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Superfamily SPHECOIDEA
Family LARRIDAE



The contributions cited below treat only the subfamilies Larrinae and Miscophinae because
the Trypoxyloninae have been associated with the former two groups only since 1964. The revi-
sions are quite inadequate for identification in most genera for many additional species have
been described in intervening years.

Revision: Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc, 45: 467-551 (U. S. spp.). —Williams,
1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 121-213, pis. 22-30 (Kans. spp.).

Taxonomy: Evans, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 113-126, figs. 9-45, 58, 59 (larvae).
—Evans, 1959. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 166-167, figs. 54-59 (larvae).

Subfamily LARRINAE

All of the American genera are ground-nesting but one extralimital genus is known to nest in
twigs. The North American species are reported to prey upon various kinds of Orthoptera. How-
ever, no prey preference has been reported for our single species of Prosopigastra; in Europe
some species of the genus prey upon Hemiptera and Homoptera. One extralimital genus preys
upon lepidopterous larvae.

Tribe LARRINI

Genus LARRA Fabricius

Genus LARRA Subgenus LARRA Fabricius

Larra Fabricius, 1793. Ent. System., v. 2, p. 220.

Type-species: Larra ichneumoniforviis Fabricius. Desig. by Latreille, 1810.
Larrana Rafinesque, 1815. Analyse Nature ou Tabl. Univers, Palmero, p. 124. Emend, or

n. name.
Lara Drapiez, 1819. Bruxelles Gen. Sci. Phys., Ann., v. 1, p. 54. Lapsus or emend.
Monomatium Shuckard, 1840. In Swainson and Shuckard, Cabinet Cyclopedia of Lardner,
v. 129, p. 181. No species.

Type-species: Larraxena princeps Smith. Desig. by Pate, 1935. First included
species.
Tachytes subg. Lyrops Dahlbom, 1843. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, p. 132. Preocc.

Type-species: Tachytes (Lyrops) pagana Dahlbom. Monotypic.
Larraxena Smith, 1851. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 7: 30.
Type-species: Larraxena princeps Smith. Monotypic.
Larrada Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 337.
Type-species: Sphex anathevia Rossi. Orig. desig.
Only the typical subgenus occurs in North America. Larra preys upon mole crickets and
several extralimital species have been introduced into other areas for control of these pests.

Larra analis Fabricius
East, states north to N. Y., south to Fla., La., west to Tex., Nebr. Prey:
Gryllotalpa hexadactyla Perty.
Larra analis Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 220. ♀.
Larrada canescens Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 292. ♀.
Larrada americana Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 214. ♂.
Larra cressonii Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 482. N. name.

Taxonomy: Cushman, 1935. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 37: 82-87 (larva).

Biology: Smith, 1935. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 37: 65-82.

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99 (14): pi. 20, figs. N, P, Q (male
genitalia).




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Genus LIRIS Fabricius

Genus LIRIS Subgenus LIRIS Fabricius

Liris Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorfim, p. 227.

Type-species: Sphex aurata Fabricius. Desig. by Patton, 1881.
Lirisis Rafinesque, 1815. Analyse Nature ou Tabl. Univers, Palermo, p. 124. Emend, or n.
name.
The typical subgenus does not occur in the New World.

Genus LIRIS Subgenus LEPTOLARRA Cameron

Notogonia Costa, 1867. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, Ann. 4: 83. Preocc.

Type-species: Tachytes nigra Fabricius of Vander Linden. Monotypic.
Caenolarra Cameron, 1900. Ann and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 5: 28.

Type-species: Caenolarra appendiculata Cameron. Monotypic.
Leptolarra Cameron, 1900. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 5: 29.

Type-species: Leptolarra reticulata Cameron. Desig. by Richards, 1935.
Spanolarra Cameron, 1900. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 5: 32.

Type-species: Spanolai-ra rufitarsis Cameron. Monotypic.
Notogonius Howard(!), 1901. Insect Book, pi. 6, fig. 1. Lapsus.
Chrysolarra Cameron, 1901. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 8: 118.

Type-species: Chrysolarra appendiculata Cameron. Desig. by Pate, 1937.
Notogonidea Rohwer, 1911. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 13: 234. N. name.
Dociliris Tsuneki, 1967. Etizenia 20: 26.

Type-species: Larrada subtessellata Smith. Orig. desig.
Nigliris Tsuneki, 1967. Etizenia 20: 27.

Type-species: Notogonia japonica Kohl. Orig. desig.
Liris subg. Colloliris Tsuneki, 1974. Polskie Pismo Ent. 44: 612.

Type-species: Notogonidea negrosensis Williams. Orig. desig.

The species of Leptolarra nest in soil, making one or several cells per nest at the end of a
rather short burrow. The usual prey are crickets, although one extralimital species has been re-
ported to use Gryllacrididae. Both nymphal and adult stages are used as prey, but in North
America the nymphs are used more frequently.

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1954. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 80: 15-17 (key to U. S. spp.).

Liris apicipennis (Cameron)
South. Tex. to Panama.

Notogonia apicipennis Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 58, pi. 4, figs. 16,
16a. 9, S.

Liris argentata (Beauvois)
South. Ont. west to Nev., south to Fla., Ariz, and south. Calif.; south in
Mexico to Chiapas, Venezuela ?; Cuba, Bahamas; adventive in Hawaii. Ecology: Nests in
sand or compacted soil, makes 1-3 cells per nest and provides 1-6 prey per cell. Prey:
Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm., G. rubens (Scudd.)?, G. sp., Miogryllus verticalis (Serv.),
Acheta assimilis F., Nemobius fasciatus DeG., N. sp., Orocharis saltator Uhl.; most
prey records are of nymphs, but adults are used occasionally.
Larra Pensylvanica Beauvois, 1811. Ins. Afr., Amer., p. 118.
LaYra argentata Beauvois, 1811. Ins. Afr., Amer., p. 119. ♀.
Tachytes murina Dahlbom, 1843. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, p. 132. ♀. N. syn.
Larrada Pemisylvanica Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 292. Emend.
Larra nuda Taschenberg, 1870. Ztschr. Gesam. Naturw. Halle 34: 5. ♀.

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1976. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 78: 333 (syn. of murina).

Biology: Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 7: 63 (nest, prey). —Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci.
Bui. 8: 189-192, fig. 118 (nest, prey hunting and transport). — Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp
studies afield, pp. 152-158, fig. 35 (nest, prey). —Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. Trans. 24
(7): 26 (prey, nest). — Reinhard, 1929. Witchery of wasps, pp. 67-71 (nest, prey).
—Krombein and Evans, 1955. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 57: 233 (prey). —Krombein, 1958. Ent.
Soc. Wash., Proc. 60: 103 (prey). — Kurczewski and Kurczewski, 1971. Kans. Ent. Soc,
Jour. 44: 134 (prey).




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Liris argenticauda (Cameron)
South. Tex. to Costa Rica.

Notogonia clirysnra Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 57. pi. 4, fig. 14. ♂.
Notogonia argenticauda Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 58, pi. 4, fig. 15.

6.

Liris beata (Cameron)
Transcont. in U. S. mostly in Austr. Zone south to Panama. Prey: Aclieta

asshnilis F. nymph.
Notogojiia violaceipeimis Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 51, pi. 4, fig. 12.

9. N. syn.
Notogonia montezuma Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 52. ♀. N. syn.
Notogonia tnincata Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 54. ♀. Preocc. N. syn.
Notogonia beata Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 56, pi. 4, fig. 13. ♂.
Notogonia nigripennis Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 485. ♀. Preocc. N.

syn.
Notogonia aequalis Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 486. ♀. N. syn.
Larra nigripennata Dalla Torre, 1897. Cat. Hym., v. 8, p. 670. N. name for nigripennis

Fox. N. syn.
Larra tnincatiila Dalla Torre, 1897. Cat. Hym., v. 8, p. 675. N. name for tnincata

Cameron. N. syn.
Notogonia nigripennis var. occidentalis Viereck, 1903 (1902). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc.

54: 731. ♀. N. syn.
Notogonia snbaeqnalis Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News. 20: 370. ♀. N. syn.

Biology: Krombein, 1958. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2, Sup. 1: 188 (prey).
fuliginosa muspa (Pate). South. Fla. Typical /?thgnnosa (Dahlbom) occurs in Cuba and Puerto
Rico.
Motes muspa Pate, 1943. Canad. Ent. 75: 201. ♂.

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1976. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 78: 333-334 (lectotype of fuliginosa).
luctuosa dahlbomi (Cresson). South. Fla.; Cuba, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Dominica.
Typical luctuosa (Smith) occurs in Santo Domingo, Mexico and Brazil.
Larrada Dahlbomi Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 138. 9. A provisional name to
be used if specimens identified as fuligiyiosa (Dahlbom) by Cresson were misidentified;
they were.

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1976. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 78: 334-335 (lectotype of dahlbomi).

Liris mescalero (Pate)
South. Tex. to south. Ariz., south to Honduras.

Motes mescalero Pate, 1943. Canad. Ent. 75: 200. ♂.

Liris panamensis
***authority mismatch
muesebecki (Krombein), n. status. South. Fla.

Motes muesebecki Krombein, 1954. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 80: 15. ♂, ♀.

Liris panamensis
***authority mismatch
panamensis (Cameron), n. status. South. Tex. to Panama.

Notogonia panamensis Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 59, pi. 4, fig. 17. ♂.

Notogonidea stemalis Rohwer, 1914. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 47: 519. ♂. N. syn.

Unplaced Taxon of Larrini

Tachytes dives Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 3, p. 247. "♀"=♂.Carolina. Bohart
and Menke (1975) treat this as a questionable species of Liris. Presumably the locality
is in error, for no species of Larrini in America north of Mexico has the coloration of
vestiture, antenna and legs ascribed to dives.

Tribe TACHYTINI

Genus LARROPSIS Patton

Larropsis Patton, 1892. Ent. News 3: 90.

Type-species: Larrada tenuicomis Smith. Orig. desig.

So far as known this genus is restricted to the Nearctic Region. The scanty biological records
indicate that the species are ground-nesting and that they prey upon cave and camel crickets
(Gryllacrididae).




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Revision: Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 653-685, 23 figs.

Larropsis arizonensis Bohart and Bohart
Ariz., N. Mex., Utah.

Larropsis arizonensis Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 660, fig. 5. ♀.

S.

Larropsis atra Williams
Nebr., Kans., west. Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.

Larropsis ater Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 146. ♂.

Larropsis chilopsidis (Cockerell)
Kans., Colo., west. Tex., N. Mex.; Mexico (Chihuahua).

Ancistromma chilopsidis Cockerell, 1897. hi Cockerell and Fox, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

Proc. 49: 137. ♀.
Ayicistromma zerbeii Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 208. ♀.
Ancistroynma tachysphecoides Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 209. ♂.

Larropsis conferta (Fox)
Mont., Nebr., Iowa, Kans., Colo., Tex.

Ancistroynma conferta Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 494. ♀.
Ancistromma paenenigosa Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 210. ♂.
Ancistromma bruneri Smith, 1906. Ent. News 17: 248. ♂.
Larropsis minor Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 146. ♂.
Larropsis gracilis Rohwer, 1915. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 49: 244. ♀, ♂.

consitnilis (Fox). Kans., Okla., Tex., N. Mex.

Ancistromma consimilis Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 496. ♀.
Ancistromma vegetoides Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 208. ♀.

Larropsis deserta Bohart and Bohart
South. Calif, deserts.

Larropsis deserta Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 665, figs. 4, 23. ♀.

6.

Larropsis discreta (Fox)
Ga., Fla.

Ancistromma discreta Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 493. ♀.

Larropsis divisa
***authority mismatch
(Patton). Mont., Wyo., Nebr., Kans., north. Tex., N. Mex. Ecology: Nests in burrow off
crack in hard-packed soil. Prey: Ceuthophilus sp. nymphs.
Larra divisa Patton, 1879. U. S. Geol. Geog. Survey, Bui. 5: 368. ♀.

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 192-193 (nest, prey).

Larropsis elegans Bohart and Bohart
South. Tex., southeast N. Mex.

Larropsis elegans Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 667, figs. 1, 16. ♀.

6.

Larropsis filicornis Rohwer
West. Nebr., south. Okla., southeast. Tex. Prey: Ammobaenetes sp. nymph.
Larropsis filicomis Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 40: 582. ♀.
Larropsis yatesi Mickel, 1918 (1917). Nebr. Univ., Studies 17: 412. ♂.

Biology: Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 655 (prey).

Larropsis greenei Rohwer
N. J., S. C, Fla., Kans.

Larropsis greenei Rohwer, 1917. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 53: 173. ♀.

interocularis Bohart and Bohart. Kans., Ariz.

Larropsis interocularis Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 670, figs. 4, 8.

9,cJ.

Larropsis lucida Bohart and Bohart
Ariz. (Mohave Co.).

Larropsis lucida Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 671, fig. 7. ♀.

Larropsis rugosa (Fox)
Mont., N. Dak. and Iowa south to Kans. and Ariz.; Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango,
Zacatecas).

Ancistromma rugosa Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 496. ♂.

Larropsis sericea Bohart and Bohart
Nebr., Kans., Tex.

Larropsis sericea Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 672, fig. 6. ♀, ♂.

Larropsis snowi Bohart and Bohart
Ariz, in U. and L. Sonoran Zones.

Larropsis S7wwi Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 673, figs. 6, 18. ♀, ♂.




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Larropsis sparsa Bohart and Bohart
West. Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico (Coahuila, Durango).

Larropsis sparsa Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 675, fig. 6. ♂.

Larropsis striata Bohart and Bohart
Calif. (San Bernardino Co.).

Larropsis striata Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 676, fig. 5. ♂.

Larropsis tenuicornis (Smith)
Wash., Idaho, Oreg., Nev., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).
Larrada tenuicornis Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 293. ♀.

Larropsis testacea Bohart and Bohart
Kans. (Pottawatomie Co.).

Larropsis testacea Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 677, figs. 5, 14. ♀.

Larropsis texensis Bohart and Bohart
Cent, and south. Tex.

Larropsis texeiisis Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 678, fig. 7. ♂.

Larropsis uniformis Bohart and Bohart
Idaho, Nev. to Colo, south to Calif, and N. Mex.; Mexico
(Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango).
Larropsis uniformis Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 678, figs. 2, 12,
13. ♀, ♂.

Larropsis vegeta (Fox)
Wyo., Nebr., Colo., west. Tex., north. Ariz.

Ancistromma vegeta Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc 45: 497. ♀, ♂.

Larropsis washoensis Bohart and Bohart
Nev. (Washoe Co.).

Larropsis washoensis Bohart and Bohart, 1966. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 92: 681, figs. 3, 10,
15, 17,21. ♀, ♂.

Genus ANCISTROMMA Fox

Ancistromma Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 487.

Type-species: Larrada distincta Smith. Desig. by Rohwer, 1911.

These ground-nesting wasps apparently construct multicelled nests at the bottom of
pre-existing burrows or cavities. The recorded prey includes both typical crickets (Gryllidae)
and cave crickets (Gryllacrididae); both nymphs and adults are used.

Revision: Bohart and Bohart, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 64: 21-37, 32 figs. (N. Amer. spp.).

Ancistromma aurantia (Fox)
Alta. east to N. Dak., south to Ariz, and Kans. Prey: Ceuthophilus fusiformis
Scudd.
Larra aurantia Fox, 1891. Ent. News 2: 194. ♀.
Ancistromma aiindentaO) Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 388.

Biology: Bohart and Bohart, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 64: 25 (prey).

Ancistromma bradleyi (Bohart and Bohart)
Oreg., Calif.

Larropsis {Ancistromma) bradleyi Bohart and Bohart, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 64: 25,
figs. 20, 21, 31. ♀, ♂.

Ancistromma capax (Fox)
B. C, Alta., east to N. Dak., south to Calif., Kans. and N. Mex. Prey:
Ceuthophilus sp., nymph. Predator: Philanthus zebratus Cr.
Ancistromma capax Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 490. ♀.
Ancistromma dolosa Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 492. ♀.
Larropsis dolosana Rohwer, 1915. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 49: 245. ♀.
Larropsis picina Mickel, 1916. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 42: 418. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Bohart and Bohart, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 64: 30 (prey).

Ancistromma corrugata (Bohart and Bohart)
B. C, Oreg., Calif.

Larropsis (Ancistromma) corrugata Bohart and Bohart, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Froc 64:
31, figs. 3, 18, 19,27. ♀, ♂.

