atys Girault, 1917. Descr. Hym. Chalcidoid. Variorum cum Observ. V, p. 2. ♂.

Encyrtus barbatus Timberlake
Calif

Encyrtus barbatus Timberlake, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (2): 209-212. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Ishii, 1932. Japan Dept. Agr. and Com., Imp. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 3 (3): 181, 187-188,
194.




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Encyrtus bicolor (Howard)
Ont. s. to D. C, w. to Mich., La., Kans., Colo., Calif. Host: Coccus
hesperidiDii L., Lecaniinii corni Bouche, L.fletcheri Ckll.
Coinys bicolor Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr. Ann., Kept, for 1880, pp. 350, 362-363. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Hubbard, 1885. Insects Affecting the Orange, p. 52. —Craw, 1894. Calif. State Bd.
Hort., Bien. Rpt. 4: 97.

Encyrtus californicus (Girault)
Calif. Host: Lecauiuiii corni Bouche, L. quercifex Fitch.

EnconiijH californicua Girault, 1917. Descr. Hym. Chalcidoid. Variorum cum Observ. V, p.

2. ♀.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 115.

Encyrtus cyanocephalus Dalman
Europe, Ont.? Host: Lecanimii caryae Fitch, L. conii Bouche.
Ettcyrtus cyanocephalus Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 344. ♀.

Biology: Jarvis, 1911 (1910). Ent. Soc. Ontario, Ann. Rpt. 41: 75.

Encyrtus fuscus (Howard)
Ont., Que., N. Y., Mass., Conn., N. J., Ohio, Ala., Kans., Calif. Host: Lecanlum
coDti Bouche, L. tiiyrofasciatiDii Perg., L. prHi)io>iH))i Coq., L. spp. on laurel-leaved oak,
on Heteromeles and on Quercus nigra, Pulvinaria vitis (L.), Saissetia coffeae (Walk.).
CotiiysfuNca Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rpt. for 1880, p. 363. ♂, ♀.
Cliiloneiints tnaculatiponiis Provancher, 1887. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., pp.
203-304. ♀.

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 360. —Burks, 1964 (1963). Canad. Ent.
95 (12): 1256.

Biology: Isaac, 1905. Calif. State Comn. Hort., Bien. Rpt. 1: 99. —Smith, 1915. Cahf. State
Comn. Hort., Monthly Bui. 4: 269.

Encyrtus gastron Walker
Fla.

Encyrtnti gastron Walker, 1847. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (130): 21. ♀.

Taxonomy: Burks, 1975. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., Bui. 32 (4): 148.

Encyrtus infelix (Embleton)
N. Y. Host: Saissetia coffeae (Walk.).

Comys infelix Embleton, 1902. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 223-224. ♀.

Taxonomy: Embleton, 1904. Linn. Soc. London, Trans., Zool. (2): 9: 231-254.

Biology: Silvestri, 1920 (1919). Lab. Zool. Agr. Portici, Bol. 13: 127-192. —Thorpe, 1936.
Parasitology 28 (4): 517-540. —Maple, 1937. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 30 (1): 144, 148-151.
— Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ. Pubs., Ent. 8 (2): 82-83, 86-87. — Hamlen, 1975. Environm. Ent.
4 (6): 972-974.

Encyrtus infidus (Rossi)
Europe, No. Amer.?

Clirysis^ bifida Rossi, 1790. Fauna Etrusca, v. 2, p. 80.

Ichneumon infidus Rossi, 1794. Mant. Insect., 2 Append.: 111-112.

Pteromalus Scutellatus Swederus, 1795. Svenska Vetensk Akad., Handl. (2) 16: 218. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 360.

Biology: Clausen, 1932. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 25 (4): 670-687. —Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ.,
Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 84, 87-88. — Sugonyayev, 1958. Ent. Rev. 37 (2): 308-309. — Kon, 1974.
Ent. Rev. 53 (4): 8-21.

Encyrtus kansensis (Girault)
Kans.

Eucomys kanse7isis Girault, 1917. Descr. Hym. Chalcidoid. Variorum cum Observ. V, p. 2.
9.

Encyrtus lecaniorum (Mayr)
Europe, No. Amer.?

Comys Lecaniorum Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 25: 740, 741. ♀.

Allorhopoideus niirabilis Brethes, 1916. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, An. 27: 425.

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 360.

Encyrtus marilandicus
***authority mismatch
alpinus (Girault). N. Y.

Eucomys marilandicus var. alpinns Girault, 1917. Descr. Hym. Chalcidoid. Variorum cum
Observ. V, p. 2. ♀.




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Encyrtus marilandicus
***authority mismatch
marilandicus (Girault). Maine, Md., N. C.

Eucomys h/ariknidicu.s Girault, 1917. Descr. Hym. Chalcidoid. Variorum cum Observ. V, p.

2. ♀.
Encyrtus marylandicus Gahan, 1928. in: Crosby and Leonard, N. Y. (Cornell) Agr. Expt.

Sta., Mem. 101: 979. Unjustified emend.

Encyrtus peckhamii (Ashmead)
Que., Ont. s. to N. C, w. Wis., Tenn. Host: Lecaiiiioii conii Bouche, L.
quercifex Fitch.
Bothriothorax Peckluniiii Ashmead, 1886. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 13: 132. ♂, ♀.
Howanliella peckhawi Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc. 22: 361.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1920. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 58: 183.

Encyrtus reate Walker
Fla.

Encyrtus Reate Walker, 1847. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (130): 22. ♂.

Taxonomy: Burks, 1975. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., Bui. 32 (4): 148.

Tribe HABROLEPIDINI

Genus ADELENCYRTUS Ashmead

Acleleiicyrtiis Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 341, 400.

Type-species: E)icyrtii.s cliioiiaspidix Howard. Orig. desig.
Epiencyrtiodes Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 108.

Type-species: Epieticyrtiodes quadrideiitatnn Girault. Orig. desig.
Rotreucyrtits Risbec, 1959. Bui. Acad. Malgache 35: 39.

Type-species: Rotre)icyrtiis depreasuK Risbec. Monotypic.

Adelencyi-tus presently holds about a dozen species. The genus is cosmopolitan in distribution
and its members are parasites of scale insects.

Taxonomy: Tachikawa, 1956. Insecta Matsumurana 20 (3-4): 93. — Hoffer, 1960. Mus. Nat.
Pragae, Acta Ent. 6: 114-115. —Compere and Annecke, 1961. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 24
(1): 47-58.

Adelencyrtus aulacaspidis (Brethes)
111., Nebr., Calif. Host: Aidacaspis rosae (Bouche).
PrioHO)nitHs aulacaspidis Brethes, 1914. Ann. Zool. Aplicada 1: 29-30. ♀.

Taxonomy: Ferriere, 1949. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 22 (4): 371. — Ferriere, 1953. Rev.
Path. Veg. d'Ent. Agr. France 32 (2): 116.

Biology: Benassy, 1958. Acad. Sci. Compt. Rend. 246 (1): 179. — Tshumakova, 1961. Ent. Rev.
40 (2); 170-179. -Sugonyayev, 1962. Akad. Nauk SSSR Izv. Ser. Biol. 5: 754-766.
—Tshumakova, 1965. Ent. Rev. 44 (3): 305-308. — Sorokina, 1973. Ent. Rev. 52 (3): 397-398.

Adelencyrtus odonaspidis Fullaway
Fla. w. to Tex. Host: Odonaspis sp., Autonina gm7ni}iis (Mask.) (?).
Adelencyrtus odonaspidis Fullaway, 1913. Hawaii. Agr. Exp. Sta., Ann. Rept. for 1912. pp.
27,28,30,31. ♀.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (1): 191. — Timberlake, 1924. Hawaii.
Ent. Soc, Proc. 5 (3): 432.

Biology: Swezey, 1915. Jour. Econ. Ent. 8 (5): 452. — Beardsley, 1961. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc.
17 (3): 327.

Genus ANABROLEPIS Timberlake

Anabrolepis Timberlake, 1920. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc 4 (2): 431-432.
Type-species: Anabrolepis extranea Timberlake. Orig. desig.

Anabrolepis has not yet been reported from Africa or South America, otherwise it is
cosmopolitan in distribution. It includes less than 10 described species which are parasites of the
Diaspididae.

Taxonomy: Ishii, 1928. Imp. Agr. Sta. Japan, Bui. 3 (2): 148-149. —Tachikawa, 1956. Insecta
Matsumurana 20 (3-4): 94. — Subba Rao, 1957. Indian Acad. Sci., Proc. Sec. B. 46 (6): 382.
—Hoffer, 1960. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Faun. Ent. 6: 114.




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Anabrolepis zetterstedtii (Westwood)
Maine w. to Mich., B. C. Host: Qtiadmspidiotus ostreaeformis

(Curt.), Q. peruicioNiis (Comst.), Lepidosaphes uhiii (L.).
Encijrtus Zetterxfedtii Westwood, 1837. London, Edinb. and Dublin Phil. Mag. and Jour.

Sci. (3) 10: 440.
Encyrtiis dendripennis Ratzeburg, 1852. Ichn. Forstins., v. 3, p. 189. ♀.
Eupehmis picfipennia Si.x, 1867. Tijdschr. Ent. 2 (2): 219.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1920. U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc. 58: 188. — Timberlake, 1920. Hawaii. Ent.
Soc, Proc. 4 (2): 432. -Gahan, 1924. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 65 (4): 2-3. -Ferriere, 1940.
Bui. Ent. Res. 31 (2): 133. -Hoffer, 1960. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Faun. Ent. 6: 114.
—Compere and Annecke, 1961. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 24 (1): 58. -Botoc, 1963. Cluj. U.
Baes-Bolyai Studia, Biol. Ser. 8 (2): 82. —Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 291-292.

Biology: Zak-Ogaza, 1961. Polskie Pismo Ent. 31 (2): 366. — Sugonyayev, 1962. Akad. Nauk
SSSR Izv., Ser. Biol. 5: 754-766. -Bakkendorf, 1965. Ent. Meddel. 20 (2): 112.

Genus COCCIDENCYRTUS Ashmead

Coccidenctjrtus Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 339, 345, 383.

Type-species: Eiicyytus ensifer Howard. Orig. desig.
Coccidencijrfoiden Blanchard, 1940. Soc. Cient. Argent., An. 130: 107.

Type-species: Coccideiicyrtoide.s cuniulipes Blanchard. Desig. by De Santis, 1956.

It is difficult to determine precisely the size of Coccidencyrhis because of the questioned
generic placement of many species. The genus is cosmopolitan in distribution and parasitizes
scale insects.

Taxonomy: Risbec, 1952. Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Ser. E. Ent. 2: 46. —Compere and
Annecke, 1961. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 24 (1): 59-65. — Tshumakova, 1961. Ent. Rev. 40
(2): 323. -Trjapitzin, 1963. Ent. Rev. 42 (4): 479-480. —Hoffer, 1963. Mus. Nat. Pragae,
Acta Ent. 35: 562. — De Santis, 1964. Com. In v. Cient. Prov. Buenos Aires, An. 4: 229.

Coccidencyrtus ensifer (Howard)
Maine s. to Fla., Wis. Host: Atipidiotus corticalis (CklL), Qiiadmspidiotiis
jtiglan.iregiae (Comst.), Q. per)iicio.sHs (Comst.), Rliizanpidiotus deaniessi (CklL).
EncyrtuH ennifer Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 13, 31, 42. cJ, 9.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1915. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 8 (3): 284. —Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ.,
Pubs. Ent. 4 (8): 212.

Coccidencyrtus ochraceipes Gahan
N. Y. Host: DiaapiH boisduvali Sign.

Coccidencyrtuti ocliraceipes Gahan, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 71 (4): 18-19. ♀.

Genus COMPERIELLA Howard

Coviperiella Howard, 1906. Ent. News 17 (4): 121-122.

Type-species: Coniperiella bifasciafa Howard. Monotypic.
Pseudanmia Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 155.
Type-species: Pseuda)tusia pia Girault. Orig. desig.
Habrolepisfia Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 27, 60,
66, 668-669.

Type-species: Habrolepisfia cerapterocera Mercet. Orig. desig. The type-species is
considered a synonym of C. bifasciafa.

Comperiella contains fewer than five species and, with the exception of South America, has
been recovered on every continent. It is composed of primary, internal parasites of armored
scale insects.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1923. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 25 (3): 59. —Compere, 1926. Calif. Univ.,
Pubs. Ent. 4 (2): 44-50. —Mercet, 1926. Eos 2 (4): 320. — Ayyar, 1934. Indian Mus., Rec. 36
(2): 220. — Subba Rao, 1966. Mushi 39 (13): 135. — Prinsloo and Annecke, 1976. Ent. Soc.
So. Afr., Jour. 39 (2): 185-188.

Comperiella bifasciata Howard
Fla., Calif. Host: Aonidiella aumnfii (Mask.), A. cifrina (Coq.),

Ctirysonipbalus aonidwni (L.). There appear to be at least two distinct races of this
species.
Comperiella bifasciafa Howard, 1906. Ent. News 17 (4): 122. ♀.