Ancistromma distincta (Smith)
Transcont., B. C. to Maine, south to Calif., Kans., N. C. Ecology: Nests in
natural cavities in coarse soil, making up to 9 cells per nest, each cell provided with 1-3
adult crickets. Parasite: Metopia argyrocephala (Meig.), Senotainia trilineata (Wulp).
Prey: Nemobius fasciatus (DeG.) adults.
Larrada distincta Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 292. ♀.
Larropsis distincta var. semirufa Banks, 1921. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 14: 19. 9, eJ.




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Taxonomy: Evans, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 119-120, figs. 29-38 (larva).
Biology: Evans, 1958. Ent. News 69: 197-200 (nest, prey, parasites).

Ancistromma granulosa (Bohart and Bohart)
Calif., Nev., Idaho, Ariz., N. Mex.

Larropsis (Ancistromma) granulosa Bohart and Bohart, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 64:
33, figs. 4, 6, 7,28. 9, cJ. ^

Ancistromma hurdi (Bohart and Bohart)
Calif.

Larropsis {Ancistromma) hurdi Bohart and Bohart, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 64: 34,
figs. 5,8,9,30. ♀, ♂.

Ancistromma platynota (Bohart and Bohart)
Ariz. (Tucson).

Larropsis {Ancistromma) platynota Bohart and Bohart, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 64:
35, figs. 24, 32. ♀.

Ancistromma portiana (Rohwer)
Western Tex., N. Mex.

Larropsis portianus Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 583. ♀, ♂.

Ancistromma sericifrons Smith
Nebr., Wyo., Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.

Ancistromma sericifrons Smith, 1906. Ent. News 17: 247. ♂.
Larropsis rubens Mickel, 1918 (1917). Nebr. Univ., Studies 17: 329. ♀.

Ancistromma shappirioi (Bohart and Bohart)
D. C, Va.

Larropsis {Ancistromyna) shappirioi Bohart and Bohart, 1962. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 64:
37, figs. 14, 15,28. ♀, ♂.

Genus TACHYTES Panzer

Tachytes Panzer, 1806. Krit. Rev. Insektenf. Deutschlands, v. 2, p. 129.

Type-species: Sphex tricolor Fabricius. Monotypic.
Lyrops Illiger, 1807. Fauna Etrusca, v. 2, p. 162.

Type-species: Andrena etrusca Rossi. Monotypic.
Tachyptera Dahlbom, 1843. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, p. 133. Preocc.

Type-species: Apis obsoleta Rossi. Desig. by Patton, 1880.
Tachytes subg. Holotachytes Turner, 1917. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 20: 10.

Type-species: Tachytes dichroa Smith. Orig. desig.
Tachytes subg. Calotachytes Turner, 1917. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 20: 10.

Type-species: Tachytes marshalli Turner. Orig. desig.
Tachyoides Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool, Bui. 89: 397.

Type-species: Tachytes mergus Fox. Orig. desig.
Tachytes subg. Tachyplena Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 397. N. name.
Tachytes subg. Tachynana Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 398.

Type-species: Tachytes obscunis Cresson. Orig. desig.

Members of this genus are ground-nesting and usually construct multicellular nests. Some
species begin their burrows in pre-existing holes such as rodent burrows or abandoned burrows
of large insects, whereas others excavate their burrows from the ground surface. Members of
the Aurulentus Species Group prey on katydids (Tettigoniidae), those of the Pepticus and
Distinctus Groups use grasshoppers (Acrididae), species of the Abdominalis Group prey upon
grasshoppers, grouse locusts (Tetrigidae) and pygmy mole crickets (Tridactylidae), and the Mer-
gus Group uses only pygmy mole crickets. Members of the extralimital Ambidens Group have
been observed preying upon geometrid caterpillars.

Revision: Fox, 1892. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 19: 234-252 (N. Amer. spp.). —Banks, 1942. Mus.
Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 395-436 (N. Amer. spp.).

Biology: Evans and Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 323-332, 3 figs, (comparative
behavior of a few N. Amer. spp.).

Species Group Aurulentus

This species group is the equivalent of Tachytes sens. str.

Tachytes auricomans Bradley
Ga.

Tachytes auricomans Bradley, 1919. Ent. News 30: 298. ♂.




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Tachytes aurulentus (Fabricius)
East. Canada and States south to Fla., north to N. J., west to Tex.,

Kans. Ecology: Nests in sand or clay with 2-4 cells per nest and 6-11 prey per cell. Prey:
Conocepkaius saltans (Scudd.), C. spp., Orchelimum fidicinium Rehn and Heb., 0. spp.,
Tettigoniidae sp.; all nymphs.

Larra aundenta Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 220. ♀.

Tachytes mandibularis Patton, 1881. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc. 20: 394. ♀, ♂.

Tachytes propinquus Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 198. ♀.

Tachytes duplicatus Rohwer, 1920. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 22: 59. ♀.

Taxonomy: Strandtmann, 1945. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 38: 307, figs. 1-2 (larva). —Evans, 1958.
Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 117, figs. 18-20 (larva), —van der Vecht, 1961. Zool. Verhandl.
Rijksmus. Natuurlijke Hist. Leiden, No. 48, pp. 11-12 (synonymy).

Biology: Patton, 1892. Ent. News 3: 90 (prey). —Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui.
8: 198 (prey hunting). —Dow, 1930. Psyche 37: 182 (prey transport). —Strandtmann, 1945.
Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 38: 305-308, figs. 1-4 (nest, prey, cocoon, life cycle). —Evans and
Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 329-330 (nest, prey).

Tachytes badius Banks
Tex. (Comal Co.), Ariz. (Baboquivari Mts.).

Tachytes (Tachyplena) badius Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 417. ♀.

colutnbiae Fox. N. J., Md., Va., N. C.

Tachytes colunibiae Fox, 1892. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 19: 241. 9, tJ.

Tachytes crassus Patton
Conn., Mass., N. Y., Md., Wis., Iowa, Mo., Nebr. Ecology: Nests in sand or in
heavy clay-loam, constructs as many as 9 cells per nest, and stores 5-10 prey per cell.
Prey: Orchelimum gladiator Brun., 0. spp., Conocephalus f. fasciatus (DeG.), C.
nigropleunis (Brun.), C. attenuatus (Scudd.); most prey are nymphs but adults are
occasionally stored.
Tachytes crassus Patton, 1881. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc. 20: 241. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 285-286, figs. 96-98 (larva).

Biology: Krombein, 1961. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 56: 64 (nest, prey transport). —Evans and
Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 324-326, figs. 1-2 (nest, prey transport).

Tachytes ermineus Banks
West. Tex., Ariz., south. Utah and Nev.; Mexico (Baja California).

Tachytes (Tachyplena) ermineus Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool, Bui. 89: 413. ♀, ♂.

Tachytes exornatus Fox
Southwest. Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico (Baja California). Parasite: Zanysson
t. texanus (Cr.) ? Prey: Conalcea sp.? nymph.
Tachytes exornatus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc 45: 501. ♂.

Biology: Cockerell, 1903. Entomologist 36: 100 (parasite ?). —Krombein, 1960. Brooklyn Ent.
Soc, Bui. 55: 75 (prey transport).

Tachytes floridanus Rohwer
N. C. to Fla., west to Ariz.

Tachytes pepticus floridanus Rohwer, 1920. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 22: 59. ♀.
Tachytes {Tachyplena) foxi Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 416. ♀.
Tachytes {Tachyplena) comanche Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 417. ♂.

Tachytes harpax Patton
N. H., Mass., Conn., Pa., Va., N. C, Wis., Mich., Iowa, Nebr. Ecology: Nests in
fine silt and sand, constructs several cells per nest and stores 2-3 prey per cell. Prey:
Conocephalus brevipennis (Scudd.).

Tachytes harpax Patton, 1881. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc 20: 395. ♀, ♂.

Tachytes dubitatus Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 202. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Parker, 1921. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 23: 103-104 (nest, prey transport).

Tachytes praedator Fox
Md. to Fla., west to Iowa, Kans. and Tex. Ecology: Nests in fine-grained,
somewhat moist sand, apparently makes only a single cell stored with up to 5 prey.
Prey: Scudderia sp., Conocephalus f. fasciatus (DeG.), C. sp., Neoconocephalus sp.,
Eremopedes sp.; usually nymphs are stored, but occasionally adults.
Tachytes praedator Fox, 1892. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 19: 240. ♀, ♂.




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Biology: Evans and Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 330-331 (nest, prey
transport). —Lin, 1967. Amer. Midland Nat. 77: 241-242, 1 fig. (nest, prey hunt and
transport).

Tachytes sayi Banks
U. S. west of 100th meridian, Nebr. to Wash, south to Tex. and cent. Calif.
Ecology: Nests in sandy soil. Prey: Melmioplus lakinus (Scudd.) adults.
Tachytes (Tachytes) sayi Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. ZooL, Bui. 89: 421. ♂, ♀.
Tachytes {Tachytes) brevipilis Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 422. ♀.
Tachytes (Tachytes) hesperus Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool, Bui. 89: 423. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Evans and Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 331 (nest, prey).

Tachytes validus Cresson
Ont. to Fla., west to Mich., Colo, and Tex. Ecology: Nests in sand, constructs
6 to more than 9 cells per nest and stores 1-5 prey per cell. Parasite: Senotainia
trilineata (Wulp), Miltogrammini sp.; Diptera sp. Prey: Conocephalus brevipennis
(Scudd.), C. nigropleurum (Brun.), C.f.fasciatus (DeG.), C. spp.; adults are preyed upon
more frequently than nymphs.

Tachytes validus Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 216. 9,8.

Tachytes breviventris Fox, 1892. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 19: 239. ♀, ♂.

Tachytes calcaratus Fox, 1892. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 19: 239. ♀, ♂.

Tachytes calcaratiformis Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 204. ♀, ♂.

Tachytes (Tachyplena) calcaratiformis var. coloradensis Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool.,
Bui. 89:411. ♀, ♂.

Tachytes (Tachyplena) belfragei Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 411. ♀.

Tachytes qtiadrifasciatus Dreisbach, 1948. Ent. News 59: 151. ♂.

Biology: Parker, 1921. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 23: 104-107 (nest, prey transport, cocoon, life
cycle, parasite). —Evans and Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 326-329 (nest,
prey transport, parasite). —Kurczewski and Ginsburg, 1971. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 44:
113-131, 9 figs, (nest, prey transport, egg, parasites). —Kurczewski and Kurczewski, 1971.
Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 44: 132 (prey).

Species Group Pepticus
Revision: Bohart, 1962. Pan-Pacific Ent. 38: 117-129, 26 figs.

Tachytes californicus Bohart
Calif., Oreg., Idaho.

Tachytes californicus Bohart, 1962. Pan-Pacific Ent. 38: 125, figs. 15-17. ♂, ♀.

chelatus Bohart. Ariz., Utah.

Tachytes pepticus chelatus Bohart, 1962. Pan-Pacific Ent. 38: 120, figs. 5, 6, 7.
fulviventris fulviventris Cresson. N. Dak. south to Tex., west to Wyo., Utah, N. Mex.; Mexico
(Oaxaca). Ecology: Nests in deserted prairie-dog burrow. Parasite: Diptera sp. Prey:
Cordillacris crenulata (Brun.) adults.

Tachytes fulviventris Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 466. ♀.

Tachytes caelebs Patton, 1879. U. S. Geol. Geog. Survey, Bui. 5: 355. ♂.

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 197-198 (nest, prey, parasite).

fulviventris rossi Bohart. South. Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).

Tachytes fulviventris rossi Bohart, 1962. Pan-Pacific Ent. 38: 124, figs. 18-20. ♂.

Tachytes nevadensis Bohart
Nev., Calif., Oreg., Wash.

Tachytes nevadeyisis Bohart, 1962. Pan-Pacific Ent. 38: 124, figs. 21-23. ♂, ♀.

Tachytes pennsylvanicus Banks
N. Y. to Va. west to Idaho, Colo., N. Mex., Oreg., B. C.
Tachytes pennsylvanicus Banks, 1921. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 14: 18. ♂.

Tachytes pepticus (Say)
N. C. to Fla. west to 111., Kans., Nebr., Colo, and Tex. Prey: Melanoplus sp.
nymph.
Lyrops pepticus Say, 1837. boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 371. ♀, ♂.
Tachytes sericatus Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 216. 9 (male misdet.?).




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Tachytes (Tachytes) fulviventris var. inferioris Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89:

422. ♀.
Tachytes {Tachytes) cressoni Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool, Bui. 89: 425. ♀.

Biology: Evans and Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 331 (prey).

Tachytes sculleni Bohart
Western Tex. to southern Calif., Nev.

Tachytes sculleni Bohart, 1962. Pan-Pacific Ent. 38: 126, figs. 8-11. ♂, ♀.

Tachytes spatulatus Fox
Colo., N. Mex., Ariz., Utah, Nev., Wyo., Calif.

Tachytes spatulatus Fox, 1892. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 19: 243. ♂.

Tachytes basirufus Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 197. ♂.

Tachytes {Tachytes) utahensis Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 424. 9, tJ.

Species Group Distinctus

Tachytes amazonus Smith
N. C. to Fla., west to Nebr., Oreg. and Calif.; south through Cent, and South

Amer. to Argentina. Prey: Melanoplus spp. adults and nymphs.
Tachytes Amazonum Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 303. ♀, ♂.
Tachytes clypeatus Taschenberg, 1870. Ztschr. Gesell. Naturwiss. 36: 10. ♀.
Tachytes scalaris Taschenberg, 1870. Ztschr. Gesell. Naturwiss. 36: 11. ♂.
Tachytes nifofasciatus Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 247. ♂.
Tachytes fervens Smith, 1873. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 12: 57. ♂.
Tachytes dives Holmberg, 1884. Soc. Cient. Argentina, An. 18: 220. ♂. Preocc.
Tachysphex rufomaculatus Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 64, pi. 4, fig.

23. ♀.
Tachytes Holmbergii Dalla Torre, 1897. Cat. Hym., v. 8, p. 690. N. name.
Tachytes nigricaudus Brethes, 1909. Mus. Nac Buenos Aires, An. (3) 12: 241. ♂.
Tachytes Fiebrigi Brethes, 1909. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, An. (3) 12: 242. ♂.
Tachytes anisitsi Strand, 1910. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System., v. 29, h. 2, p. 164. ♀.
Tachytes nifoannulatus Strand, 1910. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. System, v. 29, h. 2, p. 167. ♂.
Tachytes mimeticus Schrottky, 1909. Soc. Cient. Argentina, An. 68: 250.

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Studies 8: 199-200 (nest, prey hunt and
transport).

Tachytes chrysocercus Rohwer
South. Tex. and Ariz.; Mexico (Coahuila, Baja California). Parasite:
Zanysson plesia (Rohwer) ?
Tachytes chrysocercus Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 40: 581. ♀.
Tachytes {Tachytes) elongatus var. apache Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 419.
6.

Biology: Evans, 1966. Compar. ethology and evolution of sand wasps, p. 90 (host ?).

Tachytes distinctus
***authority mismatch
distinctus Smith. Md. to Fla., west to B. C. and Calif.; Mexico south to South

America. Ecology: Nests in sandy soil and inside lizard holes, makes up to 20 cells per
nest and stores 1-4 mostly immature prey per cell; also nests in abandoned burrows of
the cicada killer, Sphecius speciosus (Dru.). Parasite: Diptera sp.; Zanysson texanus
(Cr.) ? Prey: Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeG.), M. spp., Ageneotettix deorum (Scudd.),
Orphulella sp. near speciosa (Scudd.), Schistocerca sp., Hesperotettix sp., Paraidemona
sp.; most prey is nymphal but occasionally adults are used. Another subsp. occurs in the
Bahamas Islands.

Larrada fulvipes Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym., Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 288. ♀.

Tachytes distinctiis Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym., Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 307. ♀.

Tachytes elongatus Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent Soc, Trans. 4: 215. ♂.

Tachytes Yucatanensis Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 60, pi. 4, fig. 18. ♀.

Tachytes contractus Fox, 1892. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 19: 245. ♀. Preocc.

Tachytes {Tachytes) elongatus var. seminole Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool, Bui. 89: 419.
6.

Tachytes {Tachytes) austrinus Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 419. N. name.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 116-117, figs. 9-17 (larva). —Evans, 1964.
Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 286-287 (larva).




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Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 194-197, figs. 113-116 (nest, prey hunt
and transport). — Rau, 1934. Canad. Ent. 66: 260 (nest). —Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc,
Trans. 90: 287 (nest, prey). —Lin, 1965. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 59 and 60: 82-84, 1 fig.
(nest). —Evans, 1966. Compar. ethology and evolution of sand wasps, pp. 89-90 (host ?).
—Lin, 1972. In Michener and Lin, Quart. Rev. Biol. 47: 140-141 (nest guarding by males,
parasite).