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Biology: Flanders, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35 (6): 834-835. -Smith, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35
(6): 809-812. -Flanders, 1943. Jour. Econ. Ent. 36 (2): 233-235. -Flanders, 1944. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 37 (3): 365. — Swezey, 1923. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 5 (2): 301. — Timberlake,
1924. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc 5 (3): 433. —Compere and Smith, 1927. Calif. Univ., Pubs.
Ent. 4 (4): 64-70. — Moutia, 1934. Mauritius Dept. Agr., Ann. Rpt. for 1933, p. 27. —Coy,
1938. Calif. Dept. Agr., Bui, 27 (4): 445-446. —Swezey et ai, 1939. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc
10 (2): 351. -Smith, 1941. Calif. Citrog. 26 (3): 58, 76. —Campbell, 1943. Austral. Coun. Sci.
Ind. Res., Jour. 16 (1): 41-42. -Woglum, et «/., 1947. Jour. Econ. Ent. 40 (6): 820. -Maple,
1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 74, 76. -DeBach, 1948. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41 (6): 985.
—DeBach, 1952. Calif. Citrog. 37 (4): 136. —Flanders, 1956. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agr. Fac Agr.
Portici, Bol. 33: 14. — Tshumakova, 1957. Ent. Oboz. 36 (3): 643-651. -Smith, 1957. Canad.
Ent. 85 (5): 220. — Azim, 1961. Mushi 35 (14): 104. — Annecke, 1962. So. Afr. Jour. Agr. Sci.
5 (2): 281-282. -Rimes, 1962. West. Austral. Dept. Agr., Jour. 3 (11): 881. -DeBach, 1965.
Canad. Ent. 97 (8): 859. -Subba Rao, 1966. Mushi 39 (13): 135-138. -Trjapitzin, 1968.
Vses. Ent. Obshch., Trudy 52: 75. —DeBach, 1964. Biol. Control Insect Pests and Weeds,
pp. 133, 288, 323, 350, 354, 451, 676. —Brewer, 1971. Austral. Jour. Zool. 19 (1): 53-63.
—Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, pp. 74-75, 79, 181, 186. -DeBach, 1974. Biol. Control by
Nat. Enem., pp. 179, 180, 181, 200, 203, 206. A more extensive bibliography is provided by
Peck (1963).

Genus HABROLEPIS Foerster

Habrolepis Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, pp. 34, 38.

Type-species: Eucyrtus nubilipennis Walker. Orig. desig. The type-species is
considered a synonym of Encyrtus dalmanni Westwood.
GynDiotu'iira Risbec, 1951. Mem. Inst. Fr. Afr. Noire 13: 157.

Type-species: Gymnoneura bmiibeyi Risbec. Monotypic

Habrolepis contains about a dozen species which develop as primary internal parasites of scale
insects. Some species have been used in biological control programs with varying degrees of suc-
cess. The genus has not been reported from South America and one species, H. wiixi, was in-
troduced into North America for biological control of the California red scale.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1921. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc 4 (2): 432. — Ferriere, 1953. Rev. Path.
Veg. d'Ent. Agr. France 32 (2): 115. — Tachikawa, 1956. Insecta Matsumurana 20 (3-4): 95.

— Hoffer, 1960. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Faun. Ent. 6: 114. — Delucchi, 1965. Entomophaga
10 (3): 295-304. —Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 290-291. —Annecke and
Mynhardt, 1970. Entomophaga 15 (2): 127-148.

Habrolepis dalmanni (Westwood)
Mass., Conn., Ohio. Host: AsterolecaniuDi quercicola (Bouche), A.

variolosiuii (Ratz.), Lepidoaaphen uhiii (L.).
Encyrtus Dahiianni Westwood, 1837. London. Edinb. and Dublin Phil. Mag. and Jour. Sci.

10 (3): 440.
Habrolepis Dahnani Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verb. 25: 751. ♂, ♀.

Unjustified emend.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 90. — Balachowsky, 1929. Ann. Epiphy. 14
(4): 303, 304. — Nicholls, 1933. Tasmanian Jour. Agr. 4 (1): 24-26. — Gourlay, 1935. New
Zeal. Jour. Sci. Tech. 16 (4): 216-235. —Nicholson, 1935. Austral. Council Sci. Indus. Res.,
Ann. Rpt. for 1934-1935, 9 (209): 33. —Evans, 1939. Tasmanian Jour. Agr. 10 (4): 202-203.

— Evans, 1945. Ann. Appl. Biol. 32 (2): 179-180. — Tsalev and V'loheva, 1963. Gorsko
Stopanstvo 19 (1): 23. — Tsaleff and Valcheva, 1963. Sofia. Rast. Zashch. 11 (9): 27.
—Delucchi and Traboulsi, 1965. Soc Ent. de France, Ann. (n. s.) 1 (2): 495-500.

Habrolepis rouxi Compere
Calif. Introduced. Host: Aonidiella aurantii Mask, on citrus.
Habrolepis rouxi Compere, 1936. Bui. Ent. Res. 27 (3): 493-496. ♀.

Biology: Compere, 1937. Calif. Citrog. 23 (2): 58, 88. —Flanders, 1942. Ecology 23 (1):

120-121. —Flanders, 1944. Jour. Econ. Ent. 37 (3): 444-445. —Flanders, 1945. Amer. Nat. 79
(781): 126, 131, 133-136. —Flanders, 1946. Pan-Pacific Ent. 22 (1): 35. — Omer-Cooper and
Whitehead, 1950. Citr. Grower, no. 195, p. 3. —Flanders, 1956. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agr. Fac.
Agr. Portici, Bol. 33: 55. —Smith, 1957. Canad. Ent. 89 (5): 219-230. —Weber, 1957. Hawaii.




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Ent. Soc, Proc. 16 (2): 183. -Compere, 1961. Hilgardia 31 (7): 173-278. -Annecke, 1962.
So. Afr. Jour. Agr. Sci. 5 (2): 281. —Annecke, 1963. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 26 (1): 207, 220.
— Delucchi and Traboulsi, 1965. Ent. Soc. de France, Ann. (n. s.) 1 (2): 499. — Huffaker,
1971. Biol. Control, p. 74.

Genus NEOCOCCIDENCYRTUS Compere

NeococcidencyrtiiH Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (8): 209-212.

Type-species: Neococcidencyrtus aulula Compere. Orig. desig. The type-species
designation of aulula is a lapsus of n. alula.

This small genus consists of a few species which are Neotropical and Holarctic in distribution.
Its members are parasites of scale insects.

Neococcidencyrtus poutiersi (Mercet)
Calif. Host: Furcliadaspis zaniiae (Morg.).

Coccidencyrtus poutiersi Mercet, 1922. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 22 (9): 399-402.
Neococcideucyrtus alula Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (8): 213-214. ♂, ♀.

Genus PLAGIOMERUS Crawford

Plagiomems Crawford, 1910. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 38: 89.

Type-species: Plagio)iierus diaspidis Crawford. Orig. desig.

This genus contains three species and it appears to be Nearctic in distribution. The occurrence
of one species, P. diaspidis, in the Palearctic appears due to accidental introduction with
parasitized host material.

Ta.xonomy: Gahan, 1924. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 65 (4): 1. — Trjapitzin, 1968. Vses. Ent.
Obshch., Trudy 52: 76.

Plagiomerus cyaneus (Ashmead)
Fla.

Coiuys cyaiiea Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4 (1): 17. ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Dozier, 1926. Puerto Rico Dept. Agr., Jour. 10 (3-4): 273-274.

Plagiomerus diaspidis Crawford
Md. s. to Fla., w. to Calif. Host: Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche).
Plagiomerus diaspidis Crawford, 1910. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 38: 90. ♀.

Biology: Gordh and Lacey, 1976. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 78 (2): 132-144.

Genus PSEUDHOMALOPODA Girault

Pseudhoiiialopoda Girault, 1915. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 23 (3): 171.
Type-species: Pseudhoiiialopoda prima Girault. Orig. desig.

Pseudhoiiialopoda contains fewer than five species which are distributed in the Pacific and
Holarctic regions. The species are parasites of scale insects.

Taxonomy: Tachikawa, 1956. Insecta Matsumurana 20 (3-4): 90-96. — Tachikawa, 1963. Mem.
Ehime Univ. Sec. 6 (Agr.) 9 (1): 17, 95, 101-102.

Pseudhomalopoda prima Girault
Fla. w. to Tex. Host: Aleurocaiitlius wogluini Ashby?, Aonidiella aurantii
(Mask.), Chrysoiiiphahis aoiiiduiii (L.).
Pseudhoiiialopoda prima Girault, 1915. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 23 (3): 171-172. ♀.

Biology: Griffiths and Stearns, 1947. Fla. Ent. 30 (1): 4-7. — Muma and Clancy, 1961. Fla.
State Hort. Soc, Proc 74: 29-32. —Clancy et al., 1963. Jour. Econ. Ent. 56 (5): 604.
—Anonymous, 1964. Fitofolo 17 (43): 28.

Tribe HOMALOTYLINI

Genus ANISOTYLUS Timberlake

Auisotylus Timberlake, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 56: 170-171.
Type-species: Homalotylus siiiiilis Ashmead. Orig. desig.

A small genus with fewer than five species, Anisotylus is found in North America and Japan.
The species of this genus are parasitic on coccinellid beetle larvae.




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Anisotylus pallentipes Timberlake
Mo., Ariz.

Anisotylus pallentipes Timberlake, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 56: 171, 175-176. ♀.

Anisotylus similis
***authority mismatch
similis (Ashmead). Fla. Host: Scy))!)!!^ cervkalis Muls.

Homalotylus similis Ashmead, 1887. Amer. Ent. Sec, Trans. 14: 190. ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Timberlake, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 56: 171-173.

Anisotylus similis
***authority mismatch
texanus Timberlake. Te.x. Host: Hypemspis bigeniinata (Rand.).

Anisotylus similis texanus Timberlake, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 56: 171, 173. ♀.

Anisotylus similis
***authority mismatch
utahensis Timberlake. Utah, Calif. Host: Scyninus aniericanus Muls., S. lacustrus Lee.

Anisoiyhts siwilis utaliensis Timberlake, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 56: 171, 174. ♂, ♀.

Genus HOMALOTYLUS Mayr

Homalotylus Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 25: 752-753.

Type-species: Encipius fkuninius Dalman. Desig. by Ashmead, 1900.
Nobrinius Thomson, 1876 (1875). Hym. Scand., v. 4, pp. 116, 137-138.

Type-species: E)iciirtus fkuninius Dalman. Desig. by Timberlake, 1919.
Mendozaniella Brethes, 1913. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac. de Hist. Nat., An. 24: 97-98.

Type-species: Mendoza)iiella )nirabilis Brethes. Monotypic.
Hemaenasoidea Girault, 1916. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 9 (3): 307.

Type-species: Hemaenasoidea oculata Girault. Monotypic.
Lepidapliycus Blanchard, 1936. Soc. Ent. Argentina, Rev. 8: 13-14.

Type-species: Lepidapliycus hosqui Blanchard. Grig, desig.

This cosmopolitan genus consists of about 35 described species. They are internal parasites of
coccinellid beetle larvae.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 56: 134-170. — Masi, 1919. Genova Mus.
Civ. Stor. Nat., Ann. (3) 48: 295-300. — Risbec, 1951. Inst. Fr. Afr. Noire, Mem. 13: 151-153.
—Risbec, 1952. Inst. Sci. Madagascar Ser. E, Ent., Mem. 2: 5, 6, 25. -Hoffer, 1959. Mus.
Nat. Pragae, Acta Ent. 33: 30. —Hoffer, 1963. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Ent. 35: 582-591.
— De Santis, 1963. Com. Inv. Cient. Prov. Buenos Aires, An. 4: 162. —Graham, 1969.
Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 233-235.

Biology: Geyer, 1947. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 10 (1): 102. — Zinna. 1961 (1960). Portici Lab.
Ent. Agr. Filippo Silvestri, Bol. 18: 260-261.

Homalotylus affinis Timberlake
Calif. Host: Hyperaspis osculans Lee.

Homalotylus affinis Timberlake, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 56: 162, 165-166. ♀.

Homalotylus albitarsus Gahan
Md. Host: Lecaniumi nigrofasciatum Perg. on peach; coccinellid.

Homalotylus albitarsus Gahan, 1910. Canad. Ent. 42 (6): 206-207. ♀.

Homalotylus cockerelli Timberlake
Tex. Host: Dactylopius confusus (Ckll.) ?, Pseudococcus sp.?,
Hi/peraspidius triinaculatus (L.).
Homalotylus cockerelli Timberlake, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 56: 162, 163-165. cJ, 9.

Homalotylus flaminius (Dalman)
La.

Encyrtus fkuninius Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 340-346. ♂.
Lepidapliycus bosqui Blanchard, 1936. Rev. Soc. Ent. Argentina 8: 14-15.
Mendozaniella mirabilis Brethes, 1913. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac. de Hist. Nat., An. 24:
98-99.