Tachytes guatemalensis Cameron
East. U. S. to Guatemala.

Tachytes Guatemalensis Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 60, pi. 4, fig. 19.

9.
Liris coxalis Patten, 1892. Ent. News 3: 90. ♀, ♂.

Species Group Abdominalis

This is the equivalent of the subgenus Tachynana Banks.

Tachytes abdominalis (Say)
Kans., Tex. to Ariz., Utah; Mexico. Prey: M elanoplus sp.; Tetrigidae sp.; all
prey were nymphs.
Larra abdominalis Say, 1823. Western Quart. Rptr. 2: 77. ♀.

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 193 (nest, prey).

Tachytes birkmanni Rohwer
Tex., Ariz.

Tachytes birkmanni Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 199. ♀.
Tachytes (Tachynana) atomus Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 433. ♀.
chrysopyga obscurus Cresson. Md., Nebr. and Wash, south to Fla. and Ariz.; north. Mexico.
Prey: Acrididae sp. Typical chrysopyga (Spinola) and other subspp. occur in Mexico,
West Indies, Central and South America.
Tachytes obscurus Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 217. ♀.
Tachytes texanus Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 217. ♂.
Tachytes (Tachynana) hirsutifrons Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 430. ♂.

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 199 (prey).
intermedius (Viereck). N. Y. to Fla., west to Nebr. and Tex. Ecology: Nests in sand and may
make only one cell per nest with several prey per cell. Prey: Tridactylus apicalis Say,
T. minutus Scudd.; both nymphs and adults.
Tachysphex intermedius Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 211. ♂.
Tachytes minutus Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 128. ♂.
Tachytes maestus Mickel, 1916. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 42: 417. ♀.
Tachytes austerus Mickel, 1916. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 42: 417. ♀.
Tachytes (Tachynana) amiculus Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool, Bui. 89: 432. ♂.

Biology: Krombein and Kurczewski, 1963. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc 76: 146 (prey). — Krombein,
1963. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 76: 273 (prey hunt). —Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour.
39: 147-154, figs. 2, 5 (nest, prey hunt and transport). —Kurczewski and Kurczewski, 1971.
Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 44: 132 (prey).

Tachytes obductus Fox
N. Y. to Fla. west to Nebr. and Tex. Ecology: Nests in sand, constructs up to 6
cells per nest, and stores 3-7 prey per cell. Prey: Tetrix o. omata (Say), Tetrigidae sp.;
nymphs and adults.
Tachytes obductus Fox, 1892. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 19: 250. ♀.

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Studies 8: 198 (prey hunting and transport).
—Kurczewski and Kurczewski, 1971. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 44: 133-134, 2 figs, (nest, prey).

Tachytes parvus Fox
N. J. to Fla. west to Idaho and Calif. Prey: Neotettix femoratus (Scudd.) nymph.
Tachytes parvus Fox, 1892. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 19: 249. ♂.
Tachytes (Tachynana) pattoni Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 428. ♀.
Tachytes (Tachynana) arizonicus Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 429. ♀.

Biology: Kurczewski and Kurczewski, 1971. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 44: 134 (prey transport).

Species Group Mergus

This is the equivalent of Tachyoides Banks.




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Tachytes mergus Fox
N. J. to Fla. west to Nebr. and Ariz.; Mexico. Ecology: Nests in pure sand with
high water table, constructs 1-3 cells per nest, and stores 6-13 small prey per cell.
Parasite: Phrosinella fulvicornis (Coq.). Prey: Tridactylus apicalis Say, T. minutus
Scudd.; mostly nymphs but a few adults may be used.

Tachytes mergus Fox, 1892. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 19: 250. ♀.

Tachytes minor Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 127. ♂.

Tachytes obscuranus Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 205. 9, (d misdet.).

Tachyoides ariella Banks, 1942. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 89: 434. ♀.

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1948. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 43: 18-20. 3. —Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent.
Soc, Trans. 90: 287-288, figs. 85-87 (larva).

Biology: Krombein and Kurczewski, 1963. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc 76: 143-150, figs. 1-3 (nest,
prey hunting and transport, egg, life cycle, parasites). —Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc,
Jour. 39: 147-154, figs. 1, 3, 4 (nest, prey hunt and transport).

Genus TACHYSPHEX Kohl

Tachysphex Kohl, 1883. Deut. Ent. Ztschr. 27: 166.

Type-species: Tachysphex filicomis Kohl. Desig. by Bingham, 1897.
Schistosphex Arnold, 1922. Transvaal Mus., Ann. 9: 137.

Type-species: Schistosphex Breijeri Arnold. Orig. desig.
Atelosphex Arnold, 1923. Transvaal Mus., Ann. 9: 177.

Type-species: Atelosphex miscophoides Arnold. Orig. desig.

Members of this genus are ground-nesting and usually construct shallow, multicellular nests in
which one or several prey are stored per cell. All authenticated prey records are for various
kinds of Orthoptera including grasshoppers, mantids, cockroaches, crickets and katydids. In
America north of Mexico members of the Pompiliformis and Terminatus Groups prey mostly
upon Acrididae and occasionally use Tettigoniidae, one member of the Undatus Group uses
Acrididae, two members of the Brullii Group use Blattidae or Tettigoniidae respectively, and
one member of the JuUiani Group uses Mantidae.

Revision: Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 504-533 (N. Amer. spp.).

Taxonomy: Kurczewski, 1971. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 73: 113-114 (key to Fla. spp.).

Biology: Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 436-453, 9 figs, (comparative male
behavior).

Species Group Pompiliformis

Tachysphex acutus (Patton)
East. States north to N. B., Ont., Man., west to S. Dak., Kans., south to N. C.
Larra acuta Patton, 1881. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc. 20: 390. ♀.
Tachysphex bniesi Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 577. ♀.

Tachysphex aethiops (Cresson)
West. States north to B. C., N. W. T. and Sask., south to Calif, and Colo.
Ecology: Constructs nest in sand off side of burrow of Bembix, up to 3 cells per nest,
provides 1 prey per nest. Parasite: Diptera sp. Prey: Trimerotropis suffusa Scudd.?, T.
sp., Acrididae sp. Predator: Philanthus pulcher D. T., P. zebratus nitens (Bks.).
Larrada aethiops Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 465. ♀.

Biology: Evans, 1970. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 140: 489-490 (nest, prey, parasite). —Evans,
1973. Great Basin Nat. 33: 149-150 (nest, prey). — Alcock, 1973. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 31:
329, fig. 5 (nest, prey).

Tachysphex amplus Fox
West. States north to Oreg. and Wyo., south to Calif, and Tex.; Mexico
(Zacatecas).

Tachysphex amplus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 522. ♀, ♂.

Tachysphex gillettei Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 571. ♀.

Tachysphex neomexicanus Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 575. ♀.

Tachysphex angularis Mickel
Nebr. (Sioux Co.).

Tachysphex angularis Mickel, 1916. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 42: 416. ♂.




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Tachysphex antennatus Fox
Transcont., N. H., Mont, and Oreg., south to Va., La., Calif.; Mexico

(Veracruz, Chiapas).
Tachysphex antennatus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 516. ♀.
Tachysphex sculptiloides Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 166. 9. N. syn. (W.

J. Pulawski).
Tachysphex nigrocaudatus Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 167. 9, d. N.

syn. (W. J. Pulawski).

Tachysphex crassiformis Viereck
N. C, Kans., Wyo., Calif, south to Fla., Tex., Ariz.; south through Mexico

and Central America to Colombia and Venezuela. Ecology: Makes 1-celled nest in flat,

loose sand, stores 1-3 prey per cell. Prey: Psinidia fenestralis (Serv.), Scirtetica

marmorata picta Scudd., Tryxalinae sp.; only nymphs have been reported as prey.
Tachysphex crassiformis Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 210. ♀.
Tachysphex wheeleri Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 579. 9. N. syn. (W. J.

Pulawski).
Tachysphex plenoculiformis Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 167. ♀. N. syn.

(W. J. Pulawski).
Tachysphex boharti Krombein, 1963. Ent. News 74: 177. 9, d. N. syn. (W.J. Pulawski).
Tachysphex gibbus Pulawski, 1974. Polskie Pismo Ent. 44: 20, figs. 9-17. N. syn. (W. J.

Pulawski).

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 201-202 (prey). —Krombein, 1963. Ent.

News 74: 179-180 (nest, prey transport).

Tachysphex crenulatus Fox
N. Mex., Ariz., Calif.

Tachysphex creiudatus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 512. ♀.

Tachysphex decorus Fox
N. Dak.

Tachysphex decorus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 524. ♀.

Tachysphex eldoradensis Rohwer
Calif., Oreg., Wyo., Canad. Zone. Ecology: Occurs in openings in forests.

Tachysphex eldoradensis Rohwer, 1917. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 53: 245. ♀.

Tachysphex erythraeus Mickel
Nebr. (Sioux Co.).

Tachysphex erythraeus Mickel, 1916. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 42: 415. ♀.

Tachysphex glabrior Williams
Kans., Tex.; Mexico (Puebla, San Luis Potosi), El Salvador, Costa Rica,
Venezuela.

Tachysphex glabrior Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 170. ♀, ♂.

Tachysphex hurdi Bohart
Oreg., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).

Tachysphex hurdi Bohart, 1962. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 75: 33, figs. 13-15. ♂, ♀.

Tachysphex krombeini Kurczewski
Fla., Ga. Ecology: Makes 1-celled nest in flat sand and stores up to 7
prey. Prey: Melanopius sp. nymphs; Odoyitoxiphidium apterum Morse nymph.

Tachysphex krombeini Kurczewski, 1971. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 73: 111, 1 fig. 8,9.

Biology: Kurczewski, 1971. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 73: 115-116 (nest, prey hunt and transport,
egg)-

Tachysphex laevifrons (Smith)
N. C, Fla., Kans., Tex. Ecology: Makes 1-celled nest in flat vegetated sand,
stores 1 or a few larger prey. Prey: Melanopius sp. nymphs.
Larrada laevifrons Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 291. ♀.
Tachysphex leensis Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 578. 9. N. syn. (W. J.

Pulawski).
Tachysphex consimiloides Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 164. ♀. N. syn.
(W. J. Pulawski).

Biology: Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 439 (male behavior). —Krombein, 1967.
U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2, Sup. 2, p. 393 (prey). —Kurczewski, 1971. Ent. Soc. Wash.,
Proc. 73: 114-116 (nest, prey).

Tachysphex montanus (Cresson)
Mont., Wyo., Colo., Utah, Nev., Calif., B. C.

Larrada montana Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 465. ♀.
Tachysphex inusitatus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 524. ♂.
Tachysphex compactus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 528. ♂.
Tachysphex triquetrus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 528. 9. N. syn. (W.
J. Pulawski).




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Tachysphex parvulus (Cresson)
Colo., Wyo., Idaho, Oreg.; Canad. Zone. Ecology: Nests in sand bank with
dense vegetation, 1 cell per nest, 1-2 prey per cell. Parasite: Miltogrammini sp. Prey:
Acrididae spp.

Larrada parvula Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 465. ♂.

Tachysphex consimilis Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 526. ♀, ♂.

Tackysphex agryrotrichus Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 4: 572. ♂.

Biology: Alcock, 1973. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 31: 329-331, fig. 9 (nest, prey capture and
transport, parasite).

Tachysphex pauxillus Fox
B. C, Wash., Oreg., Idaho, Colo., Utah, Calif. Ecology: Nests in sand. Parasite:
Senotainia sp. ? Prey: Melanoplus sp. nymph. Predator: Philanthus pulcher D. T.
Tachysphex pauxillus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 530. ♀.
Tachysphex nigrior Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 530. ♀, ♂. N. syn.
(W. J. Pulawski).

Biology: Evans, 1970. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 140: 490 (nest, prey, parasite, predator).

Tachysphex pechumani Krombein
N. Y., N. J., Mich. Ecology: Nests in sparsely vegetated pine barrens.
Tachysphex tarsatus pechumani Krombein, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 468. ♀.

Taxonomy: Kurczewski, Elliott and Vasey, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 1594-1597, 5 figs.
9,6.

Tachysphex powelli Bohart
Calif.

Tachysphex powelli Bohart, 1962. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 75: 35, figs. 1-3. cJ, 9.

Tachysphex psilocerus Kohl
Colo.; Mexico (Baja California, Durango, Mexico).

Tachysphex psilocerus Kohl, 1884 (1883). Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 33: 374. ♀.
Tachysphex helianthi Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 570. 9. N. syn. (W. J.

Pulawski).
Tachysphex nitelopteroides Williams, 1958. Pan-Pacific Ent. 34: 207, fig. 1. ♀, ♂. N. syn.
(W. J. Pulawski).

Tachysphex punctifrons (Fox)
U. S. east of Rocky Mts., north to Mich, and N. Y. Prey: Melanoplus sp.
probably bivittatus (Say).
Larra punctifrons Fox, 1891. Ent. News 2: 194. ♀.

Tachysphex fedorensis Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 576. ♀, ♂.

Tachysphex quebecensis (Provancher)
Que., Ont., Alta., N. W. T., Maine, Mass.
Larra quebecensis Provancher, 1882. Nat. Canad. 13: 150. ♀, ♂.
Larra abdominalis Provancher, 1887. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., p. 266.
Lapsus.

Tachysphex sculptilis Fox
Nebr. (Blaine Co.), Colo., Ariz., Nev., Calif.; montane.

Tachysphex asperatus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 516. 9. N. syn. (W.

J. Pulawski).
Tachysphex sculptilis Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 517. ♀.
Tachysphex nigrescens Rohwer, 1908. Ent. News 19: 220. 9. N. syn. (W. J. Pulawski).
Tachysphex sphecodoides Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 578. ♀.

Tachysphex semirufus (Cresson)
Yukon to Calif., east to Ont., Wyo., Colo., Ariz. Prey: Melanoplus spretus
(Walsh), young nymphs.
Larrada semirufa Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 464. ♀.
Tachysphex punctulatus Smith, 1906. Ent. News 17: 246. ♀. Preocc.
Tachysphex puncticeps Smith, 1908. Nebr. Univ., Studies 8: 381. N. name.
Tachysphex giffardi Rohwer, 1917. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 53: 244. ♀.

Biology: Riley, 1878. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ent. Comn. Rpt. 1: 317 (prey).

Tachysphex sonorensis (Cameron)
U. S. west of 100 degrees; Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua,
Puebla).
Larra sonorensis Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.- Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 50. ♀.
Tachysphex dakotensis Rohwer, 1923. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 25: 98. 9 . N. syn. (W. J.

Pulawski).
Tachysphex schlingeri Bohart, 1962. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 75: 36, figs. 4-6. ♂, ♀. N. syn.
(W. J. Pulawski).




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Tachysphex tarsatus (Say)
Transcont. in U. S., Canad., Transit., and Austr. Zones.; Mexico (Baja

California, Jalisco). Ecology: Makes unicellular nest in a variety of vegetated, sandy
soils. Parasite: Diptera sp. Prey: Melanoplus spp., Trimerotropis sp. ?; only nymphs
have been reported as prey.

Lan-a tarsata Say, 1823. Western Quart. Rptr. 2: 78. ♀.

Tachysphex dubius Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 515. ♂. Preocc.

Tachijsphex dubiosus Dalla Torre, 1897. Cat. Hym., v. 8, p. 679. N. name.

Tachysphex hitei Rohwer, 1908. Ent. News 19: 221. ♀.

Tachysphex sangnmosus Mickel, 1916. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 42: 414. 9. N. syn. (W. J.
Pulawski).

Tachysphex zirmneri Mickel, 1916. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 42: 415. ♀.

Biology: Riley, 1880. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ent. Comn. Rpt. 2: 270-271 (prey). — Peckham and

Peckham, 1900. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 1: 89-90 (nest, prey transport). —Williams, 1914

(1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 17: 203-206, fig. 117 (nest, prey hunt and transport).

— Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 439 (nest). —Evans, 1970. Mus. Compar.

Zool., Bui. 140: 490 (prey transport, nest). — Alcock and Gamboa, 1975. Ariz. Acad. Sci.,

Jour. 10: 164 (nest, prey).

Tachysphex tenuipunctus Fox
West. Canada and U. S. in mountains south to Ariz., N. Mex. Ecology:
Makes unicellular nest in sandy rangeland, stores 1-2 prey. Parasite: Taxigramma
heteroneura (Meig.); Sphaeropthalnia orestes (Fox). Prey: Oedaleonotus enigma
(Scudd.), Atdocara elliotti (Thom.), Melanoplus sp.; only nymphs have been recorded as
prey.

Tachysphex tenuipunctus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Proc. 45: 525. ♀.

Tachysphex granulosus Mickel, 1916. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 42: 413. ♀.