Taxonomy: Masi, 1907. Lab. Zool. Portici, Bol. 1: 288-290. —Masi, 1919. Genova Mus. Civ.
Stor. Nat., Ann. 48: 296-298. — Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp.
519-522, 712. —Mercet, 1923. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 23 (3): 143. —Timberlake,
1924. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 5 (3): 430. — Pruthi and Mani, 1940. Imp. Council Agr. Res.,
Misc. Bui. (India) 30: 14. — d'Araujo e Silva, 1945. Bol. Fitossan. 1 (1): 29-35. — Ferriere,
1949. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 22 (4): 378-379. — Rogojanu, 1955. Bucharest Acad.
Repub. Romine, Fil. Cluj. Stud. Cercet. Sti., (2), 6 (3-4): 79. -Tawfik et a/., 1962. Soc. Ent.
Egypt, Bui. 46: 503. -Bakkendorf, 1965. Ent. Meddel. 30 (2): 133-134. -Trjapitzin, 1968.
Vses. Ent. ObsKch., Trudy 52: 68-69.

Homalotylus hyperaspidis Timberlake
Utah, Calif. Host: Hijperaspis iindulata (Say).

Homalotylus hyperaspidis Timberlake, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 56: 162, 167-169. ♂, ♀.




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Homalotylus punctifrons Timberlake
Fla.

Homalotyius punctifrons Timberlake, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 56: 162, 169-170. ♀.

Homalotylus terminalis
***authority mismatch
californicus Girault. Mass., s. to S. C, Utah, Calif. Host: Adalia bipunctata (L.),
Coccinella novemnotata Hbst, C. quinquenotata Kby., C. transversoguttata Fald.,
Hippodamia convergent Guer., Disonyclia sp.
Homalotyius obscurus var. califoniicua Girault, 1915. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 8 (3): 274. ♀.

Homalotylus terminalis
***authority mismatch
terminalis (Say). Eastern U. S., Tex. Host: Coleomegilla niaculata (Deg.), C. sp.,
Cycloneda sa)ujuinea (L.), C. sanguinea inintaculata (F.); Cliilocorus siniilis (Rossi);
Coccinella novemnotata Hbst., C. sanguinea (L.); Hippodainia convergens Guer.,
Neomysia pullata (Say), Psyllobora viginti)naculata (Say); Scytinius sp.
Serliond) teniiinalis Say, 1828. Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila. 1: 80. Generic name a lapsus

for Scelio.
Eutelusf scymnae Shimer, 1869. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 385. ♂.
Homalotyius obscurus Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 22, 32, 43. ♀.

Genus ISODROMUS Howard

Isodromus Howard, 1887. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Kept, for 1886. p. 488.

Type-species: Isodroiuus iceryae Howard. Monotypic.
Parataneostigma Girault, 1915. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 8 (3): 275.

Type-species: Parataneostigma nigriaxillae Girault. Monotypic. The type-species is
considered a synonm of Isodroniiis iceryae Howard.

Isodromus is a cosmopolitan genus consisting of 13 species that parasitize chrysopids and
hemerobiids.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1919. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 56: 176-190. -Annecke, 1962. Ent. Soc.
So. Afr., Jour. 25 (2): 188-191. — Trjapitzin, 1968. Vses. Ent. Obshch., Trudy 52: 69.

Isodromus atriventris Ashmead
Ont., Que. s. to Fla. Host: Chrysopa lateralis Guer.

Isodromus atriventrus Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 379. ♀.

Isodromus iceryae Howard
Cosmopolitan. Host: Synipherobius angustus (Banks), S. californicus (Banks),
Chrysopa californica Coq., C. lateralis Guer., C. nifilabris Burm.
Isodromus iceryae Howard, 1887. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Kept, for 1886. p. 488. ♀.
Parataneostigma nigriaxillae Girault, 1915. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 8 (3): 275. ♀.
Isodrouius pulcher Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., p. 16. ♀.

Biology: Riley, 1889. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rept. for 1888, pp. 85-86. -Clancy, 1946. Calif.
Univ., Pubs. Ent. 7 (13): 426-432. -Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 91-92.
—Muma, 1959. Fla. Ent. 42 (3): 151, 152.

Isodromus montanus Slosson
N. H., Colo. Host: Chrysopa sp. Type lost, but may be Isodromus vinulus
(Dalman).
Isodro))ius mo)ifauus Slosson, 1895. Ent. News 6 (9): 278.

Isodromus niger Ashmead
Mass. s. to D. C, w. to Wis., Calif. Host: Synipherobius angustus (Banks),
Chri)sopa californica Coq, C. inajuscula Banks, C. oculata Say.
Isodromus niger Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc, 22: 379. ♀.

Biology: Clancy, 1946. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 7 (13): 418-426. —Maple, 1947. Cahf. Univ.,
Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 91-92.

Isodromus puncticeps (Howard)
Eastern U. S., Calif. Host: Chrysopa sp.

Encyrtus puncticeps Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 14, 42. ♀.
Apliycus chrysopae Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4 (1): 15. ♀.

Tribe IXODIPHAGINI

Genus HUNTERELLUS Howard

Hunterellus Howard, 1908. Canad. Ent. 40 (7): 240-241.

Type-species: Hunterellus hookeri Howard. Monotypic.

Hunterellus is worldwide in distribution and contains fewer than five species. They are
parasites of tick nymphs.




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Taxonomy: Howard, 1908. Canad. Ent. 40 (7): 239-241. -Risbec, 1954. Inst. Fr. Afr. Noire,
Bui. Ser. A 16 (4): 1070-1071. -Oliver, 1964. Pan-Pacific Ent. 40 (4): 227-230.

Biology: Doube and Heath, 1975. Jour. Med. Ent. 12 (4): 443-447.

Hunterellus hookeri Howard
Mass. s. to Fla. w. to Mont., Idaho, Calif. Host: Deniiacentor andersoni
Stiles, D. imriDiiapterus Neum., D. curiabilis (Say), Haeniapliyticilis leporiapalusfris
(Pack.), h-o(len deiitafus Marx, /. iintris B. and S., /. scapnlarin Say, Rhipiceplialun
satK/iiiiu'Ks (Latr.).
HiDiti'irllus Hookni Howard, 1908. Canad. Ent. 40 (7): 241. ♂, ♀.
IxodiplKtijus Cdiiciirtei du Buysson, 1912. Arch, de Parasitol. 15: 246-247. ♂, ♀.
Hahwlvpis caniplnia Risbec, 1951. Inst. Fr. Afr. Noire, Mem. 13: 170-172.

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1934. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 36 (6): 89-97. — Quaraishi, 1958. Amer.
Midland Nat. 59 (2): 489-504.

Biology: Wood, 1911. Jour. Econ. Ent. 4 (5): 425-431. — Cooley, 1927. Mont. State Bd. Ent.,
Bien. Rpt. 6: 15-17. —Cooley and Kohls, 1928. Science 67 (1748): 656. —Cooley, 1929
(1927-1928). Mont. State Bd. Ent., Bien. Rpt. 7: 10-16; 17-31. -Morton, 1929 (1927-1928).
Mont. State Bd. Ent., Bien. Rpt. 7: 32-35. -Parker and Butler, 1929 (1927-1928). Mont.
State Bd. Ent., Bien. Rpt. 7: 35-38. —Cooley, 1930. Mont. State Bd. Ent., Bien. Rpt. 8:
Hi-25. -Cooley and Kohls, 1934. Fifth Pacific Sci. Cong., Proc. B. 5: 3375-3381. -Bishopp,
1938. U. S. Dept. Agr., Cir. 478: 23. -Smith and Cole, 1943. Jour. Econ. Ent. 36 (4):
569-572. -Ushakova, 1962. Kazan Inst. Zool. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Trudy 16: 183-185.

Genus IXODIPHAGUS Howard

Ixodiphaoii.s Howard, 1907. Ent. News 18 (9): 377.

Type-species: Ixodiphagiin texanuN Howard. Monotypic.

Ixodipliagus is apparently a monotypic genus distributed throughout the Holarctic Region.
The type-species parasitizes tick nymphs.

Taxonomy: Hoffer, 1963. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Ent. 35: 591.

Ixodiphagus texanus Howard
Mass., Minn. w. to Idaho, Tex. Host: Deniiacentor variabilis (Say),

Haeiiiapliysalis ieporispaliistris (Pack.), Ixodes cookei Pack., /. dentatus Marx, /.
scapularis Say, Rliipicephaliis saiiguiiiens (Latr.).
Ixodipliagus texanus Howard, 1907. Ent. News 18 (9): 376, 377-378. ♀.

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1934. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 36 (6): 89-97. —Quaraishi, 1958. Amer.
Midland Nat. 59 (2): 502.

Biology: Larson, 1937. Jour. Parasitol. 24: 496-498. —Larson and Green, 1938. Jour. Parasitol.
24: 363-368. -Smith et al., 1946. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 905: 72.

Tribe MICROTERYINI

Genus AGROMYZAPHAGUS Gahan

Agroinijzaphagns Gahan, 1912. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 14 (1): 6-7.

Type-species: Agroiiujzaphagus detrinientosns Gahan. Orig. desig.

This monotypic genus is Holarctic. It parasitizes flies of the genus Leucopis.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1926. Eos 2 (4): 317. — Trjapitzin, 1968. Vses. Ent. Obshch., Trudy 52:
65-66.

Agromyzaphagus detrimentosus Gahan
Md. w. to Wis., Utah, Calif. Host: Leucopis nigricornis Egger?, L. sp. on
plum.
Agroinijzapliagus detrimentosus Gahan, 1912. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 14 (1): 7. cJ, 9.

Genus APHIDENCYRTUS Ashmead

Aphidencyrtus Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 340, 347, 398.

Type-species: Encyrtus aphidiphagus Ashmead. Orig. desig. The type-species is
considered a synonym oi Encyrtus aphidivorus Mayr.




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This is a cosmopolitan genus consisting of about 20 species which are hyperparasites (and per-
haps primary parasites) of aphids.

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1923. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 25 (9): 187-188. —Narayanan, 1941. Indian
Jour. Ent. 3 (1): 62. -Risbec, 1952. Inst. Sci. Madagascar Ser. E, Ent., Mem. 2: 6, 52.
— Alam, 1961. Beitr. zur Ent. 11 (7-8): 803-807. -Hoffer, 1965. Acta Ent. Bohemoslov. 62
(2): 110-128. -Trjapitzin, 1967. Akad. Nauk SSSR Zool. Inst., Trudy 41: 202-205.
—Graham, 1969. Poiskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 252-255.

Aphidencyrtus aphidivorus
***authority mismatch
(Mayr). Maine, Conn. s. to Fla., w. to La., Idaho. Host: Rhopalosiphoniu.s soknii

(Thos.), Neofctapliis bakeri (Cowen), Cdcariella aquatica (G. and B.), Brevicoryne

brassicae (L.), Acyrthosiphon comelli (Patch), M. avenae (F.), M. liriodendri (Monell),

Mtiztts persicae (Suiz.), Sell iza phis gr(U)iiiiu)ii (Rond.), Trialeiirodes vapomrioru})!

(Westw.), Aphelinus juncundus Gahan, A. sanbomiae Gahan, A. semiflavus How., A.

sp., Aphiditts fesfaceipes (Cress.), A. spp.
Enctp-tm aphidicorits Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 25: 712-713,

724. ♂, ♀.
Eitpehints sclii:o)u'nme Ashmead, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 12: Proc. p. xvi. 6, 9

(under Enciirtus).
EHCyrfus apliidipliagiis Ashmead, 1887. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bui. 14: 14. ♀.
EncyriuH^ niegoiuae Ashmead, 1887. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent, Bui. 14: 19. ♂, ♀.
Encyrtiis Websferi Howard, 1890. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 2 (7-8): 247-248. ♂, ♀.
Microteri/s snbmetulicits Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, p. 354. Preocc.

by Howard, 1896.
Syrphophagiis silcestri)ius Ghesquiere, 1956 Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. Portici, Bol. 33: 701. (n.

name for subnietalicu.s Mercet).
Syrpliopliagna ))u>rceti Erdos, 1957. Folia Ent. Hungarica (n. s.) 10 (1): 45 (n. name for

snbinetaliciis Mercet).

Ta.xonomy: Gahan, 1924 (1923). Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 25 (9): 187-188. —Gahan, 1927. U. S.
Natl. Mus., Proc. 71 (4): 18. —Gahan, 1930. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 77 (8): 6-7. —Mercet,
1932. Los paras, los ins. perjud. Barcelona, pp. 108-109. —Narayanan, 1941. Indian Jour.
Ent. 3 (1): 62. -Ferriere, 1961. Entomophaga 6 (1): 48-49. -Bakkendorf, 1965. Ent.
Meddel. 30 (2): 114-115. -Hoffer, 1965. Acta. Ent. Bohemoslov. 62 (2): 112-115.