Biology: Newton, 1956. Jour. Econ. Ent. 49: 615-619 (nest, prey hunt and transport, life cycle,
egg, larva, cocoon, parasite).

Tachysphex texanus (Cresson)
Transcont., north to N. Y., Mich., Mont., south to Fla., Tex., Ariz., Calif.;
Mexico (Jalisco). Prey: Oedipodinae sp. nymph.
Lan-ada texana Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 214. ♀, ♂.
Tachysphex sepulcralis Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 169. ♀, ♂. N. syn.

(W. J. Pulawski).
Tachysphex maneei Banks, 1921. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 14: 19. 9. N. syn. (W. J. Pulawski).

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 206 (prey).

Tachysphex williamsi Bohart
Calif. (San Francisco Co.).

Tachsphex ivilliamsi Bohart, 1962. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 75: 38, figs. 10-12. ♂, ♀.

Species Group Terminatus

Tachysphex alpestris Rohwer
N. W. T., Alta., B. C. to Calif., eastwards to Wye, Nebr., Colo, and N. Mex.,
south to Costa Rica.
Tachysphex foxii var. alpestris Rohwer, 1908. Ent. News 19: 233. ♀.

Tachysphex apicalis
***authority mismatch
apicalis Fox, n. status (W. J. Pulawski). D. C, N. C, Ga., Fla. Ecology: Makes

multicellular nests with up to 7 prey per cell in open sand, frequently in sand cliffs.
Prey: Melanoplus sp. possibly pner (Scudd.) nymph, Acrididae sp.
Tachysphex apicalis Fox, 1893. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 1: 53. ♀, ♂.
Tachysphex fumipennis Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc 45: 518. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 288-289, figs. 99-103 (larva).

Biology: Krombein, 1964. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2201: 15 (nest, prey transport, egg).
—Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 436-453, figs. 2, 3, 5, 6b, 8, 9 (nest, male
behavior). —Kurczewski and Snyder, 1968. Conservationist 23 (2): 30-31, 6 figs, (nest,
prey).

Tachysphex apicalis
***authority mismatch
fusus Fox, n. status (W. J. Pulawski). Transcont. except southeast. U. S., north to Md.,
Ky., N. Dak., Wash., south to Central America; introduced into Hawaii. Ecology: Nests
in mortar between foundation rocks, in abandoned insect burrows in ground, in earthen
bank and sand cliffs, stores several prey per cell in multicellular nests. Prey:




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Melanoplus sp., Chortopliaga sp., Oxya sp. ?, Tryxalinae sp.; only nymphs are used so

far as recorded.
Tachysphex fusns Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 519. ♀, ♂.
Tachysphex foxii Rohwer, 1908. Ent. News 19: 222. ♀.

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 201 (prey, nest). — Rau and Rau, 1918.
Wasp Studies Afield, pp. 149-150 (nest). — Kurczewski and Snyder, 1968. Conservationist
23 (2): 30-31 (nest, prey).

Tachysphex clarconis Viereck
Western States north to B. C, Wash, and Wyo., south to Calif, and N. Mex.
Tachysphex clarconis Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 211. ♀.
Tachysphex plesia Rohwer, 1917. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 53: 245. 9. N. syn. (W. J.
Pulawski).

Tachysphex linsleyi Bohart
Western States north to Idaho and Wyo., eastwards to Colo, and Tex., south
to Calif.; Mexico. Prey: Acrididae sp. nymph.
Tachysphex linsleyi Bohart, 1962. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 75: 35, figs. 7-9. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Krombein, 1967. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2, Sup. 2, p. 393 (prey).

Tachysphex similis Rohwer
North to N. B. and Sask., west to Alta., Utah, N. Mex.; Mexico. Ecology:
Nests in open sand, makes multicellular nest, stores 4-10 prey per cell. Parasite:
Hedychridium fletcheri Bod. Prey: Radinotatum sp., Atenopedes sp., Schistocerca sp.,
Melanoplus sp.; only nymphs have been recorded as prey.
Tachysphex similis Rohwer, 1910. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 12: 51. ♀, ♂.
Tachysphex similans Rohwer, 1910. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 12: 52. ♀.

Taxonomy: Elliott and Kurczewski, 1974. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 67: 725-727, 2 figs, (character
displacement).

Biology: Krombein and Evans, 1955. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 57: 231 (prey transport).
—Krombein, 1964. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2201: 15-17, fig. 1 (nest, prey transport, egg).

— Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 436-453, fig. 4 (nest, male behavior).

— Kurczewski, 1967. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 40: 278-284 (parasite).

Tachysphex terminatus (Smith)
Transcont. except Fla. and Pacific States, north to P. E. I., Que., Ont.,
Man., Sask., N. W. T., south to Colombia and north, brazil. Parasite: Anthrax a.
albofasciatus Macq.; Phrosinella fulvicomis (Coq.), Senotainia trilineata (Wulp). Prey:
Phaneroptera spp.; Chortophaga viridifasciata DeG., Chloealtis conspersa Harr.,
Chorthippus curtipennis (Harr.), Dissosteira Carolina (L.), Pardalophora apiculata
Harr. ?, Melanoplus biviitatus (Say), M . femun-ubrum (DeG.), M. keeleri luridus
(Dodge), M. spp., Tryxalus spp., Tryxalinae sp., Syrbula admirabilis Uhl,
Dichromorpha viridis Scudd.; all recorded prey were nymphs.

Larrada terminata Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 291. ♂.

Larra minor Provancher, 1887. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., p. 268. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 118, figs. 21-28 (larva). —Elliott and
Kurczewski, 1974. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 67: 725-727, 2 figs, (character displacement).

Biology: Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 7: 63 (prey). -Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8:
201 (prey). —Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp Studies Afield, pp. 144-149 (nest, prey transport).

— Rau, 1927. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 188-190 (nest, prey, life cycle). —Rau, 1946.
Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 41: 10. — Strandtmann, 1953. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 26: 49-51, fig. 2
(nest, prey transport, life cycle). —Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 317-322, 1
fig. (nest, prey transport). —Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 436-453, figs. 1,
6a, 7 (nest, male behavior, mating). —Kurczewski and Harris, 1968. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour.
76: 81-83 (parasites, nest). —Kurczewski and Snyder, 1968. Conservationist 23 (2): 28-31, 5
figs, (nest, prey, life cycle, parasite). —Evans, 1970. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 140: 491
(nest, prey).

Species Group Undatus

Tachysphex ashmeadii Fox
Oreg. to Calif., east to centr. Tex., Kans. and Wyo. in deserts. Ecology: Nests
in sand. Prey: Metator sp. nymph, Cordillacris crenulata (Brun.) adult, Trachyrhachys
kiowa (Thom.) adult, Opeia sp. nymph, Phlibostroma sp. adult.
Tachysphex ashmeadii Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 509. ♀.




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Tacky sphex posterns Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., Proc. 45: 510. ♀.
Tachyspkex spinosus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 511. ♀.
Tachysphex spissatus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 515. ♂.
Lai-ra rnfipes Provancher, 1895. Nat. Canad. 22: 129. ♀.
Tachyspkex propinquus Viereck, 1904. Ent. News 15: 85. 9. N. syn. (W. J. Pulawski).

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Studies 8: 202-203, fig. 112 (nest, prey hunt
and transport). — Krombein, 1967. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2, Sup. 2, pp. 392-393 (prey).
— Alcock and Gamboa, 1975. Ariz. Acad. Sci., Jour. 10: 164 (nest, prey).

Species Group Brullh

Tachysphex alayoi Pulawski
Fla. (Dania in Broward Co.); West Indies, Cuba to Virgin Islands. Prey:
Blattidae sp. nymph.
Tachyspkex alayoi Pulawski, 1974. Polskie Pismo Ent. 44: 84, figs. 121-128. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Pulawski, 1974. Polskie Pismo Ent. 44: 87 (prey).

Tachysphex belfragei (Cresson)
D. C. to Fla. west to Iowa, Nebr., Tex. Prey: Conocepkahis sp. nymphs'.
Larrada belfragei Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 215. ♀.
Tachytes minimus Fox, 1892. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 19: 248. ♀.

Biology: Krombein, 1967. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2, Sup. 2, p. 392 (prey).

Tachysphex maurus Rohwer
Tex. to Ariz.; Mexico (Sonora).

Tachyspkex maurus Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 575. ♀, ♂.

Tachysphex mundus Fox
Transcontinental, north to south. Canada, south to Mexico (Chiapas).

Larra rufitarsis Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 50, pi. 4, fig. 11. ♂.

Preocc. N. syn. (W. J. Pulawski).
Tachyspkex aequalis Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 517. 6. N. syn. (W.

J. Pulawski).
Tackyspkex exsectus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 526. ♀ (♂ misdet.).

N. syn. (W. J. Pulawski).
Tachyspkex mundus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 531. ♀, ♂.
Tachyspkex johnsoni Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 573. 9. N. syn. (W. J.

Pulawski).
Tackyspkex opwanus Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 574. 6. N. syn. (W. J.

Pulawski).
Tackyspkex robustior Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 164. 6. N. syn. (W. J.

Pulawski).
Tackyspkex crenuloides Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 168. 9. N. syn. (W.

J. Pulawski).
Tackyspkex waskingtoni Rohwer, 1917. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 53: 172. 9. N. syn. (W. J.

Pulawski).

Species Group Julliani

Tachysphex cockerellae Rohwer
Calif., Nev., Ariz.; Mexico south to Colombia.

Tackyspkex cockerellae Rohwer 1914. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 47: 518. ♂.

Tachysphex coquilletti Rohwer
Kans., Okla., Colo., N. Mex., Ariz., Nev., Calif.; Mexico (Baja California,
Durango, Zacatecas). Prey: Litoneutria minor (Scudd.), L. sp., nymph.

Tachysphex coquilletti Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl Mus., Proc. 40: 572. ♀, ♂.

Tachyspkex dentatus Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 169. ♀.

Biology: Kurczewski, 1966. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 39: 317 (prey). —Krombein, 1967. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Monog. 2, Sup. 2, p. 393 (prey). —Alcock and Gamboa, 1975. Ariz. Acad. Sci.,
Jour. 10: 164-165 (nest, orientation flight, prey).

Genus PROSOPIGASTRA Costa

Prosopigastra Costa, 1867. Mus. Zool. Napoli Ann. 4: 88.

Type-species: Prosopigastra puiictatissima Costa. Monotypic
Homogambrns Kohl, 1889. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 4: 191.

Type-species: Tackyspkex globiceps Morawitz. Monotypic.
Hologambrus Morice, 1897. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 309. Lapsus or emend.




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Three Old World species make multicellular nests in soil, and two of them utilize pre-existing
burrows of other insects. Prey consists of Hemiptera and Homoptera belonging to the families
Lygaeidae, Tropiduchidae or Pentatomidae.

Prosopigastra nearctica Bohart
Calif., Ariz.

Prosopigastra nearctica Bohart, 1958. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 60: 122, 6 figs. S, 9.

Subfamily MISCOPHINAE

Two inadequate revisions are listed under the heading Subfamily Larrinae.

Genus LYRODA Say

Lyrops subg. Lyroda Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 372.

Type-species: Lyrops (Lyroda) sitbita Say. Desig. by Patten, 1881.
Morphota Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 293.

Type-species: Morphota fasciata Smith. Desig. by Pate, 1937.
Odontolarra Cameron, 1900. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 5: 35.

Type-species: Odontolarra riifiventris Cameron. Monotypic.
Lyrodon Howard, 1901. Insect Book, pi. 6, fig. 5. Lapsus. Preocc.

These wasps are ground-nesting and may utilize pre-existing burrows or cavities. One North
American species preys upon crickets (Gryllidae) and several extralimital species use grouse
locusts (Tetrigidae).

Lyroda subita (Say)
Transcont. in south Canada and U. S. Ecology: Nests in pre-existing burrows or
cavities, makes up to 2 cells per nest and stores up to 9 prey per cell. Parasite: Metopia
argyrocephala (Meig.). Prey: Nemobius carolhms Scudd., N.fasciatus (DeG.), N. spp.;
nymphs.

Lyrops (Lyroda) subita Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 372. ♀.

Larrada arcuata Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 293. ♀.

Lyroda cockerelli Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 369. ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 281-282, figs. 78-84 (larva).

Biology: Patton, 1892. Ent. News 3: 90 (prey transport). — Peckham and Peckham, 1898. Wis.
Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 2: 169-171 (nest, prey transport, life cycle). —Peckham and
Peckham, 1905. Wasps, Social and Solitary, pp. 253-256 (nest, prey transport, life cycle).

— Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 96: 282 (nest, prey transport, parasite).

— Kurczewski and Kurczewski, 1971. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 44: 132 (prey).

Lyroda triloba (Say)
Canada, D. C, 111., Ind., Kans., La., Tex.

Lyrops (Lyroda) triloba Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 372. ♀.
Lyrops (Lyroda) caliptera Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 373. Lapsus.

Genus PLENOCULUS Fox

Ple7ioculHS Fox, 1893. Psyche 6: 554.

Type-species: Plenociilus davisi Fox. Monotypic.
Ptygosphex Gussakovskij, 1928. Inst. Zool. Appl. Phytopath., Leningrad, Bui. 4: 18.
Misspelled Ptigosphex in generic heading.

Type-species: Ptygosphex mnrgabensis Gussakovskij. Orig. desig.
Pavlovskia Gussakovskij, 1935. Trav. Fil. Acad. Sci. URSS, Tadjikistan 5: 424.

Type-species: Pavlovskia tadzliika Gussakovskij. Orig. desig.

These wasps nest in sand and construct 1- or multicelled nests. In North America several taxa
prey upon Hemiptera or Homoptera but one species uses pyralidid caterpillars as prey.

Revision: Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 1-49, 90 figs. (N. Amer. spp.).

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1899. Psyche 8: 337-338 (key to some N. Amer. spp.).

Plenoculus boharti Williams
Southern Calif.

Plenoculus boharti Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc (4) 31: 28, figs. 40, 61, 83, 84. ♀.

S.




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Plenoculus boregensis
***authority mismatch
boregensis Williams. Calif. (Borego in San Diego Co.).

Plenoculus boregensis boregensis Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 20, figs.
26-29. ♀, ♂.

Plenoculus boregensis
***authority mismatch
perniger Williams. Calif. (Thousand Palms).

Plenoculus boregensis perniger Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 21. ♂.

Plenoculus cockerellii Fox
Southern Calif, to western Tex.; Mexico (Baja California, Guerrero). Ecology:
Nests in sand. Prey: Pyralididae spp. larvae.
Plenoculus Cockerellii Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc, 45: 538. ♀.

Biology: Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 46-47 (nest, prey transport).

Plenoculus cuneatus Williams
Southern Calif, and Nev.

Plenoculus cuneahis Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 12, figs. 10, 17, 18, 24,
25. ♀, ♂.

Plenoculus davisi
***authority mismatch
atlanticus Viereck. Coastal Conn, to Fla., Tex. Ecology: Nests in open sand, provides up
to 7 prey per cell. Prey: Phytocoris sp. nymphs and adult.
Plenoculus atlanticus Viereck, 1902. Ent. News 13: 74. ♂.

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1955. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 57: 146.

Biology: Kurczewski, 1968. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 41: 181, 191, 192, 194-199, 202, 205 (nest,

prey transport, egg).

Plenoculus davisi
***authority mismatch
davisi Fox. Conn, to Fla. west to Alaska, B. C, Idaho and Calif.; Mexico (Baja

California, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Durango). Ecology: Nests in sand, constructs 1-4 cells per
nest and stores 2-24 prey per cell. Prey: Arhyssus lateralis (Say) adult; Aphidae sp.
immature; Adelpliocoris rapidus (Say), Amblytyius nasutus (Kirschb.), Campylonuna
verbasci (Meyer), Chlamydatus associatus (Uhl.), Collaria sp. ?, Halticus bracteatus
(Say), Lopidea robiniae (Uhl.), Lygus lineolaris (Beauv.), Neolygus sp. ?, Orthocephalus
niutabilis (Fall), Orthotylus chorionis (Say), 0. marginatus (Uhl.), 0. quercicola Knight,
0. sp., Pilophorus amoemis Uhl., P. sp., Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff), P. poliius
Uhl., P. sp., Poecilocapsus lineatus (F.), Psallus seriatus Reut. ?, Stenotus binotatus
(F.), Trigonotylus ruficomis (Geoff.), T. sp., Mirinae spp., Phylini spp.; adults are stored
more commonly than nymphs. Predator: Philanthus pulcher D. T., P. crabroniformis
Sm.

Plenoculus davisi Fox, 1893. Psyche 6: 554. ♀, ♂.