Biology: Pashchenko, 1961. Kazakh. Akad. Sel'sk. Nauk. Nauch. Inst. Zash. East., Trudy 6:
218. -Szalay-Marzso and Solymosy, 1961-1962. Acta Agron. (Budapest). 11 (3-4): 329-342.
— Akhvledinana, 1963. Akad. Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR, Soobshch, 30 (6): 781. —Hassan, 1963.
United Arab Repub. Min. Agr., Agr. Ext. Dept., p. 5. — Grigorov, 1964. Rast. Zashch. 12
(4): 32. — Sharma, 1965. Paris Univ. Facul. Sci. Theses, Ser. A, 4510, p. 109. — Radev, 1968.
Rast. Nauki (Sofia) 5 (10): 126.

Aphidencyrtus lachni (Ashmead)
Fla. Host: Cinara australi (Ashm.).

Eupelmus lachni Ashmead, 1885. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. Proc. p. xvi. 9 (under
Encyrius).

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 71 (4): 18.

Genus AVETIANELLA Trjapitzin

AvetianeUa Trjapitzin, 1968. Vses. Ent. Obshch., Trudy 52: 97-99.

Type-species: AvetianeUa capnodiobia Trjapitzin. Orig. desig.

An undetermined species has been taken in California on Piniis lanibertiana.

Genus CERCHYSIUS Westwood

Cerchysitm Westwood, 1832. London, Edinb. and Dublin Phil. Mag. and Jour. Sci. (3) 1: 127.
Type-species: Eiicyrtns iirocerus Dalman. Desig. by Westwood, 1840. The
type-species is considered a synonym of Eucyrtus subplanus Dalman.

There are about twenty species of Cerchysius distributed throughout the world. Members of
the genus are probably parasites of Diptera.




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Taxonomy: Girault, 1918. Ent. News 29 (2): 65-66. — Kerrich, 1954. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(12) 8: 371-379.

Cerchysius elasmoceri Ashmead
D. C, Va. Host: Monophi/lla teniiinata (Say).

Ceychysitis elasmoceyi Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 379-380. ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Girault, 1917 (1916). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 4 (10-12): 119-120. —Girault,
1918. Ent. News 29 (2): 65.

Cerchysius hubbardii Ashmead
Wash., Calif. Host: VrilletUi liubbanii Schwarz (?nomen nudum) infesting
stems of Alleiiwffia occidental is.
Cerchiisins hubbardii Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 380. ♀.

Cerchysius marilandicus Girault
Md., Wise, Ind., N. H.

CerclnjsiuK Hiarilandicus Girault, 1917 (1916). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 4 (10-12):

119-120. ♀.
Cerchi/sins iiiariilaiidiciis Peck, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2: 483. Unjustified

emendation.

Cerchysius pallipes (Provancher)
Ont.

Copidosonia pallipes Provancher, 1887. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., p. 205. ♀.
Copidosoiiia pallidipes Dalla Torre, 1898. Cat. Hym. v. 5, p. 243. Unjustified emend.

Taxonomy: Burks, 1964 (1963). Canad. Ent. 95 (12): 1257.

Genus MICROTERYS Thomson

Sceptrophonis Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, pp. 34, 38.

Type-species: Eiici/rtits sceptriyer Foerster. Desig. by Ashmead, 1900.
Microtert/s Thomson, 1876 (1875). Hym. Scand. v. 4, pp. 118, 155.

Type-species: Enci/rtiis si/lciiis Dalman. Desig. by Ashmead, 1900.
ApeiifilicHs FuUaway, 1913. Hawaii Agr. Expt. Sta., Rpt. for 1912, p. 26.

Type-species: Apenteliciis koti)iskyi Fullaway. Orig. desig.

The names Microteiys and Sceptrophorns have been used interchangeably in the literature.
Rosen (1973, Bui. Zool. Nomencl. 30 (2): 108-111) proposed that Sceptroplionts be suppressed.

The actual number of Microtenjs spp. can only be speculated at this time. Currently we recog-
nize over 170 names in the genus, some of which are undoubtedly junior synonyms. The genus
probably contains over 100 valid species. The New World fauna is poorly known.

This genus is important to biological control because many species are primary parasites of
soft scale insects. Representatives of Microterys have been reported on all families of scale in-
sects except the Diaspididae and Asterolecanidae.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., p. 13. — Mercet, 1917. Soc. Espan. de Hist.

Nat., Bol. 17 (2): 128-139. — Timberlake, 1923. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 25 (3): 58-59.

—Compere, 1926. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (2): 34. — Ishii, 1928. Imp. Agr. Sta. Japan, Bui.

3 (2): 130. -Compere, 1939. Bui. Ent. Res. 30 (1): 16. — Erdos, 1957. Acta. Zool.

(Budapest). 3 (1-2): 37. -Annecke, 1962. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 25 (2): 30. -Bakkendorf,

1965. Ent. Meddel. 30 (2): 144. — Pilipyuk and Sugonyayev, 1971. Ent. Rev. 50 (1): 78-84.

—Rosen, 1973. Ent. Soc. Austral, Jour. 12 (4): 248-252. -Prinsloo, 1975. Ent. Soc. So. Afr.,

Jour. 38 (1): 19-37. —Prinsloo and Rosen, 1975. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 38 (1): 85-88.

—Rosen, 1976. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 69 (3): 479-485.

Microterys cincticornis Ashmead
N. H., Mass., 111. Host: Keniies piibencens Bogue.

Microterys cincticornis Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 390.

Microterys claripennis Compere
Calif., N. C, Pa. Host: Lecaniuni comi Bouche.

Microterys claripennis Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (8): 216-217. 6,' 9.

Microterys dubiosus (Dalla Torre)
Cahf. Host: Icerya piirchasi Mask.

Eiicyrtns ditbins Howard, 1889. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 1 (9): 270. ♂. Preocc. by
Fonscolombe, 1840.

Encyrtus diibiosns Dalla Torre, 1898. Cat. Hym., v. 5, p. 257. N. name.

Microterys flavus (Howard)
Ont., N. J., Ohio, III, Fla., Calif. Host: Coccus hesperidum L., C.

pseudoinagnoliaruni (Kuw.), Lecaniuni comi Bouche, L.fletcheri Ckll., Pulvinaria vitis
(L.), Saissetia coffeae (Walk.).

Encyrtus flavus Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rpt. for 1880, p. 367. ♂, ♀.




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Biology: Isaac, 1905. Calif. State Commr. Hort, Bien. Rpt. 1: 99, 102. — Timberlake, 1913.
Jour. Econ. Ent. 6 (3): 298. -Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 98-100, 102-103.
— Bartlett and Lagace, 1961. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 54 (2): 222-227. — Rubtsov, 1963.
Zashch. Hast. Vred. Boleznei 8 (10): 58. —Bartlett, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57 (3): 344.
—Bartlett and Ball, 1964. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 57 (4): 496-503. -Gogua, 1965. Zashch.
Rast. Vred. Boleznei 19 (1): 47. -Huffaker, 1971. Biol. Control, p. 463. — Sorokina, 1973.
Ent. Rev. 52 (3): 396-397.

Microterys fuscicornis (Howard)
Md., Minn. Host: TounieijeUa pan'icornis (Ckll.).

Encijrtu>tfu!iciconii.s Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bui. 5: 13, 42. ♀.

interpunctus (Dalman). Europe, Greenland, No. Amer.?

Enci/rtus interpunctus Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 157-158. ♀.

Microterys lachni (Ashmead)
Fla. Host: Cinam aiistmli (Ashm.).

Howalottilus lachni Ashmead, 1886. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 13: 132. ♀.

Microterys lunatus (Dalman)
Europe, No. Amer.?

E)iC!)itH.s hinatus Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 156. ♀.

Microterys marginatus Ashmead
N. Mex.

Micivtert/s warginatus Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 292. ♀.

Microterys marilandicus (Girault)
Md.

Sceptrophorus niarilamlicu.s Girault, 1917. Ent. News 28 (6): 256-257.

Sceptrophonis wariilamlicus Peck, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2: 483. Unjustified
emend.

Microterys mazzinini Girault
Calif. Host: PliiisokcDiies i)isicj)iicola (Craw).

Micioterj/s mazzinini Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., pp. 12, 13. ♂, ♀.

Microterys montinus (Packard)
N. H. Host: Lecanium sp.?

EncijrtuN Montinus Packard, 1874. In Hitchcock and Huntington, Geol. of N. H., v. 1, p.
347. ♀.

Taxonomy: Howard, 1888. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 1 (2): 91-92.

Microterys physokermis Compere
Cahf. Host: Plnjsokennes insignicola (Craw).

Microteri/s phijsokenHis Compere, 1926. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (1): 43-44. ♀.
speciosissimus Girault. III. Host: Kermes pubescens Bogue.

MicrotenjH speciosiNsiiiiuH Girault, 1911. Canad. Ent. 43 (5): 175. ♀.

Microterys sublestus (Howard)
Conn., Fla. Host: Lecanium sp.? on Pinus palustris, L. sp.

Encyrtus sublestus Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 12-13, 42. ♂.

Sylvius (Dalman). Europe, No. Amer.?

Encyrtus sylcius Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 154. ♀.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 394-397. ♂, ♀.

Microterys tessellatus (Dalman)
Greenland, No. Amer.?

Encyrtus tessellatus Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 342-344. ♀.

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 393. -Carpenter, 1938. Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. (11) 1 (5): 542. -Bakkendorf, 1965. Ent. Meddel. 30 (2): 151.

Microterys titiani Girault
Calif. Host: Lecanium cor)ii Bouche.

Microterys titiani Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov., p. 13. cJ, 9.

Biology: DeBach, 1939. Jour. Econ. Ent. 32 (5): 728-729.

Microterys xanthopsis Compere
Utah, Ariz., Calif. Host: Lecanium corni Bouche, L. persicae (F.).

Microterys xanthopsis Compere, 1926. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (2): 39, 41-42. ♀.

Microterys yolandae Compere
Calif. Host: Kennes cockerel I i Ehrh.

Microterys yolandae Compere, 1926. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (2): 39-41. ♀.

Genus OOBIUS Trjapitzin

Oobius Trjapitzin, 1963. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Ent. 35: 543, 544-545.
Type-species: Tyndarichus rndneri Nowicki. Orig. desig.




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Oobiiis is a small genus, consisting of about five species, and is Holarctic and Ethiopian in dis-
tribution. These insects are parasites in the eggs of buprestid beetles. An undetermined species
is found in Arizona and California. It has been taken from Piniis )iniricafa, Libocedrus decur-
rens, and reared from Melanophila califomica Van Dyke on P. ponderosa.

Genus OOENCYRTUS Ashmead

Ooencyrtits Ashmead 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 338, 345, 381.

Type-species: Enci/rtits clisioccunpae Ashmead. Orig. desig.
Schediits Howard, 1910. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 19 (1): 2-3.

Type-species: Schedliis kurcniae Howard. Orig. desig.

OoencyrtuH is another cosmopolitan genus the size of which is difficult to determine. All spe-
cies are egg parasites of other insects.

Ta.xonomy: Timberlake, 1923. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 25 (3): 59. -Mercet, 1925. Eos 1 (3):
324-328. -Ferriere, 1931. Bui. Ent. Res. 22 (2): 281-286. -Hoffer, 1963. Mus. Nat. Pragae,
Acta Ent. 35: 560-580. -Bakkendorf, 1965. Ent. Meddel. 30 (2): 158-159. -Trjapitzin, 1967.
Akad. Nauk Zool. Inst., Trudy. 41: 198-202.

Biology: Chu, 1934. Chekiang Prov., China, Bur. Ent. Yearbook (Hangchow) 3: 169.

— Sasamoto, 1939. Zool. Mag. (Tokyo) 51 (1): 24-33. —Phillips, 1941. Roy. Ent. Soc. London,

Trans. 91 (5): 136-143. -Wolcott and Martorell, 1944. Puerto Rico Univ., Jour. Agr. 27 (2):

93. -Geyer, 1947. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 10 (1): 100-102. -Anderson and Kaya, 1974.

Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 67 (6): 845-849. -Kaya and Anderson, 1974. Environ. Ent. 3 (3):

659-663.

Ooencyrtus anabrivorus Gahan
Wyo. Host: Anabnis si)iiplex Hald.

Ooeucyrtits anabrironis Gahan, 1942. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 92: 49-51. ♂, ♀.

Ooencyrtus anasae (Ashmead)
N. C, Fla., La., Kans. Host: Solubea pugnax (F.), Anasa tristis (Deg.).

Encyrtiis auanae Ashmead, 1887. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bui. 14: 23-24. ♀.

Biology: Ingram, 1927. U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 1543: 4. —Douglas and Ingram, 1942.
U. S. Dept. Agr., Cir. 632: 6.

Ooencyrtus californicus Girault
Calif. Host: Anasa triHtis (Deg.).

OenocyrtuK califor)ticus Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov. p. 22. 9. Generic name a
lapsus for Ooeiicyrtus.

Biology: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs., Ent. 8 (2): 104-105.

Ooencyrtus chrysopae Crawford
Fla. Host: Chrysopid.

Ooencyrtuti chrysopae Crawford, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 46 : 347. ♀.

Ooencyrtus clisiocampae (Ashmead)
Cosmopolitan. Host: Malacoso)na aniericanutn {¥.), M. disstria Hbn.,
M. fragile (Str.).
Encyrtus clisiocampae Ashmead, 1893. Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta., Tech. Ser., Bui. 1: 163. ♀.

Biology: Hodson, 1939. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 32 (1): 131-136. —Kaya and Anderson, 1972.
Environ. Ent. 1 (4): 523-524. —Anderson and Kaya, 1973. Environ. Ent. 2 (4): 705-711.

Ooencyrtus johnsoni (Howard)
Md., Va., N. C, Fla., Tex., Calif. Host: Arilus cristatus (L.), Chlorochroa
sayi Stal, Murgantia lilsfrionica (Hahn), coccinellid eggs.
EncyrtuH Johnsoni Howard, 1898. Canad. Ent. 30: 18. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Drake, 1920. Fla. State Plant Bd., Quart. Bui. 1: 81. — Essig, 1922. Jour. Ent. and
Zool. 14 (4): 76. -White and Brannon, 1933. U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 1712: 5.
—Maple, 1937. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 30 (1): 123-154. — Huffaker, 1941. Jour Econ. Ent. 34
(1): 117-118. -DeBach, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35 (5): 787. -Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs.
Ent. 8 (2): 105-107.

Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard)
New England. Host: Nyginia phaeorrhoea (Donov.), Porthefria dispar (L.),

Stilp)iotia salicis (L.), Apanteles n/elanoscelns (Ratz.).
Schedius kuvanae Howard, 1910. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Bui. 19 (1): 3-5. ♂, ♀.
Ooencyrfus kuiranai Peck, 1951. /;; Muesebeck et at., U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2: 496.

Unjustified emend.




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Biology: Howard and Fiske, 1911. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 91: 86, 176-188, 307.
—Grossman, 1925. Jour. Agr. Res. 30: 643-675. — Muesebeck and Dohanian, 1927. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Bui. 1487: 25. —Burgess and Grossman, 1929. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 86:
31-38. -Parker, 1933. Jour. Agr. Res. 46: 23-34. -Lloyd, 1935. Nature 135 (3412): 472-473.
—Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 107-109. -Glausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Tech. Bui. 1139: 116-118. — Templado, 1957. Inst. Biol. Barcelona, Apl. Pubs. 25: 119.
—Hitchcock, 1959. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52 (4): 764-765. -Tadic et al., 1959. Zast. Bilja 52-53:
47-52. -Dowden, 1961. Jour. Econ. Ent. 54 (5): 876. — Bjegovic, 1963. Zast. Bilja 14 (75):
544. -Weseloh, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64 (5): 1050-1057.

Ooencyrtus moneilemae Gahan
Te.\. Host: Moneileiiia ccfl.s.so Lee.

OoencyrtuH moneilewae Gahan, 1925. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 27 (8): 167-168. ♂, ♀.

Genus PLATENCYRTUS Ferriere

Platencyrtus Ferriere, 1955. Soc. Ent. de France, Bui. 60 (1-2): 11-12.

Type-species: Plateiicyrtua parkeri Ferriere. Orig. desig.
Platencyrtus Erdos and Novicky, 1955. Beitr. zur Ent. 5 (1-2): 197.

Type-species: Platencyrtun esiirieus Erdos and Novicky. Orig. desig.

Interestingly, both Ferriere and Erdos and Novicky selected the same generic name for
identical species. Ferriere's publication date preceeds that of Erdos and Novicky and therefore
has priority. This monotypic genus parasitizes mealybugs on Plimgniites.

Platencyrtus parkeri Ferriere
N. Y.

Platencyrtus parkeri Ferriere, 1955 (Jan.). Soc. Ent. de France, Bui. 60 (1): 11-12. ♂, ♀.
Platencyrtus esurie)is Erdos and Novicky, 1955 (June). Beitr. zur. Ent. 5: 197, 6,9.

Genus PSEUDENCYRTUS Ashmead

PseudencyrtHs Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 340, 346, 396.
Type-species: Encyrtus cecidoniyiae Howard. Orig. desig.

A small genus consisting of appro.ximately nine species, Pseudencyrtus is Holarctic in dis-
tribution and parasitizes Diptera.

Taxonomy: Erdos, 1957. Acta. Zool. (Budapest). 3 (1-2): 39. —Graham, 1958. Ent. Tidskr. 79
(3-4): 158. -Bakkendorf, 1965. Ent. Meddel. 30 (2): 162-163. —Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo
Ent. 39 (2): 250-252.

Pseudencyrtus bolus (Walker)
Ont.

Encyrtus Bolus Walker, 1844. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1) 14: 17. ♀.

Taxonomy: Burks, 1975. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., Bui. 32 (4): 147-148.

Pseudencyrtus cecidomyiae (Howard)
Que., Ont. s. to Fla., w. to Mich. Host: Mayetiola rigidae (0. S.),
Rhabdophaga strobiloides (0. S.).
Encyrtus cecidomyiae Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 16, 32, 42. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27 (9): 402.

Pseudencyrtus pleuralis (Ashmead)
Ohio. Host: Ato)iiaria sp.(?).

Encyrtus pleuralis Ashmead, 1893. Ohio Agr. E.xpt. Sta., Tech. Ser., Bui. 1: 163. ♀.

Genus PSEUDENCYRTOIDES Gordh and Trjapitzin

Pseudencyrtoides Gordh and Trjapitzin, 1975. Ent. Rev. 54 (4): 872-873.

Type-species: Pseudencyrtoides cupressi Gordh and Trjapitzin. Orig. desig.

Pseudencyrtoides cupressi Gordh and Trjapitzin
Calif. Host: Cecidomiid galls on Cupressus.

Pseudencyrtoides cupressi Gordh and Trjapitzin, 1975. Ent. Rev. 54 (4): 873-875. ♀, ♂.

Genus SYRPHOPHAGUS Ashmead

Syrphophagus Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 340, 346, 397.

Type-species: Encyrtus niesograptae Ashmead. Orig. desig. The type-species is
considered to be a synonym Pteroinalus quadriniaculafus Ashmead.




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Sijrpliophagns is a cosmopolitan genus of fly parasites and is related to Pseudencyrttis. About
25 species are recognized.

Taxonomy: Graham, 1958. Ent. Tidskr. 79 (3-4): 160. — Agarwal, 1962. Indian Jour. Ent. 24
(4): 244-251. — Hoffer. 1965. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Ent. 36: 364-369. -De Santis, 1966.
Com. Inv. Cient. Prov. Buenos Aires, Notas 3 (9): 7-8. — Erdos, 1957. Acta. Zool.
(Budapest) 3 (1-2): 37-39. — Yasumatsu. 1963. Mushi 37 (10): 124. — Ghesquiere, 1956. Lab.
Zool. Gen. Agr. Fac. Agr. Portici, Bol. 33: 701.

Syrphophagus quadrimaculatus (Ashmead)
S. C. s. to Fla., w. to La. Host: Syrpliua ribesii (L.), Roxomerus
polita (Say).
Pterotinilux J,-})i(icitlttfae Ashmead, 1881. Canad. Ent. 13 (8): 171-172. ♂, ♀.
Encyrtus mesograptae Ashmead, 1896. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 23: 232. ♀.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1916. Canad. Ent. 48 (10): 344.
smith! Kama!. Calif. Host: Syrphus nitens Zett., S. opinator 0. ♂.
Syrphopluu/io^ ismithi Kamal, 1926. Canad. Ent. 58 (12): 284. ♀.

Biology: Kamal, 1939. Egypt Min. Agr., Tech. and Sci. Serv., Ent. Sect., Bui. 207: 34, 46, 48.

Genus TACHINAEPHAGUS Ashmead

Tacliitun'pluujHs Ashmead, 1904. Carnegie Mus., Mem. 1 (4): 304.

Type-species: Taclii)iaeph(tgi(s zeoUnidiciis Ashmead. Orig. desig.
Aitstraleiicyrtiis Johnson and Tiegs, 1921. Roy. Soc. Queensland, Proc. 33 (6): 118-123.

Type-species: Aiistrale)icyrtits gimiiiti Johnson and Tiegs. Orig. desig.
TacliiiiacpliagKs Girault, 1917. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 5 (7-9): 142.

Type-species: Tacln)iacpltagns australioisis Girault. Orig. desig.
Stenostcry.^ Dodd, 1921. hi Froggatt, Agric. Gaz. N. S. Wales 32 (10): 728. Unjustified

emend, of Stinioterys Thomson.
An.stmloiiKilotyliis Risbec, 1956. Ann. Parasit. Hum. Comp. 30 (1-2): 169.

Type-species: Aiistraloiiialotyhis Rageaui Risbec. Monotypic.

Taclii)iaephagus is cosmopolitan in distribution and contains fewer than five species. Ap-
parently all species are parasites of fly pupae.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1924. Homo Perniciosus and New Hymenoptera p. 4. —Ghesquiere, 1960.
Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 62 (1-2): 53-58.

Biology: Hardy, 1924. Queensland Agr. Jour. 22 (5): 349-350.

Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead
Calif, No. Car. Adventive. Host: Diptera pupae.

Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, 1904. Carnegie Mus., Mem. 1 (4): 304 9.
Tacliinacpliagus austmlie)isis Girault, 1917. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 5 (7-9): 142-148.
Stenosterys fulvoventralis Dodd, 1921. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 32 (10): 730-731.
Austmle)icyrtiis giraulti Johnson and Tiegs, 1921. Roy. Soc. Queensland, Proc. 33 (6):

118-123.
Australomalotylus rageaui Risbec, 1956. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 30 (1-2): 170-173.

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1938. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 40 (8): 210-211. —Ghesquiere, 1960. Rev.
Zool. Bot. Africaines 62 (1-2): 55-56. — Timberlake, 1941. B. P. Bishop Mus., Occas. Papers
16 (9): 216, 226-227.

Biology: Johnson and Tiegs, 1921. Roy. Soc. Queensland, Proc. 33 (6): 107-110, 117.

Genus TRICHOMASTHUS Thomson

Trichonianthiis Thomson, 1876 (1875). Hym. Scand., v. 4, pp. 117, 142-143.

Type-species: Eucyrtii.s cyaneiis Dalman. Desig. by Gahan and Fagan, 1923.
Coccidoxenus Crawford, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 248.

Type-species: Coccidoxenus porioricoisis Crawford. Orig. desig.
Stenoteropsis Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 176, 181.

Type-species: Stenoteropsis abjectus Girault. Orig. desig.
Tetracnemella Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 170, 182.

Type-species: Tetracnemella australiensis Girault. Orig. desig.




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Trichomasthus is a cosmopolitan genus containing over forty described species, most of which
are apparently parasites of soft-scale insects.

Taxonomy: Trjapitzin, 1964. Zool. Zhur. 43 (10): 1457-1462. — Alam, 1957. Roy. Ent. Soc.
London, Trans. 109 (15): 446-450. -Annecke, 1964. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 26 (2): 390-410.
—Trjapitzin, 1968. Ent. Rev. 47 (1): 125. —Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2):
267-269. — Girault, 1924. Homo Perniciosus and New Hymenoptera, p. 10. —Compere,
1937. Bui. Ent. Res. 28 (1): 44-45. -Risbec, 1952. Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar Ser. E., Ent.
2: 30-35. —Robinson, 1960. Ent. Soc. So. Afr., Jour. 23 (2): 371-374. (as Coccidoxenus).

Trichomasthus albimanus Thomson
N. H., Minn., Kans. Host: Eriopeltis festucae (Fonsc).
TrichomaHthuH albi)it(inus Thomson, 1876 (1875). Hym. Scand., v. 4, 144.

Taxonomy: Masi, 1926. Soc. Ent. Ital., Bol. 58 (9-10): 162. — Rubtzov, 1954. Vses. Ent.
Obshch., Trudy 44: 217.

Biology: Tshumakova, 1961. Ent. Rev. 40 (2): 177. — Zag-Ozaga, 1961. Polskie Pismo Ent. 31
(2): 362, 367. -Sugonyayev, 1962. Akad. Nauk SSSR Izv., Ser. Biol. 5: 760.

Trichomasthus cyanifrons (Dalman)
N. H., Va., Calif. Host: Lecaniitni corni Bouche.

E)icyrtus ci/a)iifro)n< Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 159.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1923. Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 23 (1): 49-50. —Alam, 1957. Roy.
Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 109 (15): 447.

Biology: Flanders, 1952. Jour. Econ. Ent. 45 (6): 1078. —Zag-Ozaga, 1961. Polskie Pismo Ent.

31 (2): 362. -Sugonyayev, 1962. Akad. Nauk SSSR Izv., Ser. Biol. 5: 754-766.

Trichomasthus mexicanus (Girault)
Fla. w. to Ariz.

CoccUloxeHHH }nexica)uis Girault, 1917. Descr. Stellarum Nov. p. 21. ♀.