Plenoculus abdominalis Ashmead, 1899. Psyche 8: 339. ♂.

Plenoculus apicalis Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 175. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1959. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 166-167, figs. 54-59 (larva).

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 207-208, fig. 120 (nest, prey transport).

—Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 46 (prey). —Evans, 1961. Ent. News 72:

223-228 (nest, prey transport, life cycle). —Kurczewski, 1968. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 41:

179-207, 20 figs, (nest, prey transport, egg). —Evans, 1970. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 140:

488 (nest, prey, predator).

Plenoculus davisi
***authority mismatch
gracilis Williams. Calif. (Riverside Co.).

Plenoculus davisi gracilis Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 42, fig. 54. ♀.

Plenoculus davisi
***authority mismatch
mojavensis Williams. Southern Calif., Ariz., N. Mex.

Plenoculus davisi mojavensis Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 39, figs. 86, 88.
9, i.

Plenoculus davisi
***authority mismatch
transversus Williams. Calif. (Tulare and Riverside Counties).

Plenoculus davisi transversus Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 40, figs. 8, 57,
59. ♀.

Plenoculus deserti Williams
Southern Calif.

Plenoculus deserti Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 26, figs. 85, 87. ♂, ♀.

Plenoculus gillaspyi Krombein
Tex. (Williamson Co.).

Plenoculus gillaspyi Krombein, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 468. ♀.

Plenoculus palmarum Williams
Southern Calif.

Plenoculus palmarum Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 22, figs. 9, 36, 37, 71,
73,78. ♂, ♀.




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Plenoculus parvus Fox
N. Mex. (Las Cruces).

Plenocuhdi parvus Fox, 1897. Ent. News 8: 71. ♀.

Plenoculus propinquus Fox
Wash, to Calif, east to Idaho, Colo., N. Mex. Ecology: Nests in open sand.
Prey: Lijgns desertus Knight, Miridae sp.; adults.

Plenoculus propinquus Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 537. ♀.

Plenocuius propinquus var. rufescens Cockerell, 1898. Davenport Acad. Sci., Proc. 7: 144.

Biology: Kurczewski, 1968. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 41: 181, 191, 197, 198, 202 (nest, prey
transport, egg). —Evans, 1970. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 140: 488 (nest, prey).

Plenoculus sinuatus Williams
Southern Calif.

Plenoculus sinuatus Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 7, figs. 30, 32, 35. ♀, ♂.

Plenoculus stygius Williams
Southern Calif, and Ariz. Prey: Miridae sp.

Plenoculus stygius Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 31, figs. 5, 62, 90. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 46 (prey).

Plenoculus timberlakei Williams
Southern Calif, and Ariz.

Plenoculus timberlakei Williams, 1960. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 31: 11, figs. 2, 11, 19-22,
31,38,47,49,52,77. ♀, ♂.

Genus SOLIERELLA Spinola

Solierella Spinola, 1851. In Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., v. 6, p. 349.

Type-species: Solierella tniscoplioides Spinola. Monotypic.
Silaon Piccioli, 1869. Soc. Ent. Ital., Bol. 1: 282.

Type-species: Silaon compedita Piccioli. Monotypic.
Sylaon Piccioli, 1870. Soc. Ent. Ital., Bol. 2: pi. 1. Lapsus or emend.
Niteliopsis Saunders, 1873. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 410.

Type-species: Niteliopsis pisonoides Saunders. Monotypic.
Ammosphecidium Kohl, 1878. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 27: 701.

Type-species: Amniosphecidiuni Helleri Kohl. Monotypic.
Sylaon Kohl, 1885. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 34: 290. Emend, or lapsus.
Lautara Herbst. 1920. Mus. Nac. Chile, Bol. 11: 217.

Type-species: Lautara Jaffueli Herbst. Monotypic.

Our species usually build multicelled nests in pre-existing cavities in lumber, twigs, stems,
galls, nut hulls, or in abandoned burrows in the ground. The prey of some North American spe-
cies has been recorded as Hemiptera of several families, Acrididae and Psocoptera.

Revision: Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 355-417 (Calif, spp.).

Taxonomy: Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 108-110 (key to some spp.).

Solierella abdominalis Williams
Calif.

Solierella abdominalis Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 381. ♀, ♂.

Solierella affinis (Rohwer)
Kans., Colo., Wyo., Idaho, Calif. Ecology: Nests in soil, possibly in
pre-existing burrows, stores 4 or more prey per cell. Prey: Nabis sp. nymphs.
Niteliopsis affinis Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 113. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Evans, 1970. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 140: 488-489 (nest, prey).

Solierella albipes (Ashmead)
Colo., Idaho, Calif.

Plenoculus albipes Ashmead, 1899. Psyche 8: 339. ♂.

Solierella arcuata Williams
Calif. (San Rafael, Menlo Park).

Solierella arcuata Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 378. ♀, ♂.

Solierella australis Williams
Calif. (Riverside).

Solierella australis Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 379. ♀, ♂.

Solierella bicolor Williams
Calif.

Solierella bicolor Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc (4) 26: 382. ♀.

Solierella blaisdelli (Bridwell)
Calif., Ariz., Idaho. Ecology: Nests in stems of Eriogonum, sumac,

elderberry, raspberry, and in borings in wood. Parasite: Pseudolopyga faylori (Bod.),




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HedychrkUum solierellae Boh. and Brum.; Lomachaeta variegata Mick. Prey: Nysius
raphanus How., N. teiiellus Barber, N. erkae minutus Uhl., N. sp.; nymphs.
Silaon blaisdelii Bridwell, 1920. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4: 401. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1958. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 123, fig. 42 (larva). —Evans, 1964. Amer.
Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 285 (larva).

Biology: Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 394 (prey). —Parker and Bohart, 1966.
Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (nest, parasite). — Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees,
pp. 177-178 (nest, prey, parasite, life cycle). — Carrillo, 1967. Pan-Pacific Ent. 43: 201-203
(larval instars). —Parker and Bohart, 1968. Pan-Pacific Ent. 44: 3 (nest, parasites).
—Carrillo and Caltagirone, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 676-677 (nest, prey, parasites,
life cycle).

Solierella boharti Williams
Calif.

Solierella boharti Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc (4) 26: 366. ♀.
Solierella lasseni Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 366. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Williams, 1953. Pan-Pacific Ent. 29: 157 (synonymy).

Solierella boregensis Williams
Calif. (San Diego Co.).

Solierella boregensis Williams, 1958. Pan-Pacific Ent. 34: 208, fig. 2. ♀, ♂.

Solierella bridwelli Williams
Calif.

Solierella bridwelli Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc (4) 26: 384. ♀, ♂.
californica Williams. Calif. (Los Angeles).

Solierella californica Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 387. ♀, ♂.

Solierella clypeata Williams
Calif.

Solierella clypeata Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 376. ♀.

Solierella corizi Williams
Calif., Tex. Ecology: Nests in burrows of other insects in soil, makes 2-3 cells
per nest and stores 3-4 prey per cell. Prey: Corizus hyalinus (F.) adult and nymphs;
Perilabus abbreviatiis (Uhl.) nymph.
Solierella corizi Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 372. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 392-394 (nest, prey transport).

Solierella fossor (Rohwer)
Colo., N. Mex., Ariz. Prey: Oedipodinae sp. nymph.

Nitelioptiisfoxii Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 207. 9. Preocc
Niteliopsis fossor Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 116 9, 6.

Biology: Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 116 (prey).

Solierella foxii (Viereck)
N. J. (North Woodbury).

Plenoculus foxii Viereck, 1902. Ent. News 13: 73. ♀, ♂.
inertnis (Cresson). N. C, Fla., 111. to Tex. west to Idaho and Colo. Ecology: Nests in abandoned
burrows of other arthropods in sand or clay. Prey: Thyanta pallidovirens (Stal);
Harmostes reflexulus (Say), Liorhyssus hyalinatns (F.),; Chariestems antennator (F.);
Rhynocoris ventralis (Say)?; Miridae sp.; all prey stored were nymphs.
Nysso7i^ inei-me Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 224. ♀.

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 208-209, pi. 30, fig. 119 (nest, prey).
— Kurczewski, 1967. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 40: 203-208, 1 fig. (nest, prey, egg).

Solierella kansensis (Williams)
Kans.

Niteliopsis kansensis Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 178. ♀.
levis Williams. Calif.

Solierella levis Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 383. ♀.

Solierella lucida (Rohwer)
Colo. (Boulder).

Niteliopsis lucidns Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 109. ♂.

Solierella major (Rohwer)
Wash., Calif.

Silaon major Rohwer, 1917. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 53: 247. ♀.

Solierella masoni Williams
Calif. (Thousand Palms).

Solierella ntasoni Williams, 1959. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc 61: 74, 5 figs. 9,6.

Solierella mirifica Pate
Ariz. (Pima Co.).

Solierella (Silaon) mirificus Pate, 1934. Ent. News 45: 243. ♂.




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Solierella modesta (Rohwer)
Colo. (Boulder).

Niteliopsis modestiis Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 116. ♂.

Solierella nigrans Krombein
W. Va., Colo., Calif.

Niteliopsis niger Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 115. ♀, ♂. Preocc.

Solierella nigrans Krombein, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2: 943. N. name.

Solierella nitens Williams
Calif. Ecology: Nests in ground.

Solierella nitens WiUiams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 376. ♀.

Biology: Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 395 (nest).

Solierella peckhami (Ashmead)
N. Y. to Fla. west to Idaho and Calif.; adventive in Hawaii and Marshall
Islands. Ecology: Nests in cavities in twigs, stems of elderberry, sumac, raspberry, and
in cavities in almond hulls. Parasite: Pseiidolopyga taylori (Bod.). Prey: Nysius
raphanus How., N. tenellus Barber, N. ericae minutus Uhl., N. sp., Pachybrachius sp.;
nymphs.

Plenoculus peckhami Ashmead, 1897. Psyche 8: 130. 6-

Plenociilus niger Ashmead, 1899. Psyche 8: 339. ♀.

Silaon rohweri Bridwell, 1920. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4: 398.

Solierella (Silaon) arenaria Krombein, 1939. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 34: 139. ♀.

Taxonomy: Carrillo and Caltagirone, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 673, figs. 3-6 (egg, larva,
pupa).

Biology: Peckham and Peckham, 1905. Wasps, Social and Solitary, pp. 95-96 (nest, prey).
— Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp Studies Afield, pp. 134-135 (nest, parasite). —Bridwell, 1920.
Hawaii Ent. Soc, Proc. 4: 399-400 (nest, prey). —Williams, 1926. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc 6:
442-444, figs. 4-7 (nest, prey, life cycle). —Rau, 1928. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25:
375-378, figs. 48, 49 (nest, life cycle). —Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 394
(prey). —Carrillo, 1967. Pan-Pacific Ent. 43: 201-203 (larval instars). —Carrillo and
Caltagirone, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 673-676, figs. 1, 2, 7 (nest, prey, life cycle,
parasites).

Solierella plenoculoides
***authority mismatch
plenoculoides (Fox). N. H. to Va., west to Colo, and Tex., Ariz. Ecology: Nests
in galls on goldenrod of Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch).
Niteliopsis plenoculoides Fox, 1893. Psyche 6: 555. ♀.

Biology: Krombein, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2: 943 (nest).

Solierella plenoculoides
***authority mismatch
similis (Bridwell). Calif., Oreg. Ecology: Nests in borings in stems of Sambucus,
Foenicidmn, Eriogonum and Umbelliferae, stores up to 4 prey per cell. Parasite:
Senotainia trilineata (Wulp); Eurytoma stig^ni Ashm.; Lomachaeta variegata Mick.
Prey: Acrididae sp. nymphs.
Silaon similis Bridwell, 1920. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc 4: 402. ♀.

Biology: Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 391-392 (nest, prey). —Parker and
Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (nest, parasites).

Solierella prosopidis Williams
Calif. (San Bernardino Co.). On flowers of Prosopis.

Solierella mandibidaris Williams, 1958. Pan-Pacific Ent. 34: 212, figs. 4, 4a. 9. Preocc.
Solierella prosopidis Williams, 1959. Pan-Pacific Ent. 35: 116. N. name.

Solierella sayi (Rohwer)
Colo., Calif. Ecology: Nests in sand, stores several prey per cell. Prey: Psocits
califoniicus Bks. adults; Lepidilla kelloggi Ribago.
Niteliopsis sayi Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 114. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 395 (nest, prey).

Solierella semirugosa Williams
Calif. (San Diego, Riverside and Yolo Counties).

Solierella semirugosa Williams, 1958. Pan-Pacific Ent. 34: 210, figs. 3-3d. 9, c5.

Solierella sonorae Williams
Calif.

Solierella sonorae Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 368. ♀.

Solierella striatipes (Ashmead)
Calif.; Mexico (Baja California). Ecology: Makes unicellular nest in soil
which may contain 1-2 prey each bearing an egg. Parasite: Taxigravnna sp.? Prey:
Melanoplus ligneolus Scudd. adult and penultimate instar nymph.
Niteliopsis striatipes Ashmead, 1899. Ent. News 10: 9. "♀"=♂.




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Biology: Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 389-391, fig. 3 (nest, prey hunt and
transport).

Solierella timberlakei Williams
Calif.

Solierella timberlakei Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 380. ♀.

Solierella vandykei Williams
Calif. (Tahoe).

Solierella vandykei Williams, 1950. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 26: 371. ♀.

Solierella vierecki (Rohwer)
Colo., Ariz., Calif.

Niteliopsis vierecki Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 112. ♀, ♂.

Niteiiopsis parvus Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 113. ♂.

Solierella weberi Williams
Calif. (Riverside).

Solierella weberi Williams, 1955. Pan-Pacific Ent. 31: 85, 1 fig. 6.

Genus MISCOPHUS Jurine

The shallow nests of these wasps are dug in loose sandy soil and contain one or several cells.
The prey consists of small, usually immature spiders and the number stored per cell ranges from
2 to 30.

Biology: Kurczewski, 1969. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 42: 470-509, 13 figs, (comparative behavior).
Genus MISCOPHUS Subgenus MISCOPHUS Jurine

Miscophus Jurine, 1807. Nouv. Meth. Class. Hym. Dipt., p. 206.
Type-species: Miscophus bicolor Jurine. Monotypic

Miscophus americanus
***authority mismatch
Fo.x. N. Y. to Fla. west to Colo., Kans. and Tex., N. W. T. Ecology: Makes a

1-celled nest in loose to well-packed sand and provides 5-11 small spiders per cell. Prey:
Theridion australe Bks., T. differens Em., T. murarium Em.
Miscophus americanus Fox, 1890 Ent. News 1: 138. ♀.

Biology: Kurczewski, 1969. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 42: 472-479, figs. 1, 3-5, 13 (nest, prey
transport, egg).

Genus MISCOPHUS Subgenus NITELOPTERUS Ashmead

Nitelopterus Ashmead, 1896. hi Kohl, K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 11: 497.

Type-species: Nitelopterus slossonae Ashmead. Monotypic.
Miscophus subg. Hypomiscophus Cockerell, 1898. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2: 321.

Type-species: Miscophus {Hypomiscophus) areyiarum Cockerell. Monotypic.
Miscophinus Ashmead, 1898. Ent. News 9: 187.

Type-species: Miscophinus laticeps Ashmead. Grig, desig.

Biology: Powell, 1967. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 40: 331-346, 1 fig. (comparative behavior of some
N. Amer. spp.).

Miscophus aenescens (Bridwell)
Greg. (Mt. Jefferson).

Hypomiscophus aenescens Bridwell, 1920. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 4: 394. ♂.

Miscophus arenarum Cockerell
N. Mex. (Mesilla Park).

Miscophus {Hypomiscophus) arenarum Cockerell, 1898. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2:
321. ♀.

Miscophus californicus (Ashmead)
Calif., Ariz.

Miscophinus californicus Ashmead, 1898. Ent. News 9: 188. ♂.

Miscophus cyanurus (Rohwer)
Colo. (Boulder).

Miscophinus cyanurus Rohwer. 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 125. ♀, ♂.

Miscophus evansi (Krombein)
Wyo., Wash. Ecology: Nests in sand, constructs up to 6 cells per nest and
stores 10-20 small spiders per cell. Parasite: Senotainia sp. in trilineata (Wulp) complex
? Prey: Dictyna sp. juveniles.
Nitelopterus evansi Krombein, 1963. Ent. News 74: 61. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 283, figs. 88-92 (larva).

Biology: Evans, 1963. Ent. News 74: 234-236, figs. 1-2 (nest, prey, parasite). —Evans, 1970.
Mas. Compar. Zool., Bui. 140: 489 (nest, prey, parasite).