Trichomasthus niloticus Compere
CaHf. Released, possibly established. Host: Sainsetia oleae (Oliv.).

Coccidoxenus niloticus Compere, 1940. Hilgardia 13 (7): 395, 405-407. ♂, ♀.

Trichomasthus nubilipennis (Girault)
Va. w. to 111.

AnagyniH nubilipennis Girault, 1909. Psyche 16 (4): 76-77. ♂, ♀.

Tribe MIRAINI

Genus BAEOCHARIS Mayr

Baeocharis Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 25: 767-768.

Type-species: Baeocharis pascuoruni Mayr. Monotypic.
Spliaewpisthus Thomson, 1876 (1875). Hym. Scand., v. 4, pp. 116, 131-132.

Type-species: Sphaeropisthus pascuoruni Thomson. Monotypic. The type-species
may be a junior synonym of Baeocharis pascuorum Mayr, but see Ferriere
(1955).

This genus consists of three Holarctic species that are parasites of scale insects.

Taxonomy: Ruschka, 1912. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 62 (7): 240. —Ferriere, 1955.
Ent. Schweiz. Gesell, Mitt. 26 (1): 7.

Baeocharis annulicornis (Ashmead)
Fla.

Sphaeropisthus annulicornis Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 369. ♂.

Baeocharis auriceps (Ashmead)
Fla.

Sphaeropisthus auriceps Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 369-370. ♀.

Baeocharis pascuorum Mayr
N. H. Host: Eriopeltis festucae (Fonsc).

Baeocharis pascuorum Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 25: 768. cJ, 9.

Encyrtusjlavoscutatus Six, 1876. Tijdschr. Ent. 19: 135.

Taxonomy: Trjapitzin, 1968. Vses. Ent. Obshch., Trudy 52: 51.

Genus MAYRIDIA Mercet

Mayridia Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 426-427.
Type-species: Mayridia pulchra Mercet. Orig. desig.




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This is a Holarctic genus containing 13 species. Host records for this genus are incomplete, but
at least two species have been associated with Aclerda and Trionytnu.s. These host genera be-
long to different coccoid families and are associated with grasses.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos pp. 426-436. — Erdos, 1957. Acta

Zool. (Budapest). 3 (1-2): 47, 48-54. -Bakkendorf, 1965. Ent. Meddel. 30 (2): 138-139.

—Trjapitzin, 1967. Akad. Nauk SSSR Zool. Inst., Trudy 41: 205-206. -Graham, 1969.

Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 272-273.

Mayridia americana Timberlake
N. Dak., S. Dak., Utah. Host: Trioytyinus utahensis (Ckll.).

Mayridia (uiiericaua Timberlake, 1926. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 69 (2629): 28-33. cJ, 9.

Mayridia ferrierei Burks
N.J. Host: Aclerda xalapotseae McCon. on PaiiiciDii xalapense.

Mayridia ferrierei Burks, 1964. Entomophaga 9 (1): 17-18. ♂, ♀.

Genus MIRA Schellenberg

Mira Schellenberg, 1803. Genres de Mouches Dipteres, p. 68.

Type-species: Mira niacrocera Schellenberg. Monotypic.
Dicelloceras Menzel, 1855. Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 17: 270.

Type-species: Dicelloceras uibrans Menzel. Monotypic.
EuryNcapus Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, pp. 32, 35.

Type-species: Encyrtus platyceriix Dalman. Orig. desig.
Louchocerax Dahlbom, 1857. Ofvers. K. Vetensk. Akad., Forh. 14 (8): 292.

Type-species: Encyrtus platycerus Dalman. Subsequent monotypy (Thomson, 1876
(1875)).
Euzkadiu Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 14, 28, 45, 48, 59, 71, 81,
552-553.

Type-species: Euzkadia integralia Mercet. Orig. desig.

Mira is a small genus and is Holarctic in distribution.

Taxonomy: Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 181-183. —Mercet, 1922. Soc.
Espan. de Hist. Nat., Bol. 22 (5): 264-267. -Erdos, 1957. Acta Zool. (Budapest). 3 (1-2):
24-25.

Mira macrocera Schellenberg
Idaho.

Mira vtacrocera Schellenberg, 1803. Genres de Mouches Dipteres, pp. 68-69.

Tribe NEOCLADINI

Genus CARABUNIA Waterston

Carabunia Waterston, 1928. Bui. Ent. Res. 19 (3): 249.

Type-species: Carabunia myersi Waterston. Orig. desig.

Carabunia is a monotypic genus found in the neotropics. It has been employed in biological
control of the spittle bug Clastoptera undulata Uhler.

Biology: Myers, 1930. Bui. Ent. Res. 21 (3): 341-351. —Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8
(2): 70. -Dustan, 1960. Burmuda Dept. Agr., Bui. 33: 1-11.

Carabunia myersi Waterston
Fla. Host: Clastoptera undulata Uhler.

Carabunia myersi Waterston, 1928. Bui. Ent. Res. 19 (3): 249-251. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Bennett and Hughes, 1963. Entomophaga 8 (1): 49-66.

Genus ZARHOPALUS Ashmead

Zarliopalus Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 342, 406.

Type-species: Zarliopalus sheldoni Ashmead. Orig. desig.
Anagyrella Girault, 1915. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 23 (3): 168-169.

Type-species: Anagyrella corvina Girault. Monotypic.

A genus consisting of six species, Zarliopalus is Nearctic and Ethiopian in distribution. One
species has been described from the Caribbean. These insects are mealybug parasites.




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Taxonomy. Timberlake, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 235-236. — Joubert, 1943. Union
So. Africa, Dept. Agr. Forestry, Bui. 243, p. 4. —Bennett, 1957. Canad. Ent. 89 (12):
571-572.

Zarhopalus corvinus (Girault)
Que., Calif. Host: Pseudococcus maritimns (Ehrh.), P. sp.
Anagyrella corvina Girault, 1915. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 23 (3): 169. ♀.

Biology: Clausen, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 256-271. -Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ.,

Pubs. Ent. 8(2): 55, 115.

Zarhopalus inquisitor (Howard)
Md. s. to Fla., w. to Ariz. Host: Planococcus citri (Risso).

Encyrtus utquisitor Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Kept, for 1880, p. 367. ♀.

Zarhopalus sheldoni Ashmead
N. Y., Calif. Host: Pneudococciis ynariti))iu>i (Ehrh.).

ZarhopahiH sheldoni Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 406. ♀.

Biology: Clausen, 1924. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 3 (2): 257-265. -Clancy and Pollard, 1947.
Jour. Econ. Ent. 40 (4): 578-579.

Tribe PRIONOMASTICINI

Genus HEXACLADIA Ashmead

Hexacladia Ashmead, 1891. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 3 (11-12): 456.

Type-species: Hexacladia >i))iithii Ashmead. Desig. by Ashmead, 1900.
Sophencipiiia Crawford, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 275-276.

Type-species: Sopheucyrtufi tomisendi Crawford. Orig. desig.

Hexacladia is a New World genus composed of six species. They are parasites of true bugs of
the families Coreidae, Pyrrhocoridae and Pentatomidae.

Taxonomy: Howard, 1892. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 15: 364-366. —Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl.

Mus., Proc. 22: 337, 377. —Timberlake, 1926. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 96 (3): 12. -De Santis,

1965. Com. Inv. Cien. Prov. Buenos Aires, An. 4: 114. —Burks, 1972. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc.

74 (4): 363-371.

Hexacladia hilaris Burks
Ohio w. to Kans. Host: Acrostenium liilare (Say).

Hexacladia hilaris Burks, 1972. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 74 (4): 363, 367-368. ♂, ♀.

Hexacladia smithi Ashmead
Fla. Host: Euschistus crenator (P.).

Hexacladia swUhi Ashmead, 1891. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 3 (11-12): 455, 457. ♂, ♀.

Tribe PSEUDORHOPINI
Genus PSEUDORHOPUS Timberlake

Pseiidorhopns Timberlake, 1926. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 69 (3): 9.
Type-species: Encyrtus testaceiis Ratzeburg. Orig. desig.

Apparently some authors have confused this genus with Rhopns. Pseudorhopus is Holarctic
and contains four species. They parasitize Pliysokennes, but also have been reported attacking
Lecanintii, Lepidosaphes, and other armored scale insect genera.

Taxonomy: Ghesquiere, 1956. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agr. Fac. Agr. Portici, Bol. 33: 686. — Alam,
1957. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 109 (15): 423, 459-462. -Hoffer, 1960. Mus. Nat.
Pragae, Acta Faun. Ent. 6: 94.

Biology: Zak-Ogaza, 1961. Polskie Pismo Ent. 31 (2): 357. — Sugonyayev, 1962. Akad. Nauk.
SSSR Izv., Ser. Biol. 5: 754-766. -Schmutterer, 1965. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 56 (4): 305.

Pseudorhopus fuscus (Girault)
Que., Ont. The host is apparently a coccid, not ChoristoHeura futniferaua
(Clem.) as previously recorded.
Rhopoideiiit fiiscuN Girault, 1912. Canad. Ent. 44 (1): 5-8. ♀.

Biology: Girault, 1920. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 58: 184.

Pseudorhopus hartmani Timberlake
Tex. Host: Lecaiiiiini sp.

Pseudorhopus hartwani Timberlake, 1926. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 69 (3): 10-12. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Alam, 1957. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 109 (15): 460.




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Tribe PSILOPHRYDINI

Genus PSILOPHRYS Mayr

Psilophrys Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 25: 727.
Type-species: Encyrtits loiigicomis Walker. Monotypic.

Psilophrys is another small, Holarctic genus composed of three or four species. One species
has been reported attacking Kenties. Material in the U. S. National Museum Collection indicates
that aniiata may parasitize Aroga.

Taxonomy: Trjapitzin, 1968. Vses. Ent. Obshch., Trudy 52: 69. —Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo
Ent. 39 (2): 235.

Psilophrys armata Ashmead
N. J., Fla. Host: Aroga triablaniaculella (Chambers).
Psilophrys aniiatus Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4 (1): 16. ♂, ♀.

Tribe THOMSONISCINI

Genus QUAYLEA Timberlake

Quaylea Timberlake, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (1): 214-216.
Type-species: Cerchysius ivliittieri Girault. Orig. desig.

This is a monotypic genus from Australia. Quaylea whittieri was introduced along with other
parasites of the Black scale complex in the belief that it was a primary parasite. It is actually a
hyperparasite, as suspected by foreign-explorer George Compere.

Quaylea whittieri (Girault)
Calif. Introduced. Host: Saissetia oleae (Oliv.), Aphycus lounsbiiryi How.,
Scutellista cyanea Mots., Toviocera californica How.
Cerchysius whittieri Girault, 1918. Ent. News 29 (2): 66. ♀.
Heniencyrtus craivii Timberlake, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (1): 216.
Quaylea aliena Timberlake, 1919. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (1): 216-218. ♂, ♀.

Ta.xonomy: Girault, 1918. Ent. News 29 (2): 65-66. —Timberlake, 1922. Hawaii. Ent. Soc,
Proc 5 (1): 166-167. —Timberlake, 1924. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 5 (3): 430. —Smith and
Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ. Pubs., Ent. 4 (9): 292-295.

Biology: Flanders, 1943. Jour. Econ. Ent. 36 (6): 922-925. —Flanders, 1944. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Ann. 37 (3): 365.

Taxonomy: Maple, 1947. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 8 (2): 74, 76.

Biology: Woglum et ai, 1947. Jour. Econ. Ent. 40 (6): 820. —Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Tech. Bui. 1139, pp. 125-126.

Tribe TRECHNITINI

Genus PRIONOMITUS Mayr

PrioHOuitus Mayr, 1876 (1875). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 25: 701.

Type-species: Eucyrtus chlorinus Dalman. Monotypic. The type-species is
considered a synonym of Eucyrtus ttiitratus Dalman.

Prionomitus is Holarctic in distribution and contains about six species. All the species are
probably parasites of psyllids.

Taxonomy: Brethes, 1914. Ann. Zool. Aplic. Chile 1: 29-30. — Masi, 1919. Genova Mus. Civ.
Stor Nat., Ann. Ser. 3, 8 (48): 154-155. -Mercet, 1926. Eos 2 (4): 313-315. -Ferriere, 1961.
Entomophaga 6 (1): 41-42. — Erdos, 1963. Beitr. zur Ent. 13 (3-4): 285. — Hoffer, 1963. Mus.
Nat. Pragae, Acta Ent. 35: 553-556. —Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 245-246.

Biology: Ferriere, 1926. Soc Ent. de France, Ann. 95 (2): 189-192.

Prionomitus mitratus (Dalman)
Wis., Utah, B. C. s. to Calif. Host: Psyllid nymphs.

Encyrtus mitratus Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 352. ♀.
Encyrtus chlorinus Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 352. ♂.
Encyrtus coniferae Walker, 1837. Ent. Mag. 4: 461. ♂, ♀.