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Miscophus galei (Rohwer)
Colo.

Miscophiniis galei Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 124. "♀"=♂.

Miscophus kansensis (Slansky)
Kans. (Lawrence). Ecology: Makes a 1-celled nest in sand, usually stores
13-16 small spiders per cell, although as few as 7 or as many as 29 prey may be placed
in a single completed cell. Prey: Theridion rabuni Chamb. and Ivie, T. glaucescens
Beck., Eitryopis tejcana Bks.; Tevvesseelluvi formica (Em.); Grammonota sclerata Ivie
and Barr.; Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz; Oxyopes salticus Hentz; Dictyna btcomis Em.,
D. sp.; mostly immatures are stored although adults are used occasionally.
Nitelopterns ka7iseHsis Slansky, 1969. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 42: 467, 3 figs. (5,9.

Biology: Kurczewski, 1969. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 42: 483-492, figs. 2, 6-8, 13 (nest, prey
transport, egg).

Miscophus laticeps (Ashmead)
Calif., Ariz. Ecology: Makes 1-celled nest in sand, stores 4-8 prey per
completed cell. Prey: Psilochorus rockefelleri Gertsch adults; Oecobius sp. juvenile;
Sitticus sp., Pellenes sp., both juveniles; Pardosa sp. juvenile.
Miscophinus laticeps Ashmead, 1898. Ent. News 9: 188. ♀.

Biology: Cazier and Mortenson, 1965. Pan-Pacific Ent. 41: 21-26, 1 fig. (nest, prey, egg).
—Powell, 1967. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 40: 332-345 (nest, prey transport, egg, life cycle;
misdet. as californicus).

Miscophus maurus (Rohwer)
Colo.

Miscophinus maurus Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 126. ♀, ♂.

Miscophus nigrescens (Rohwer)
Colo. (Rifle).

Miscophi^ius nigrescens Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 125. ♀.

Miscophus nigriceps (Rohwer)
Calif. (Santa Monica).

Miscophinus nigriceps Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 587. ♀.

Miscophus slossonae
***authority mismatch
barberi (Krombein). Fla. Ecology: Makes a 1-celled nest in sand and provides up to
3 prey per cell. Prey: M eioneta formica (Em.); Pellenes sp.; Lycosa sp., Geolycosa sp.;
all prey were immatures.
Nitelopterns slossonae barberi Krombein, 1954. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 80: 12, fig. 8. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 283-284 (larva).

Biology: Krombein and Kurczewski, 1963. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 76: 140-143 (nest, prey hunt
and transport). —Krombein, 1964. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2201: 14-15 (nest, prey, life cycle).

Miscophus slossonae
***authority mismatch
slossonae (Ashmead). Fla. Ecology: Makes a 1-celled nest in sand and provides up
to 11 small spiders in a completed cell. Prey: Habrocestum pulex (Hentz),
Metaphidippus sp.; M eioneta formica (Em.); Dictyna altamira Gertsch and Davis;
Arctosa sp., Lycosa spp., Pardosa sp.; Steatoda ergo7iiformis (Camb.); Tetragnatha
laboriosa Hentz; most prey were juveniles but occasionally adults were used.
Nitelopterns slossonae Ashmead, 1896. In Kohl, K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 11: 497. ♂.

Biology: Krombein and Evans, 1954. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 56: 232 (prey transport).

— Krombein and Evans, 1955. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 57: 231 (prey transport, nest).

— Krombein and Kurczewski, 1963. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 76: 14()-143 (nest, prey
transport). —Krombein, 1964. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2201: 13-14 (prey transport).

— Kurczewski, 1969. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 42: 494-500, figs. 9-12 (nest, prey transport,
egg)-

Miscophus texanus (Ashmead)
Tex., Ariz. Ecology: Nests in loose sand. Prey: Steatoda fulva Keys,
subadult, Latrodectns mactans F. juvenile.
Miscophinus texanus Ashmead, 1898. Ent. News 9: 189. ♀.

Biology: Cazier and Mortenson, 1965. Pan-Pacific Ent. 41: 26-28 (nest, prey transport; the
wasp was provisionally identified as texanus).

Miscophus timberlakei (Bridwell)
Calif. (Mt. San Jacinto).

Hypomiscophus timberlakei Bridwell, 1920. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 4: 394. ♀.




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Genus NITELA Latreille
Genus NITELA Subgenus NITELA Latreille

Nitela Latreille, 1809. Gen. Crust. Ins., v. 4, p. 77.

Type-species: Nitela Spinolae Latreille. Monotypic.
Rhinonitela Williams, 1928. Hawaii Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Bui. Ent. Ser. 19: 97.

Type-species: Rhinonitela domestica Williams. Orig. desig.

Only the typical subgenus occurs in North America. Two of our species have been recorded as
nesting in abandoned burrows of other insects in wood or twigs. There are no prey records for
American species; several Palaearctic species have been reported to prey upon Psocoptera,
Aphididae and Psyllidae.

Taxonomy: Pate, 1937. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 32: 5-7 (key to N. Amer. spp.).

Nitela cerasicola Pate
N. Y. (Long Isl.). Ecology: Reared from burrow in dead cherry tree.
Nitela cerasicola Pate, 1937. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 32: 5. ♀.

Nitela floridana Pate
Fla.

Nitela floridana Pate, 1934. Ent. News 45: 241. ♀.

Iconi Krombein. Fla.

Nitela leoni Krombein, 1968. Nat. Canad. 95: 700. ♀, ♂.

Nitela townesorum Krombein
Calif. (Yosemite Park).

Nitela townesorum Krombein, 1950. Pan-Pacific Ent. 26: 130. ♀.

Nitela virginiensis Rohwer
N. Y. to Fla., W. Va., Mich., Wis., Miss. Ecology: Nests in twigs of Rhus
glabra.

Nitela virginiensis Rohwer, 1923. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 25: 100. ♀.

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1958. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 60: 60. ♂.
Biology: Krombein, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2: 945 (nest).

Subfamily TRYPOXYLONINAE

So far as known all members of this subfamily prey upon small spiders, storing rather large
numbers per cell. A few species nest in the ground, utilizing pre-existing cavities or burrows of
other arthropods. A number of species build free mud cells; our familiar pipe-organ wasp,
Trypargilum politum, is the only North American representative having this habit. The majori-
ty of species nest above ground in cavities of various kinds such as abandoned beetle borings in
twigs, logs or structural timber, old mud-dauber nests and hollow stems.

Taxonomy: Evans. 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 89-99, figs. 36-68 (larvae). —Evans, 1959.
Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 157-161, figs. 64-70 (larvae).

Genus PISONOPSIS Fox

Piso7wpsis Fox, 1893. Psyche 6: 553.

Type-species: Pisonopsis clypeata Fox. Monotypic.

The North American birkmanni makes a linear series of cells in borings in stems. P. clypeata
apparently usually makes a similar series of cells in pre-existing burrows in the soil, but it has
also been reported as nesting in trap stems at ground level.

Revision: Williams, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 235-246 (N. Amer. spp.).

Pisonopsis birkmanni Rohwer
Tex. to south. Calif.; Mexico. Ecology: Nests in borings in Sambucus, in
stems of oats, white sage, poison hemlock, and in trap stems. Parasite: Ceratochrysis
antyga Boh.; Photopsis sp. Prey: Thomisidae spp.
Pisonopsis birkmaiini Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 129. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1959. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 157, figs. 64-70 (larva).

Biology: Williams, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 236, 238 (nest, prey, cocoon). —Parker and
Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 94-95 (nest, parasite). —Parker and Bohart, 1968.
Pan-Pacific Ent. 44: 3 (nest, parasite).




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Pisonopsis clypeata
***authority mismatch
clypeata Fox. Wyo., Nev., Calif. Ecology: Nests in pre-existing burrows in soil and in
trap stems, making a linear series of cells, provides 9-17 prey per cell. Parasite:
Sarcophagidae sp. Prey: Chrysso nordica (Chamb. and Ivie), Tlieridion rabuni (Chamb.
and Ivie), T. petraeum (Koch); Singa sp.; most of prey were adult females, but one
juvenile was stored.
Pisonopsis clypeata Fox, 1893. Psyche 6: 553. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1968. Pan-Pacific Ent. 44: 3 (nest, parasite). —Evans, 1969.
Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 42: 118-121, figs. 1-4 (nest, prey transport).

Pisonopsis clypeata
***authority mismatch
occidentalis Williams. Calif. Ecology: Nests in ground in Diadasia burrows.

Piso7iopsis clypeata occidentalis Williams, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 242, figs. 1-5, 8, 10,
15,20,22,23,26,29. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Linsley, MacSwain and Smith, 1952. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Ent. 9: 274 (nest).

Pisonopsis triangularis
***authority mismatch
californica Williams. Calif.

Pisonopsis triangularis californica Williams, 1954. Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 245, figs. 6, 9, 11,
13, 16-18,24,31. ♀, ♂.

Pisonopsis triangularis
***authority mismatch
triangularis Ashmead. Colo., Wyo., Idaho, Calif.
Pisonopsis triangularis Ashmead, 1899. Ent. News 10: 9. ♀.

Genus PISON Jurine

Genus PISON Subgenus PISON Jurine

Pison Jurine, 1808. In Spinola, Insectorum Liguriae, v. 2, p. 255.

Type-species: Pison Jurini Spinola. Monotypic.
Tachybulns Latreille, 1809. Gen. Crust. Ins., v. 4, p. 75.

Type-species: Tachybulns niger Latreille. Monotypic.
Nephridia Brulle, 1833. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 2: 408.

Type-species: Nephridia Xanthopus Brulle. Monotypic.
Pison subg. Pisonitus Shuckard, 1838. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 2: 79.

Type-species: Pison (Pisonitus) argentatus Shuckard. Desig. by Pate, 1937.
Pseudo-Nysson Radoszkowski, 1876. Soc. Ent. Rossica, Horae 12: 104.

Type-species: Pseudo-Nysson fasciatus Radoszkowski. Monotypic.
Taranga Kirby, 1883. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 201.

Type-species: Taranga dubia Kirby. Monotypic.
Pisuni Agassiz, 1847. Nomencl. Zool., fasc. 12, p. 293. Emend. Preocc.
Pisum Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hym., p. 212. Emend. Preocc.

It is not at all certain that the single species of typical Pison described from North America
was correctly labeled as to locality. It has never been collected since in Georgia. In habitus the
unique holotype is very reminiscent of some of the glossy black Micronesian and Melanesian spe-
cies which suggests that perhaps it actually came from New Georgia in the Solomon Islands.

Pison laeve Smith
Ga.

Pison laevis Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 317. "♀"=♂.

Genus PISON Subgenus KROMBEINIELLUM Richards

Paraceramius Radoszkowski, 1887. Soc. Ent. Rossica, Horae 21: 432. Preocc.

Type-species: Paraceramius Koreensis Radoszkowski. Monotypic.
Pison subg. Krombeinielluni Richards, 1962. A Revisional Study of the Masarid Wasps, p.
118. N. name.

Taxonomy: Menke, 1968. Canad. Ent. 100: 1100-1107, 15 figs, (review of New World spp.).

Pison agile (Smith)
Md., Va., 111., Mich., Kans.; Japan, Korea, China, India, Sri Lanka. Ecology: Makes
delicate mud cells in cracks, small depressions, old Sceliphron nests; cells are placed side
by side, end to end, or in a clump; stores 20-31 small spiders per cell. Adventive after
World War II, probably from Japan. Parasite: Melittobia chalybii Ashm. Prey: Dictyna
bellavs Chamb., D. sublata Hentz, D. sp.; both adults and juveniles.
Parapisoji agilis Smith, 1869. Ent. Soc. London, Trans., p. 300. ♀.




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Paracerainiits Koreensis Radoszkowski, 1887. See. Ent. Rossica, Horae 21: 433, figs. 1-3.
9. N. syn. (K. V. Krombein).
Taxonomy: Krombein, 1958. Ent. News 69: 166-167. -Sheldon, 1968. Psyche 75: 111-114, figs.

5-10 (egg, larva, cocoon).
Biology: Krombein, 1958. Ent. News 69: 167 (nest, cocoon). —Sheldon, 1968. Psyche 75:

107-111, figs. 1-4 (nest, prey transport).

Genus TRYPOXYLON Latreille

Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796. Precis Caract. Gen. Ins., p. 121. No species.

Type-species: Trypoxylon figulus Linnaeus. First included species.
Tripoxylon Spinola, 1806. Insectorum Liguriae, v. 1, p. 65. Lapsus or emend.
Apius Panzer, 1806. Krit. Rev. Insektenf. Deutschlands, v. 2, p. 106.

Type-species: Sphex figulus Linnaeus. Monotypic.
Apius Jurine, 1807. Nouv. Meth. Class. Hym. Dipt., p. 140. Preocc.

Type-species: Sphex figulus Fabricius. Desig. by Morice and Durrant, 1915.
Trypoxilon Jurine, 1807. Nouv. Meth. Class. Hym. Dipt., pp. 2, 141. Lapsus or emend.
Trypoxylum Agassiz, 1847. Nomencl. Zool., p. 380. Emend.
Trypoxylum Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hym., p. 212. Emend. Preocc.

Trypoxylon subg. Asaconoton Arnold, 1959. South. Rhodesia Natl. Mus., Occas. Papers, no.
23, B, p. 322.

Type-species: Trypoxylon (Asaconoton) egregium Arnold. Orig. desig.

Sandhouse (1940) is the most reliable source for identification of North American species for
Richards (1934) does not include all of our species. The revisions cited below include the species
of both Trypoxylon and Trypargilum which are considered herein to be separate genera.

Most species of Trypoxylon nest in pre-existing cavities such as hollow stems or twigs, aban-
doned beetle borings in dead wood or structural timber, or, rarely, in soil. The Species Group
Fabricator is unusual in that some species build free mud cells whereas others nest in
pre-existing cavities in wood or soil. The preferred prey of the North American species are
small spiders, usually immatures, belonging to several families of snare-builders, but errant
spiders are used occasionally; as few as 4 and as many as 20 spiders may be stored in a single
cell. Trypoxylon males do not participate in some of the nesting activities as do those belonging
to Trypargilum; there is one report of a male usually being present in the nest of an extralimital
species of the Fabricator Group, but this needs confirmation. The cocoons of our North Amer-
ican species are delicate silken structures except in johnsoni which constructs a brittle cocoon
incorporating sand from the cell partition.

Revision: Fox, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 136-148, 1 pi. (N. Amer. spp.). —Fox, 1893.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 472-474 (revised key to N. Amer. spp.). —Richards, 1934.
Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 82: 173-362, 56 text figs., 5 pis. (New World spp.).
—Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 133-176, 4 pis. (N. Amer. spp.).

Species Group Figulus

Members of Species Group Fabricator are included here.

Trypoxylon aldrichi Sandhouse
Alta., Mont, and Wyo. west to B. C. and north. Calif. Ecology: Nests in
borings in trap stems. Predator: Philanthus zebratus nitens (Bks.).
Trypoxylon {Trypoxylon) aldrichi Sandhouse, 1940 Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 158, figs. 25,
53,62,66,67. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 95, figs. 56-58 (larva).

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (nest).

Trypoxylon bidentatum Fox
Wash, and Idaho south to Calif, and Ariz. Ecology: Nests in borings in
Sanibucus and in trap stems. Parasite: Trichrysis doriae (Grib.).
Trypoxylon bidentatum Fox, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 143. 9, d (? in part).
Trypoxylon monisoni Richards, 1934. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 82: 319. ♀.

Biology: Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (nest, parasite).




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Trypoxylon clarkei Krombein
Mass. to Fla., Tenn., Ill, Mo., Tex. Ecology: Nests in trap-nests, stores 4-6
prey per cell. Prey: Mangora gibberosa Hentz.
Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) clarkei Krombein, 1962. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 75: 9. cJ, 9.

Biology: Krombein, 1967 Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 229-230 (nest, prey, life cycle).

Trypoxylon fastigium Fox
D. C, Ga., Miss., Tex., Okla., Mo., Ark., Kans., Nebr., Idaho, Utah, Nev., Ariz.,

Calif. Parasite: Trichrysis doriae (Grib.).
Trypoxylon carinifrons Fox, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 142. ♀, ♂. Preocc.
Trypoxylon fastigunn Fox, 1894 (1893). Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 476. N. name.
Trypoxylon subfrigidum Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 378. ♂.
Trypoxylon nigrellum Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 379. ♀.

Trypoxylon figulus
***authority mismatch
figulus (Linnaeus). Que., Maine, N. H., Mass.; Europe. Ecology: In Europe it nests in

hollow stems or beetle borings and preys mostly upon Araneidae. Possibly adventive in

North America. Parasite: Perithous divinator (Rossi). Other subspp. occur in the

Palaearctic Region.
Sphex figulus Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 570.
Spliex fitliginom Scopoli, 1763. Ent. Carn., p. 292.

Trypoxylon figulnm var. major Kohl, 1883. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., Mitt. 6: 657. ♂.
Trypoxylon apicalis Fox, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 142, fig. 10. ♀.
Trypoxylon figulnm var. minor de Beaumont, 1945. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., Mitt. 19: 478. ♀.

6.

Taxonomy: Giordani Soika, 1934. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 103: 342-343, pi. 3, fig. 2 (larva).

—Pate, 1943. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 38: 46 (synonymy of apicale).

Trypoxylon frigidum
***authority mismatch
frigidum Smith. Hudson Bay south to N. C, west to Wash, and N. Mex. Ecology:
Nests in hollow stems and twigs, in abandoned beetle borings in dead wood and
structural timber, and in trap-nests, stores 4-16 prey per cell. Parasite: Pyemotes
ventricosus (Newp.); Megaselia sp.; Anthrax sp.; Amobia distorta (Allen); Melittobia
chalybii Ashm.; Cleonymidae sp., possibly Ptinobius ynagnificus (Ashm.); Trichrysis
doriae (Grib.). Prey: Achaearanea globosa (Hentz), Thymoites unimaculata
unimaculata (Em.), Theridion albidum Bks., T. differens Em., T.frondeum Hentz ?, T.
globosum Hentz, T. lyra Hentz, T. murariutn Em., T. sp. in Murarium Group, T.
unimaculatum Em.; Salticidae sp.; Eustala anastera (Walck.), E. sp., Araneidae spp.;
Tennesseellum formicum (Em.); Leucauge venusta (Walck.), Tetragnatka sp.;
Ceratiiiopsis interpres Camb., C. purpurescens Keys., Micryphantidae sp.; both adults
and immatures are stored and most are snare-building species. Other subspp. occur in
the Palaearctic Region.

Trypoxylon frigidum Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit Mus., v. 4, p. 381. ♀.

Trypoxylon plesium Rohwer, 1920. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 57: 229. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 96, figs. 59-60 (larva).

Biology: Packard, 1867. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 415 (nest). — Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
Trans. 24: 22. — Blackman and Stage, 1924. N. Y. State Col. Forestry, Syracuse Univ.,
Tech. Pub. 17: 197 (nest). —Rau, 1926. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 197 (nest). —Rau,
1928. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 439-441, figs. 65, 66 (nest, parasites). —Taylor, 1928.
Psyche 35: 225 (nest). —Pate, 1937. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 22: 5 (nest). —Thomas, 1962.
Amer. Midland Nat. 67: 365 (nest, parasite). —Thomas, 1963. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts,
Letters, Papers 48: 127-130 (nest, life cycle, parasite). —Parker and Bohart, 1966.
Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (nest). —Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 223-227,
fig. 11 (nest, prey, life cycle, parasites). — Medler, 1967. Amer. Midland Nat. 78: 344-358
(nest, prey, cocoon, parasites, life cycle).

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99 (14): pi. 21, figs. M-P (male
genitalia).

Trypoxylon johnsoni Fox
Ont., N. Y. to Fla. west to Mich., Mo., Okla., Tex. Ecology: Nests in hollow
stems or borings in wood, and possibly in pre-existing burrows in earth. Prey:
Tetragnatha spp.; Micrathena gracilis (Walck.), Ararieus sp.?; prey consisted of
immatures and penultimate stages of both sexes.
Trypoxylon Johnsoni Fox, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 147. ♀.
Trypoxylon omatipes Fox, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 148. ♂.



1644 Hymenoptera in America Nortii of Mexico

Tnjpoxylon (Trypoxylon) adelpliiae Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 151. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1957. Amer. Ent. See, Trans. 83: 97, fig. 61 (larva).

Biology: Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp Studies Afield, pp. 137-139 (nest, prey). — Rau, 1922.
Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24: 22 (nest ?). — Krombein, 1952. Amer. Ent. See, Trans. 78:
93 (prey). —Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 229-231 (nest, prey, life
cycle, cocoon).

Trypoxylon kolazyi Kohl
N. Y. to Ga., W. Va., 111., Mo.; Austria, Mediterranean area. Ecology: Nests in
abandoned anobiid borings in structural lumber and in trap-nests. Adventive from
Europe. Parasite: Trichrysis doriae (Grib.). Prey: Tenvesseellum fontiicum (Em.);
Micryphantidae sp.; adults and subadults.

Trypoxylon Kolazyi Kohl, 1893. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 43: 29. ♂, ♀.

Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) backi Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 164, figs. 18, 74,
75. 9,6. N. syn. (R. E. Coville).

Biology: Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 165 (nest). —Krombein, 1958. Biol. Soc.
Wash., Proc. 71: 21-22 (nest, prey). —Thomas, 1962. Amer. Midland Nat. 67: 364 (parasite).
— Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 227-228 (nest, prey, life cycle).

Trypoxylon pennsylvanicum
***authority mismatch
pennsylvanicum Saussure. Que. and Maine to Fla. west to Colo, and Tex.
Ecology: Nests in cavity in twig. Prey: Araneidae sp. immature. Another subsp. occurs
in Japan.
Trypoxylon pennsylvaniciini Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool. 2, Hym., p. 82. ♀.

Biology: Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 160 (nest). —Krombein, 1961. Brooklyn
Ent. Soc, Bui. 56: 64 (prey).

Trypoxylon regulare Viereck
Mo., Kans.

Trypoxylon regularis Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 205. "♀"=♂.

Trypoxylon sculleni Sandhouse
Mont, to Ariz, west to B. C. and Calif. Ecology: Nests in cavities in twigs,
SavibiiCHS, Rhus glabra, and Eriogonum, and in trap stems. Parasite: Anthrax irroratus
Say; Trichrysis doriae (Grib.).
Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) sculleni Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 160, figs. 15,
52,58,59,65. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 162 (nest). —Parker and Bohart, 1966.
Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (nest, parasites).

Species Group Rufidens

Trypoxylon bridwelli Sandhouse
Tex. (Brownsville).

Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) bridwelli Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 168, figs. 24,
40. ♂.

Trypoxylon richardsi Sandhouse
Ont., N. Y. to Fla., west to Mich., Ind., Mo., Ala., Tex. Ecology: Nests in
cavity in twig of Chionanthus virgiyiiana and in twig gall on oak. Prey: Small spiders.
Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) richardsi Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 167, figs. 22,
42,43. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 168 (nest). —Krombein, 1959. Biol. Soc.
Wash., Proc. 72: 101-102 (nest, prey, life cycle).

Trypoxylon timberlakei Sandhouse
Ariz., Calif. Ecology: Nests in deserted gall of Callirhytis haynifoiinis
(Bass.) on Quercus wislizenii.
Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) timberlakei Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 169. ♀.

Biology: Krombein, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2: 956 (nest).

Species Group Scutatum

Trypoxylon carinatum Say
U. S. east of 100th meridian north to Mass. Ecology: Reared from burrow in
partly decayed trunk of tulip-tree, also nests in borings in wood. Prey: Theridion
lyricum Walck.
Trypoxylon carinatus Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 374. ♂.

Biology: Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 154 (nest). —Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting
wasps and bees, pp. 228-229 (nest, prey, life cycle, cocoon).



Superfamily SPHECOIDEA 1645

Species Group Marginatum

Trypoxylon punctivertex Richards
Okla., Tex. south to Brazil.

Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) punctivertex Richards, 1934. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 82:
333. ♀.

Genus TRYPARGILUM Richards

Trypoxylon subg. Tnjpargilum Richards, 1934. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 82: 191.
Type-species: Trypoxylon nitidum Smith. Orig. desig.

Sandhouse (1940) is the most reliable source for identification of North American species for
Richards (1934) does not include all of our species. The revisions cited below include the species
of both Trypargilum and Trypoxylon which are considered herein to be separate genera.

Some aspects of the ethology are unique among wasps. This genus and some species of Pison
are the only wasps in which males are known to assist in some of the nesting activities. They
remain in the nest while the female is hunting for prey and discourage attack by at least some of
the parasites that afflict wasps. Activities in which the males may participate include cleaning
out a pre-existing boring which is to serve as a nesting site, taking prey from the female and
placing it in the cell, and helping the female seal inner partitions of cells with mud which she
brings to the nest. The larvae also exhibit unusual behavior in that the cocoon which incor-
porates silk, other salivary secretions and mud from the cell partition is specifically different in
each of the North American species which have been observed.

North American species have been reported to store 3-36 small, usually immature spiders
per cell. Some species use only snare-building spiders as prey, one uses predominantly
snare-building spiders but does include some errant spiders, and others use predominantly er-
rant types but with a number of snare-builders. This suggests that there are specific differences
in the way that groups of species hunt for prey.

In North America members of the Spinosum, Nitidum and Punctulatum Groups nest in
pre-existing cavities such as hollow stems or twigs, old insect galls or mud dauber nests, aban-
doned beetle borings in dead wood or structural timber and in trap-nests. Our single member of
the Albitarse Group is a mud dauber and builds the familiar pipe-organ nest.

Revision: Fox, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 136-148, 1 pi. (N. Amer. spp.). —Fox, 1894
(1893). Acad Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 45: 472-474 (revised key to N. Amer. spp.). —Richards,
1934. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 82: 173-362, 56 text figs., 5 pis. (New World spp.).
—Sandhouse, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 133-176, 4 pis. (N. Amer. spp.).

Taxonomy: Krombein, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 61: 152-153 (key to red-marked Fla. taxa).

Biology: Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 178-185, text fig. 2 (male
behavior, cocoon differences, prey preferences, competition for nesting sites, differing
emergence dates).

Species Group Spinosum

Members of this group prey upon both errant and snare-building spiders, but prefer the
former by a substantial margin.

Trypargilum bicalcaratum (Richards)
n. comb. South. Ariz.; Mexico.

Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) bicalcaratum Richards, 1934. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 82:

235. ♂.

Trypargilum californicum Saussure
Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., Utah, Nev., Calif., Oreg., Wash. Ecology: Nests in

borings in wood, stores 8-19 prey per cell. Parasite: Chrysididae sp. Prey: Agassa sp.,

Habronattus sp., Metaphidippus sp., Phidippus sp., Syne7)iosy7ia sp., Salticidae spp.;

Ebo sp., Misumenops sp., Philodromus sp., Thomisidae spp.; Oxyopes tridens Brady, O.

sp.; Clubionidae sp.; Dictyna sp.; Araneidae spp.; stores mostly errant spiders, only a

few snare-builders.
Trypoxylon californicum Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool. 2, Hym., p. 78. ♀.
Trypoxylon arizonense Fox, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 145. 9. N. syn. (R. E.

Coville).

Taxonomy: Evans, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 92, figs. 47-48 (larva).

Biology: Matthews and Matthews, 1968. Psyche 75: 285-293, 2 figs, (nest, prey, cocoon).




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Trypargilum clavatum
***authority mismatch
clavatum (Say), n. status (R. E. Coville). Ont., U. S. east of Rockies except New
England, Ariz. Ecology: Nests in borings in wood, old mud dauber and Polistes nests,
and old mining bee burrows; stores 5-22 spiders per cell. Parasite: Pyemotes ventricosus
(Newp.); Anthrax aterrima (Big.); Megaselia sp. ?; Amobia distorta (Allen),
Miltogramminae spp.; Melittobia chalybn Ashm.; Sphaeropthalma p. pensylvanica
(Lep.), S. p. scaeva (Bl.); Tiichrysis carinata (Say). Prey: Dictyna sublata (Hentz);
Clubiona sp., Clubionidae sp.; Anyphaena pectorosa Koch, A. sp., Anyphaenella
saltabunda (Hentz), Anyphaenidae spp.; Misumenops asperatus (Hentz), M. oblongus
(Keys.), M. spp., Misumenoides aleatorius (Hentz), Synema parvula (Hentz), Xysticus
triguttatus Keys., X. spp., Philodromus rnfns Walck., P. marxii Keys., P. pemix
Blackw. P. satullus Keys., P. ivashita Bks., P. spp., Thanatus formicinus (Oliv.), T.
sfriatus Koch, Misumeninae spp.; Salticus scenicus (L.), Evarcha hoyi Peckh., Onondaga
lineata (Koch), Habronattus sp., Phidippus audax (Hentz), P. clams Keys., P. spp.,
Paraphidippus marginatus (Walck.), P. spp., ZygobaUus bettini Peckh., Z. nervosus
(Peckh.), Z. sexptinctatus (Hentz), Thiodiyia iniquies (Walck.), T. puerpera (Hentz),
Hentzia mitrata (Hentz), Maevia vittata (Hentz), Icins elegans (Hentz), /. hartii Em.,
Metaphidippus insignis (Bks.), M. protervus (Walck.), M. galathea (Walck.), Salticidae
spp.; Dapanus 7nira (Walck.); Pardosa sp., Lycosidae spp.; Oxyopes salticus Hentz,
Oxyopidae spp.; Argiope aurantia Luc, A. tiifasciata (Forsk.), Mangora gibberosa
(Hentz), M. maculata (Keys.), Eitstala ayiastera (Walck.), E. sp., Neoscona minima
Camb., N. domiciliorum (Hentz), N. sp., Araneus juniperi (Em.), A. spp., Araniella
displicata (Hentz), Araneidae spp.; Theridiidae spp.; Tetragnatha sp.; prefers errant to
snare-building spiders by ratio of 4: 1. Predator: Cymatodera sp.?, Lecontella cancellata
(LeC); Trogoderma oniatitni Say.

Trypoxylon clavatits Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 374.

Trypoxylon annulare Dahlbom, 1844. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, pp. 282, 509. ♀.

Trypoxylon rufozonalis Fox, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 145. 9, (J. N. syn. (R. E.
Coville).

Trypoxylon quintilis Viereck, 1906. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 32: 206. ♂.

Trypoxylon cockerellae Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 130. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 91, figs. 36-43 (larva). —Evans, 1959.
Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85 160 (larva).

Biology: Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 1: 45 (nest). — Rau and Rau, 1916. Jour. Anim. Behavior 6:
34, figs. 16, 19, 24, 25 (nest). —Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp Studies Afield, pp. 135-137, fig. 32
(nest). —Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24: 22 (nest). — Blackman and Stage, 1924
N. Y. State Col. Forestry, Syracuse Univ., Tech. Pub. 17: 196 (nest). —Rau, 1926. Acad.
Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 198 (nest). —Rau, 1928. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 406 (prey,
life cycle). —Rau, 1931. Ent. News 42: 200 (homing experiments). — Muma and Jeffers,
1945. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 38: 246, 252, 255, pi. 2, figs. 5, 6 (nest, prey). — Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 203-210, text fig. 2b, figs. 11, 133 (nest, prey, life cycle,
egg, cocoon, parasites, predators).

Trypargilum clavatum
***authority mismatch
johannis (Richards), n. status (R. E. Coville). Ga., Fla. Ecology: Nests in borings in
wood, stores 8-17 spiders per cell. Parasite: Amobia floridensis (Tns.), Miltogrammini sp.
Prey: Lyssomanes viridans (Hentz), L. viridis (Walck.); Misumenops bellulus (Bks.), M.
celer (Hentz), M. sp., Tmarus sp., Tibellus sp., Thomisidae sp.; Pellenes sp.,
Paraphidippus marginatus (Walck.), Phidippus audax (Hentz), P. variegatus Luc, P.
clarus Keys., P. sp., Icius sp., Hentzia ambigua (Walck.), H. palmarum Hentz, H. sp.,
Maevia hobbsi Barnes, M. michelsoni Barnes, Thiodina sylvana Hentz, T. pseustes
Chamb. and Ivie; Mimetus notius Chamb.; Pai-dosa sp.; Oxyopes salticus Hentz, 0. sp.,
Peucetia abboti (Walck.); Gea heptagon (Hentz), Drexelia directa (Hentz), Eustala
anastera (Walck.), Mangora placida (Hentz), Wagtieriana tauricomis Chamb., Neoscona
arabesca (Walck.), N. minima (Keys.), N. sp., Argiope aurantia Luc, A. trifasciata
(Forsk.), Araneidae sp.; Leucauge venusta (Walck.); prefers errant to snare-building
spiders by a ratio of 3:1.
Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) johannis Richards, 1934. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 82: 238.
9,6.




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Taxonomy: Evans, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 92, figs. 44-46 (larva). —Evans, 1959.
Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 160 (larva).

Biology: Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 210-214, text fig. 2c, fig. 52 (nest,
prey, life cycle, egg, cocoon, parasites).