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Biology: Jensen, 1957. Hilgardia 27 (2): 71-99. . — Ferriere, 1926. Soc. Ent. de France, Ann. 95
(2): 189-193. —Lai, 1934. Parasitology 26 (3): 327-328. — Bonnemaison and Missonier, 1956.
Ann. Epiphyt., Ser. C 7 (2): 310-314. — McMullen, 1964. Wash. State Hort. Assoc, Proc. 60,
p. 81. -Harizanov, 1966. Priroda (Sofia) 15 (3): 68-69. —McMullen, 1966. Canad. Ent. 98
(3): 236-237.

Prionomitus tiliaris (Dalman)
No. Amer.(?).

Eticyrtus tiliaris Dalman, 1820. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 41: 171.
EncyrtuH Hubcupmtus Walker, 1837. Ent. Mag. 4: 460. ♂, ♀.
Eucyrtiis Hiibciipmtua var. E. Walker, 1837. Ent. Mag. 4: 461.

Taxonomy: Masi, 1919. Genova Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat, Ann. Ser. 38 (48): 154-155. —Ferriere,
1961. Entomophaga 6 (1): 42.

Genus PSYLLAEPHAGUS Ashmead

Pnyllaephagm Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 339, 345, 382.

Type-species: Encyrtua pachypsyllae Howard. Orig. desig.
Metaprionoiuitiis Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos, pp. 27, 58, 70, 81,
260-261.

Type-species: MetaprionoiHitu.s inten)i€dius Mercet. Orig. desig.
Shaken pearia Girault, 1928. Some New Hexapods Stolen from Authority, p. 3 (priv. publ.).

Type-species: Shakespearia flabellata Girauk. Monotypic.
Calhiniphilus Erdos, 1961. Acta. Zool. (Budapest) 7 (3-4): 413-414.

Type-species: Caliuniphilus vendicus Erdos. Orig. desig.
Mercetia Bakkendorf, 1965. Ent. Meddel. 30 (2): 139-140.

Type-species: Copidosonia lusitanica Mercet. Orig. desig.

Psyllaepliagiis is a genus with over 100 described species. It is probably cosmopolitan, but has
not been reported from the Neotropical Region. As the name implies, species of Psyllaephagus
are parasites of psyllids. However, some species apparently are hyperparasites of other species
of PsyllaepliaguH.

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34 (11): 302. -Waterston, 1922. Bui. Ent. Res. 13 (1):
42-47. —Ferriere, 1926. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 95 (2): 191-192. — Gahan and Waterston,
1926. Bui. Ent. Res. 16 (4): 373-375. -Mercet, 1926. Eos 2 (4): 313-315. — Alam, 1957. Roy.
Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 109 (15): 423, 456-459. —Ferriere, 1961. Entomophaga 6 (1):
42-48. — Riek, 1962. Austral. Jour. Zool. 10 (4): 684-757. — Trjapitzin, 1967. Akad. Nauk
SSSR Zool. Inst., Trudy 41: 190-194. —Trjapitzin, 1968. Vses. Ent. Obshch., Trudy 52: 54.
—Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 248-249.

Psyllaephagus arbuticola Gahan and Waterston
Calif. Host: Eupliyllura arbuti Schwarz.

Psyllaephagus arbuticola Gahan and Waterston, 1926. Bui. Ent. Res. 16 (4): 373-375. ♂, ♀.

Psyllaephagus pachypsyllae (Howard)
Md. s. to N. C, w. to Kans., Calif. Host: Pachypsylla celtidisgevima
Riley, P. vennsta (0. S.), Trioza beanieri Tuthill.
Eiicyrtus pachypsyllae Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 15, 32, 42. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Jensen, 1957. Hilgardia 27: 79, 95. —Waterston, 1922. Bui. Ent. Res. 13 (1): 43.
— Appleby and Neiswander, 1962. Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta., Res. Cir. HI, pp. 13. — Moser,
1965. N. Y. State Mus. Sci. Serv., Bui. 402, p. 18.

Psyllaephagus trioziphagus (Howard)
Md. s. to N. C, w. to Ohio, Calif. Host: Trioza dio.spyri (Ashm.),
Kuirai/aiiia niedicagiuis (Cwfd.).
Encyrtus trioziphagus Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent, Bui. 5: 14 32, 42. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Eddy, 1927. Ohio Jour. Sci. 27 (4): 196-197. -Cazier, 1964. Pan-Pacific Ent. 40 (2):
73.

Psyllaephagus vectius (Walker)
Florida. Host: Trioza magyioliae (Ashm.).

Encyrtus Vectius Walker, 1847. Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist (1) 20: 21. ♂.
Encyrtus solus Howard, 1885. U. S. Dept Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 5: 15, 32, 42. ♀.

Taxonomy: Gahan and Waterston, 1926. Bui. Ent Res. 16 (4): 375. —Burks, 1975. Brit Mus.
(Nat. Hist) Ent, Bui. 32 (4): 148-149.




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Genus TRECHNITES Thomson

Trechnites Thomson, 1876 (1875). Hym. Scand. v. 4, pp. 118, 169-170.

Type-species: Metallon fuHcitarnis Thomson. Monotypic.
PaylledoHttts Crawford, 1910. "U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 38: 88-89.

Type-species: Psijlle(lo)itits insicliosiis Crawford. Orig. desig.
Metallonella Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 77.

Type-species: Metallonella aiistraliensls Girault. Orig. desig.
Metallon Thomson, 1876 (1875). In Thomson, Hym. Scand. v. 4., pp. 169-170. Lapsus for
Trechnites Thomson.

Treclniites is a Holarctic genus consisting of nine described species. The North American
representative of the genus has been recovered from pear psylla.

Ta.xonomy: Hoffer, 1960. Mus. Nat. Pragae, Acta Faun. Ent. 6: 109-114. — Ferriere, 1961.
Entomophaga 6 (1): 39-41. —Graham, 1969. Polskie Pismo Ent. 39 (2): 243-245.

Trechnites insidiosus (Crawford)
Oreg., Calif. Host: "pear psylla."

Pnylledontns iHsidiosim Crawford, 1910. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 38: 89. cJ, 9.

Biology: Madsen et al., 1963. Canad. Ent. 95 (8): 842-843. — McMullen, 1966. Canad. Ent. 98
(3): 236-239. — Westigard et ai, 1968. Jour. Econ. Ent. 61 (3): 740-743.

Unplaced Taxa ok Subfamily Encyrtinae

The following genera have not been placed in the tribal classification of the Encyrtinae.

Genus ATROPATES Howard

Afropates Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 236.

Type-species: Atropates colli)isi Howard. Monotypic.

A genus with only two described species, one from India and one from North America,
Atropates parasitizes Pnli'i)iaria and Lac insects.

Taxonomy: Ferriere, 1935. Bui. Ent. Res. 26 (3): 400-401. — Mani, 1938. Cat. Indian Ins., pt.
23, p. 95. — Mahdihassan, 1957. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 40 (1): 80.

Atropates collinsi Howard
N. Y., Wash. Host: Pulvinaria sp.

Atropates collinsi Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 236-237. ♂, ♀.

Genus APHYCOIDEUS Williams

Aphycoideus Williams, 1916. Psyche 23 (5): 153.

Type-species: Aphycoideus io Williams. Monotypic.

Aphycoideus io Williams
Mass. Host: Malacoso)na aniericanuni (F.).
Aphycoideus io Williams, 1916. Psyche 23 (5): 153. ♀.
Aphycoideus io Girault, 1917. Descr. Hym. Chalcidoid. Variorum cum Observ. V, p. 5.

Genus BLEPYRUS Howard

Blepyrus Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 233-234.

Type-species: Blepyrus niexicatius Howard. Desig. by Ashmead, 1900.
Coccophoctonus Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 337, 344, 375.

Type-species: Coccophoctonus dactylopii Ashmead. Orig. desig. The type-species is
considered a synonym oi Blepyrus }nexicanus.

Blepyrus contains five species which are mealybug parasites. Species in the genus are known
from North America, Africa and the Pacific.

Taxonomy: Timberlake, 1922. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 5 (1): 168-173. -Gahan, 1942. U. S.
Natl. Mus., Proc. 92: 47-49. — Kerrich, 1967. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., Bui. 29 (5):
225-226.

Blepyrus insularis (Cameron)
Miss., Tex. Host: Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.).

Encyrtusd) insularis Cameron, 1886. In Blackburn and Cameron, Manchester Lit. and

Phil. Soc, Mem. and Proc. (3) 10: 243.
Blepyrus 7nexicanus Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 234. ♂, ♀.




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Blepyrus marsdeni Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 234-235. ♀.
Blepyrus texanufi Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 235. ♀.

Blepyrus saccharicola Gahan
Fla., La. Host: PseudococcuN sp. on sugarcane.

Blepyrus mccliaricola Gahan, 1942. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 92: 47-49. ♂, ♀.

Genus CERAPTROCEROIDEUS Girault

Ceraptroceroideus Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 47.

Type-species: Cemptroceroidens cinctipes Girault. Orig. desig.

A monotypic genus known only from the type-locality.

Ceraptroceroideus cinctipes Girault
Kans. (Wellington). Host: Rhizaspidiotus deaniessi (Ckll.).
Ceraptroceroideus cinctipes Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 47-48. ♂, ♀.

Genus CHESTOMORPHA Ashmead

Chestomorpha Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 335, 343, 370.
Type-species: Cliestoniorplia bifon)iis Ashmead. Orig. desig.

Chestomorpha biformis Ashmead
N. Mex., Ariz.

Chestomorpha biformis Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 370. ♀.

Genus EPAENASOMYIA Girault

Epaenasoniyia Girault, 1917. Chalcidoidea Nova Marilandensis iii, p. 3.
Type-species: Epaenasomyia varicortiis Girault. Orig. desig.
varicornis Girault. Maryland.

Epae)iaso))iyia variconiis Girault, 1917. Chalcidoidea Nova Marilandensis III. p. 3.

Genus FORCIPESTRICIS Burks

Forcipestricis Burks, 1968. Ent. News 79 (9): 237-238.

Type-species: Forcipestricis gazeaui Burks. Orig. desig.

Forcipestris presently consists of two species, one from Puerto Rico and the other from East-
ern North America. Both are larval-pupal parasites of ceratopogonid midges.

Taxonomy: Gordh, 1975. Fla. Ent. 58 (4): 239-241.

Forcipestricis gazeaui Burks
Md. Host: Forcipomyia simulata Walley.

Forcipestricis gazeaui Burks, 1968. Ent. News 79 (9): 238-240. ♂, ♀.

Genus GAHANIELLA Timberlake

Gaha7iiella Timberlake, 1926. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 69: 23-26.

Type-species: Gahaniella califoniica Timberlake. Orig. desig.

Gahaniella only has three species which are found in Australia, North and South America. All
three are presumably hyperparasitic on other encyrtids that attack soft scale-insects and mea-
lybugs.

Taxonomy: Kerrich, 1953. Bui. Ent. Res. 44 (4): 800-802.
californiea Timberlake. Calif. Host: Lecaniian conii Bouche.

Gahaniella califoniica Timberlake, 1926. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 69 (3): 26-27. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Kerrich, 1953. Bui. Ent. Res. 44 (4): 800-802.

Gahaniella saissetia Timberlake
Fla. Host: Coccus hesperiduni L., Saissetia oleae (Oliv.).

Gahaniella saissetiae Timberlake, 1926. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 69 (3): 27-28. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Compere, 1939. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 7 (5): 89.

Genus HEXACNEMUS Timberlake

Hexacnemus Timberlake, 1926. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 69 (3): 12-15.
Type-species: Hexacnemus armitagei Timberlake. Monotypic.




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This monotypic genus has been found only in North America. The type-species has been re-
ported to parasitize mealybugs as well as Sympherobiiis.

Hexacnemus armitagei Timberlake
Fla., Calif. Host: Sympherobius californicus Banks, S. sp., mealybug on
citrus.
Hexacneniiis aniiitagei Timberlake, 1926. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 69 (3): 15-16. ♂, ♀.

Genus CAENOCERCUS Thomson

Caenocercun Thomson, 1876 (1875). Hym. Scand., v. 4, p. 145.

Type-species: CaeHOcerctis pinicticollis Thomson. Monotypic.
Bothrieticyrtiis Timberlake, 1919 (1918). Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4 (1): 185, 212-213.

Type-species: Botliriothorax pl(niifiv)is Howard. Orig. desig. The type-species name
is a lapsus for Bothiiofhorax pla)iifoniiis Howard.

A small genus with a Holarctic distribution, Caenocercus probably parasitizes Neuroptera.

Ta.xonomy: Erdos, 1963. Beitr. zur Ent. 13 (3-4): 286-287.

Caenocercus planiformis (Howard)
N. C, Miss., Wash., Calif. Host: Hemerobiid.

Botliriothorax planiforiiiis Howard, 1895. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 17: 611. ♀.

Genus EPICERCHYSIUS Girault

Epicercht/siiix Girault, 1915. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 23 (3): 167-168.
Type-species: Epicercliysiits xatitliipen Girault. Monotypic.

Epicerchysius xanthipes Girault
Tex.

Epicerchysiiis xanthipes Girault, 1915. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 23 (3): 168. ♀.

Genus FORMICENCYRTUS Girault

Fortuicevcyrtiiti Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 45.

Type-species: Foruncencyrtus thoreauitii Girault. Orig. desig.

Formicencyrtus thoreauini Girault
N. Mex., Ariz. Host: Dactylopiiis confusus (Ckll.).
Forniicencyrtus thoreauini Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 45-46. ♀.

Genus EPANUSIA Girault

Epanusia Girault, 1913. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 79 (A) (6): 91.

Type-species: Epanusia bifasciatus Girault. Orig. desig.

Epanusia albiclava Girault
D. C, Okla.

Epanusia albiclaca Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 44. ♀.

Epanusia xerophila (Brues)
Kans., Tex.

Aniisia xerophila Brues, 1906. Ent. News 17 (2): 61-62. ♂.

Genus EPIENCYRTUS Ashmead

Epiencyrtus Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 22: 340, 346, 396-397.
Type-species: Encyrtus thyreodontis Ashmead. Orig. desig.

A genus of about five species that are hyperparasitic in Lepidoptera. Epiencyrtus appears
cosmopolitan in distribution, but it has not been reported from Africa.

Taxonomy: Graham, 1958. Ent. Tidskr. 79 (3-4): 152-153.

Epiencyrtus artaceae (Howard)
Fla. Host: Ophionine ichneumonid.

Encyrtus artaceae Howard, 1881. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Kept, for 1880, pp. 252-253. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 397.

Epiencyrtus thyreodontis (Ashmead)
Mass. Host: Thyreodon atricolor (Oliv.).

Encyrtus thyreodontis Ashmead, 1898. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 4 (2): 156. ♀.

Biology: Dimmock, 1898. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 4 (2): 149.




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Genus EURYHOPALUS Howard

Euryhopalus Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 237.

Type-species: Euryhopalus scluvarzi Howard. Monotypic.
Synaspidia Timberlake, 1923. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 5 (3): 397-399.

Type-species: Synaspidia pretiosa. Timberlake. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Gahan, 1942. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 92: 49. — Kerrich, 1967. Brit. Mus. (Nat.
Hist.) Ent., Bui. 20 (5): 190, 235, 246.

Euryhopalus schwarzi Howard
Fla.

Euryhopalus schwarzi Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 237. ♀.

Genus HABROLEPOPTERYX Ashmead

Habrolepopteryx Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 330, 359.
Type-species: Psitophrys pulchripennis Ashmead. Orig. desig.

Habrolepopteryx marilandia Girault
Md.

Habrolepopteryx marilandia Girault, 1917. Chalcidoidea Nova Marilandensis I, p. 1. ♀.
Habrolepopteryx inarylandia Peck, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2: 479. Unjustified
emendation.

Habrolepopteryx pulchripennis
***authority mismatch
aeneiscapus Girault. Fla.

Habrolepopteryx pulchripennis var. aeneiscapus Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27 (5): 225. ♀.

Habrolepopteryx pulchripennis
***authority mismatch
pulchripennis (Ashmead). Fla., N. C, N. J. Host: Eriococcus carolinae
Williams.
Psilophrys pulchripennis Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4 (1): 16. ♀.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27 (5): 225.

Genus HABROLEPOIDEA Howard

Habrolepoidea Howard, 1894. Linn. Soc. London, Jour., Zool. 25: 89-90.

Type-species: Habrolepoidea glauca Howard. Monotypic.
Zarhopaloides Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 99.

Type-species: Zarhopaloides axillaris Girault. Orig. desig.

Habrolepoidea contains about 8 species, at least some of which are parasitic on bruchid eggs.
The genus is found in North America, the Caribbean, and possibly Australia.

Habrolepoidea depressa Girault
111. Host: Megacyllene robiniae (Forst.).

Habrolepoidea depressa Girault, 1916. Canad. Ent. 48 (10): 343-344. ♂, ♀.

Habrolepoidea perplexa Girault
Pa.

Habrolepoidea perplexa Girault, 1917. Descr. Hym. Chalcidoid. Variorum cum Observ. V,

p. 8. ♀.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1920. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 58: 185-187.

Habrolepoidea tarsalis Girault
Ind.

Habrolepoidea tarsalis Girault, 1916. Canad. Ent. 48 (10): 344. ♀.

Genus HAMBLETONIA Compere

Hambletonia Compere, 1936. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 9 (2): 172-173.

Type-species: Ha)nbletonia pseudococcina Compere. Orig. desig.

This monotypic genus is found in tropical habitats. It has not been reported from Africa.

Hambletonia pseudococcina Compere
Fla. Host: Dys)nicoccHs brevipes (Ckll.).

Hambletonia pseudococci)>a Compere, 1936. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 9 (2): 173-174. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Carter, 1937. Jour. Econ. Ent. 30 (2): 370-372. -Plank, 1938. Puerto Rico Agr. Expt.
Sta., Rpt. for 1937. pp. 98-99. — Bartlett, 1939. Puerto Rico Univ., Jour. Agr. 23: 67-71.
—Clausen, 1956. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 1139: 106.




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Genus HEMAENASIUS Ashmead

He7uaenasius Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 336, 374.

Type-species: Heviaenasius confusus Ashmead. Orig. desig.
HeviiaeiiafiiHs Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hym., p. 146. Unjustified emend.

Hemaenasius confusus Ashmead
D. C.

Hemaejianius confusus Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 374. ♀.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1920. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 58: 183.

Genus HOLCENCYRTUS Ashmead

Holcencyrtiis Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 339, 346, 394.
Type-species: Apliycus niger Ashmead. Orig. desig.

Holcencyrtus contains four species that are New World and Ethiopian in distribution. These
insects are parasites of soft scale insects.

Holcencyrtus niger (Ashmead)
Fla.

Aphycus niger Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4 (1): 15. ♂.

Holcencyrtus physokermis Girault
Me., N. H., Wis., Oreg. Host: Physokermes piceae, (Schr.).

Holcencyrtus physokennis Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27 (5): 226-227. ♂, ♀.

Genus HENICOPYGUS Ashmead

Henicopygits Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 329, 355-356.
Type-species: Henicopygus siibaptenis Ashmead. Orig. desig.

Henicopygus subapterus Ashmead
Mont., Colo., Tex.

Henicopygus subapterus Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 356. ♀.

Biology: Brues and Melander, 1903. Biol. Bui. 5: 21.

Genus MEROMYZOBIA Ashmead

Meroviyzobia Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 328, 349.

Type-species: Ericydnus macuUpennis Ashmead. Orig. desig.

Meromyzobia presently is known only from North and South America. It contain seven spe-
cies, one of which has been reported to be a parasite of Orthoptera eggs.

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 349-350.

Meromyzobia americana (Ashmead)
Fla.

Priononiastix auiericana Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4 (1): 16. ♂.

Meromyzobia bifasciata (Ashmead)
Colo.

Howalotylus bifasciatus Ashmead, 1890. Colo. Biol. Assoc, Bui. 1: 28, 46. ♀.

Meromyzobia flava Ashmead
D. C.

Meromyzobia flava Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 350. ♂.

Meromyzobia flavicincta (Ashmead)
Fla.

Choreia flavicincta Ashmead, 1888. Ent. Amer. 4 (1): 17. ♀.

Meromyzobia maculipennis (Ashmead)
N. J., Ohio. Host: A)ithracophaga ingrata (Will.), Meromyza
a)iierica)ta Fitch.
Ericydnus maculipennis Ashmead, 1893. Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta., Tech. Ser., Bui. 1: 162-163.
S.

Meromyzobia unifasciata Ashmead
Miss.

Meromyzobia unifasciata Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 350. ♀.

Genus NEBAOCHARIS Girault

Nebaocharis Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 43.

Type-species: Nebaocharis hemiptenis Girault. Orig. desig.

Nebaocharis hemiptera Girault
Colo.

Nebaocharis hemiptenis Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 43.




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Genus PARAPHAENODISCUS Girault

Paraphaeiwdiscufi Girault, 1915. Queensland Mus., Mem. 4: 93, 123.

Type-species: Paraphaenocliscus uerus Girault. Orig. desig..
Aschitus Mercet, 1921. Fauna Iberica, Himen., Encirtidos pp. 59, 71, 599-600.

Type-species: Anchitus incertus Mercet. Orig. desig.

ParaphaenodiHcua presently holds about 17 names. These parasites are predominantly
Palearctic and Ethiopian in distribution and attack aclerdids and mealybugs.

Taxonomy: Risbec, 1951. Inst. Fr. Noire, Mem. 13: 147-151. -Hoffer, 1954 (1953). Acta Soc.
Ent. Cechosl. 50: 156-157, 162-167. -Hoffer, 1953. Ochr. Prirody 8 (4): 88. -Ferriere, 1956.
Schweiz. Ent. Ges., Mitt. 29 (4): 391-396. -Hoffer, 1958. Acta. Soc. Ent. Cechosl. 55 (3):
250-263.

Paraphaenodiscus subterraneus Ferriere
Tex.(?).

PamphaenodincH.s nubterraneit>i Ferriere, 1956. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 29 (4): 391-393,
395. ♂, ♀.

Genus PARAPSILOPHRYS Howard

Pampsiloplnys Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 232-233.
Type-species: PampHiloplirys gelecliiae Howard. Monotypic.

Parapsilophrys gelechiae Howard
Wis. w. to Wyo., Utah. Host: Gelechia sp. on cottonwood, Gelecliia lyyiceella
Zeller.
PampNiloplnys (jelechiae Howard, 1898. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 21: 233. ♂, ♀.

Genus PENTELICUS Howard

Pentelicm Howard, 1895. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 17: 606, 611-612.
Type-species: Penfelicun aldriclii Howard. Monotypic.

Pentelicus aldrichi Howard
N. H., S. Dak., Nebr.

Penteliciin aldriclii Howard, 1895. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 17: 612. ♀.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1920. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 58: 183.

Genus PHEIDOLOXENUS Ashmead

Pheidoloxenus Ashmead, 1904. Carnegie Mus., Mem. 1 (4): 328, 385.
Type-species: Plieidoloxexus wlieeleri Ashmead. Orig. desig.
Pheidoloxenus Girault, 1915. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 8 (3): 273. Preocc. by Ashmead, 1904.

Type-species: Pheidoloxenun wlieeleri Girault. Monotypic.
Pheidoloxeniscus Ghesquiere, 1946. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 34 (4): 369. N. name for
Pheidoloxenus Girault.

Pheidoloxenus wheeleri
***authority mismatch
Ashmead. Tex. Ecology: Nest of Pheidole tepicana Perg.

Pheidoloxenus wheeleri Ashmead, 1904. Carnegie Mus., Mem. 1 (4): 328, 385. ♀.
Pheidoloxenus wheeleri Girault, 1915. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 8 (3): 273. Preocc. by
Ashmead, 1904.

Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1907. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 23: 17-18.

Genus PSILOPHRYOIDEA Compere

Psilophrijoidea Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ. Pubs., Ent. 4 (8): 214-215.
Type-species: Psilophryoidea coniesor Compere. Orig. desig.

Psilophryoidea comesor Compere
Calif. Host: Keniies cockerelli Ehrh.

Psilophryoidea comesor Compere, 1928. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 4 (8): 215. ♀.

Genus RHYTIDOTHORAX Ashmead

Rhytidothorax Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 337, 344, 377.
Type-species: Rhytidothorax ntarlatfi Ashmead. Orig. desig.

Rhytidothorax marlatti Ashmead
Kans.

Rhytidothorax marlatti Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 377. ♀.




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Genus TETRALOPHIELLUS Ashmead

Tetralophiellus Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 330, 357.

Type-species: Tetmlophiellun brevicoUis Ashmead. Orig. desig.

Tetralophiellus brevicollis Ashmead
Fla., Mo.

Tetmloplnellm brericollis Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 357. ♂.

Genus TETRALOPHIDEA Ashmead

Tetivlophulea Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 327, 348.
Type-species: Tetralopliidea bakeri Ashmead. Orig. desig.

Tetralophidea bakeri Ashmead
Mo., Mont. s. to N. Mex.

Tetralopliidea bakeri Ashmead, 1900. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 22: 348-349. ♂.

Genus THYSANOMASTIX Perkins

Thi/sanomastix Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent., Bui. 4:
55.

Type-species: Thijsa)io)iia.stix koebelei Perkins. Monotypic.

Thysanomastix koebelei Perkins
Ariz. Host: Cuenia lateralin {¥.).

TliijmuoiiiaKfix koebelei Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div.
Ent., Bui. 4: 55. ♀.

Genus ZAOMMOENCYRTUS Girault

Zao)mnoe)iC!/rtu.s Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 46.

Type-species: Zaouniioeiicyrtns subuncaus Girault. Orig. desig.

Zaommoencyrtus submicans Girault
Pa. Host: Alobates penusylvanica (Deg.).

Zaoiinnoeiici/rtiis Nitbiiiicans Girault, 1916. Psyche 23 (2): 46-47. ♀.


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