Trypargilum saussurei (Rohwer)
n. comb. South. Ariz, south to Guanacaste Prov., Costa Rica. Ecology:
Nests in old Sceliphron cells.
Trypoxylon Mexicanum Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool, v. 2, Hym., p. 78, pi. 4, fig.

45. ♀, ♂. Preocc.
Trypoxylon saussurei Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 478. N. name.

Biology: Rau, 1943. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 36: 649 (nest).

Trypargilum spinosum (Cameron)
Tex. to Panama. Ecology: Nests in holes in masonry, crevices along tree
trunk and in bamboo stems; stores 11-20 spiders per cell. Parasite: Sarcophagidae sp.
Prey: Aysha decepta Bks., A. gracilis (Hentz), Anyphaena sp.; Gea ergaster (Walck.),
Neoscona sp.; Mimetus notius Chamb.; Peucetia viridans (Hentz); Hentzia pahnai-um
(Hentz), Metaphidippus sp., Paraphidippus marginatus (Walck.); Misumenops oblongus
(Keys.); Uloborus gloinosus Walck.; both adults and immatures are stored.
Trypoxylon spi7iosum Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 46. ♀, ♂.
Trypoxylon cinereo-hirtmn Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 44. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 93, fig. 49 (larva).
Biology: Lin, 1969. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 27: 125-128 (nest, prey hunt, life cycle, egg, cocoon).

Trypargilum texense (Saussure)
Ga., Fla., Ala. to 111. west to N. Mex., Colo., S. Dak. Ecology: Nests in
abandoned mud-dauber cells, old burrows of other arthropods in sand banks, and
crevices in wooden or stone wall; stores 9-15 spiders per cell. Parasite: Anthrax
limatulus artemisia Marst. Prey: Oxyopes salticus Hentz, Peucetia viridis (Walck.);
Neoscona arabesca (Walck.), Gea ergaster (Walck.), Argiope trifasciata (Forsk.), A. sp.,
Eustala cepina (Walck), Metepeira sp., Araneus comutus Clerck; Tetragnatha
pallescens Camb., T. versicolor Walck.; Misumenops delphinus (Walck.), M. oblongus
(Keys.), Tibellus duttoni (Hentz), Xysticus sp., Philodromus sp., Misumena sp.;
Zygoballus nervosus Peckh., Habronattus brunneus (Peckh.), Hentzia ambigua (Walck.),
Marpissa pikei (Peckh.), Metaphidippus galathea (Walck.), Paraphidippus marginatus
(Walck.), Phidippus audax Hentz, P. rimator (Walck.); Pardosa distincta (Blackw.);
Mimetus sp.; Theridion intritum Bish. and Cros., T. murarium Em.; Rucinia sp.;
Dendryphantes sp.; stores both immatures and adults, and about equal numbers of
errant and snare-building species.

Typoxylon texense Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool. 2, Hym., p. 77. ♀.

Trypoxylon sulcus La Munyon, 1877. Nebr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc, March 8.

Trypoxylon aureolum Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 381. ♀, ♂.

Trypoxylon relativum Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 382. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1959. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 159 (larva).

Biology: Hartman, 1905. Tex. Acad. Sci., Trans. 7: 71-73, pi. 4, fig. 23 (nest, prey).
—Hungerford and Williams, 1912. Ent. News 23: 248, fig. 5 (nest, prey). -Rau, 1928.
Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 441 (nest). —Rau, 1940. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 33: 592
(nest). —Evans, 1959. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 159 (nest). — Kurczewski, 1963. Fla. Ent.
46: 243-245 (nest, prey, egg). —Lin, 1969. Wasmann Jour. Biol. 27: 128-129 (nest, prey).

Trypargilum xantianum (Saussure)
n. comb. South. Calif.; Mexico (Baja California).

Trypoxylon xantianum Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool, v. 2, Hym., p. 78. ♂, ♀.

Species Group Punctulatum

Trypargilum lactitarse (Saussure)
Ont. and Mass. to Fla., west to Wis., Tex. and Ariz., south to Argentina.
Ecology: Nests in borings of other insects in dead wood and structural timber, in trap
nests, in old mud dauber nests, and in old burrows of mining bees. Parasite: Amobia
aurifrons (Tns.), A. distorta (Allen), Seiiotainia sp. in trilineata (Wulp) complex;
Anthrax a. argyropygus Wied., A. aterrimus (Big.); Megaselia sp.; Tyrophagus sp.;
Melittobia chalybii Ashm.; Trichrysis carinata (Say); Sphaeropthalma pensylvanica




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scaeva (Bl). Prey: Clubiona obesa Hentz, C. pallens Hentz; Aysha gracilis (Hentz),
Anypkaena celer (Hentz), A.fraterna (Bks.), A. pectorosa Koch; Philodromus washita
Bks., P. infvscatus Keys., P. praelustris Keys., P. riifiis (Walck.), P. pemix Blackw., P.
spp.; Salticidae sp.; Pisaurina mira (Walck.), P. sp.; Mimefus puritanus Chamb.; Wixia
ectypa (Walck.), Eustala anastera (Walck.), E. emertoni Bks., Acacesia hamata (Hentz),
Mangora gibberosa (Hentz), M. maculata (Keys.), Neoscona arabesca (Walck.), N.
domiciliorum (Hentz), A^. mijiima Camb., N. spp., Araneus juniperi (Em.), A.
patagiatus Clerck, A. mamnoreus Clerck, A. spp., Araniella displicata Hentz,
Neosconella pegnia (Walck.), Argiope trifasciata (Forsk.), Conepeira glyphica Archer,
Araneidae spp.; Theridion differens (Em.), T. murarium (Em.); Poecilochroa capulata
(Walck.); snare-building spiders are preferred to errant by ratio of 13: 1. Predator:
Trogodenna ornatnn2 Say; Lecontella ca^icellata (LeC).

Trypoxylon lactitarse Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool., v. 2, Hym., p. 81. ♂.

Trypoxylon striatuyn Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., p. 283. ♀.

Trypoxylon cinereum Cameron, 1889. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 40. ♀, ♂.

Trypoxylon albopilosum Fox, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 139. ♀, ♂.

Trypoxylon albopilosum planoense Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 380. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 94, fig. 55 (larva). — Evans, 1959. Amer.
Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 161 (larva). — Menke, 1974. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 76: 418 (identity of

Trypargilum lactitarse
***authority mismatch
Sauss.).

Biology: Peckham and Peckham, 1895. Psyche 7: 303 (nest, prey, male behavior in nest).
— Peckham and Peckham, 1898. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 2: 77-87 (nest, prey,
male behavior in nest). — Rau, 1926. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 199 (nest). — Rau,
1928. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 423 (nest, prey). — Krombein, 1956. Ent. Soc. Wash.,
Proc. 58: 155-156 (nest, prey). — Balduf, 1961. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 56: 82-83 (nest).
— Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 214-222, text fig. 2e, figs. 53-56, 132,
134, 135 (nest, prey, life cycle, egg, cocoon, parasites, predator). — Medler, 1967. Amer.
Midland Nat. 78: 344-358 (nest, prey, cocoon, parasites, life cycle).

Species Group Nitidum

Members of this group prey entirely upon snare-building spiders.

Trypargilum collinum
***authority mismatch
collinum (Smith). Ga., Fla. Ecology: Nests in cavities in twigs and in trap nests,
stores 13-25 spiders per cell. Parasite: Anthrax a. argyropygus Wied.; Phoridae sp.;
Trichrysis carinata (Say). Prey: Thendion flavonotatum Beck., T. glaucescens Beck.;
Eustala anastera (Walck.), E. triflex (Walck.), Acacesia folifera (Marx), A. hamata
(Hentz), Neoscona minima Camb., A^. spp., Araneus juniperi (Em.), Conaranea
floridensis Bks., C. sp., Neosconella pegnia (Walck.), Araneidae spp. Predator:
Crematogaster sp.
Trypoxylon collinum Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 381. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1959. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 160 (larva).

Biology: Krombein, 1964. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2201: 18 (nest). —Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 185-187 (nest, prey, life cycle, cocoon, parasites,
predator). -Krombein, 1970. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 46: 22-26, figs 62-78 (nesting
behavior, prey, life cycle).

Trypargilum collinum
***authority mismatch
rubrocinctum (Packard). Que. to Ga., west to Minn., Kans., Nev. Ecology: Nests in
cavities in twigs, trap nests, abandoned beetle borings, hollow straws, and in crevices in
mortar; stores 5-27 spiders per cell. Parasite: Anthrax a. argyropygus Wied., A.
aterrimus (Big.); Megaselia sp.; Miltogramminae sp.; Sphaeropthalma pensylvanica
scaeva (BL); Trichrysis carinata (Say), T. doriae (Grib.), Chrysis pellucidula Aar., C.
sp.; Messatopoi-us compressicomis Cush. Prey: Conopistha sp., Theridula opulenta
(Walck.), Theridion lyricum Walck., T. murarium Em., T. spirale Em., T. flavonotatum
Beck., T. lyra Hentz, T. alabamense Gertsch and Archer, T. albidum (Bks.), T. differens
(Em.), T. spp., Argyrodes sp., Theridiidae spp.; Eustala anastera (Walck.), E. emertoni
Bks., E. spp., Cyclosa conica (Pall.), Neoscona arabesca (Walck.), N. spp., Ara^ieus
attestor Petrunk., A. juniperi (Em.), A. trifolium (Hentz), A. spp., Argiope aurantia




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Luc, A. trifasciata (Forsk.), Mangora gibberosa (Hentz), Araneidae spp.; Linyphia
clathrata Sund., L. sp.; Leucauge venusta (Walck.).
Trypoxylon nibro-cinctum Packard, 1867. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 416. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1957. Amer. Ent. see. Trans. 83: 94, fig. 63 (larva). —Evans, 1959. Amer.
Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 161 (larva).

Biology: Peckham and Peckham, 1895. Psyche 7: 303 (nest, prey, life cycle). — Peckham and
Peckham, 1898. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 2: 77-84 (nest, prey, life cycle).
—Peckham and Peckham, 1905. Wasps, social and solitary, pp. 178-193, 2 figs, (nest, prey,
male behavior in nest). — Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24: 22 (nest, parasite).

— Krombein, 1954. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 49: 5 (nest, prey). — Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 187-193, text fig. 2a, figs. 126, 135-139 (nest, prey, life
cycle, cocoon, parasites). — Medler, 1967. Amer. Midland Nat. 78: 344-358 (nest, prey,
cocoon, parasites, life cycle).

Trypargilum orizabense (Richards)
n. comb. South. Ariz.; Mexico (Orizaba).

Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) orizabense Richards, 1934. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 82:
273. ♀, ♂.

Trypargilum tridentatum
***authority mismatch
archboldi (Krombein). Fla. Ecology: Nests in borings in wood, stores 9-36 spiders
per cell. Parasite: Anthrax a. argyropygus Wied., Lepidophora lepidocera (Wied.) ?;
Pyemotes ventricosus (Newp.). Prey: Mimetiis sp.; Gea heptagon (Hentz), Drexelia
directa (Hentz), Enstala anastera (Walck.) Larinia directa (Hentz), Singa sp., Neoscona
arabesca (Walck.), N. sp., Conaranea floridensis Bks., C. sp., Araneidae spp.; Theridula
quadripunctata Keys., Theridion flavonotatum Beck., Chrysso clementinae (Petrunk.),
Theridiidae spp.
Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) tridentatum archboldi Krombein, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc
61: 150. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Krombein, 1959. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc. 61: 151-152 (nest, prey, cocoon). —Krombein,
1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 200-202 (nest, prey, life cycle, cocoon, parasites).

Trypargilum tridentatum
***authority mismatch
tridentatum (Packard). Conn, to Fla., west to B. C. and Calif. Ecology: Nests in
SanibucKs and white sage stems, borings in wood and old mud dauber nests. Parasite:
Trichrysis niucronata (Br.), T. deversor Boh., Ceratochrysis antyga Boh., Chrysis
pelliicidula Aar.; Sphaeropthahna uro (BL), S. amphion (Fox), S. abdominalis (BL);
Tetrastichus sp.; Arnobia floridensis (Tns.), A. spp. ?; Bombyliidae sp.; Pyemotes
ventricosus (Newp.). Prey: Latrodectus inactans (F.), Theridion 7nurariuni Em., T.
dilutum Levi, T. sp.; Mimetns hesperus Chamb.; Eustala rosae Chamb. and Ivie, E. sp.,
Metepeira arizonica Chamb. and Ivie, M. sp., Neoscona verfebrata (McCook), N. sp.,
Araneus sp., Acanthepeira stellata (Walck.), Cyclosa conica (Pall.), Araneidae spp.
Trypoxylon tridentatmn Packard, 1867. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 6: 417. ♀.
Trypoxylon projectuni Fox, 1891. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 18: 141. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 93, figs. 50-52 (larva). —Evans, 1959.
Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 161 (larva).

Biology: Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp Studies Afield, p. 134 (nest, life cycle). — Blackman and
Stage, 1924. N. Y. State Col. Forestry, Syracuse Univ., Tech. Pub. 17: 196-197 (nest).

— Rau, 1934. Canad. Ent. 66: 259 (nest, parasite). —Hicks, 1934. Colo. Univ., Studies 21:
267 (nest, parasite). —Parker and Bohart, 1966. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 95 (nest, parasites).
—Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 193-200, text fig. 2d, figs. 115-118
(nest, prey, life cycle, egg, cocoon, parasites). — Paetzel, 1973. Pan-Pacific Ent. 49: 26-30, 3
figs, (male behavior in nest, mating; misdet. as rubrocinctum). —Paetzel, 1973. Outdoor
World 6 (2): 42-45, 4 figs, (nest, prey, life cycle, male behavior in nest; misdet. as
rubrocinctum).

Species Group Albitarse

Trypargilum politum (Say)
Mass. to Fla. west to Kans. and Tex. Ecology: Builds linear series of mud cells
in parallel rows resembling pipes of an organ, stores 3-18 prey per cell. Parasite: Vidia
sp.; Anthrax innatulus fur (0. S.), A. aterrimus (Big.); Amobia aurifrons (Tns.), A.
distorta (Allen), Helicobia rapax Wlkr., Senotaijiia sp.; Sphaeropthalma p. pensylvanica




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(Lep.), S. p. scaeva (Bl.), Dasy7ni(tilla v. vesta (Cr.); Melittobia clialybii Ashm.;
Trichrysis tride^is (Lep.). Prey: Neoscona viinima Keys., N. benjaviina Walcit., N. spp.,
Eustala anastera (Walck.), Wixia ectypa (Walci<.), Aranea spp.; Theridiidae spp.; preys
upon adults and immatures. Because of its nest this wasp is popularly known as the
pipe-organ wasp.

Try poxy Ion politus Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 373.

Trypoxylon neglect urn Kohl, 1884. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verh. 33: 340. ♂.

Trypoxylon basale Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 475. ♀, ♂.

Trypoxylon politifonne Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 476. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1957. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 83: 95, fig. 62 (larva). —Evans, 1959. Amer.
Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 161 (larva).

Biology: Rau, 1913. Ent. News 24: 401 (larval feeding). — Rau and Rau, 1916. Jour. Anim.
Behavior 6: 31-35, fig. 5 (nest, prey, male behavior in nest). —Rau, 1928. Acad. Sci. St.
Louis, Trans. 25: 428-439, figs. 57-62 (nest, prey, life cycle, male behavior in nest, cocoon,
parasites). —Osborne, 1929. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 305: 751-753, 1 pi, 1 fig. —Dow,
1930. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 25: 98-101 (nest). — Fattig, 1936. Canad. Ent. 68: 44 (nest,
prey). — Hartman, 1944. Ent. News 55: 7 (prey). —Rau, 1944. Ent News 55: 9 (prey hunt).
— Muma and Jeffers, 1944. Ent. News 55: 50 (nest). — Muma and Jeffers, 1945. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 38: 246, 252, 254-255, figs. 3, 4 (nest, prey). —Lin, 1969. Wasmann Jour. Biol.
27: 129-130 (prey). —Johnson, 1974. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 76: 448-449 (parasite). —Cross,
Stith and Bauman, 1975. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 68: 901-916, 10 figs, (mating, nest
construction and provisioning, prey hunting, cocoon, life history, parasites).

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99 (14): pi. 21, figs. L, Q, R (male
genitalia).

Subfamily BOTHYNOSTETHINAE

Genus BOTHYNOSTETHUS Kohl

Bothynostetlius Kohl, 1884. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verhandl. 33: 344.
Type-species: Bothynostethus Saussurei Kohl. Monotypic

Bothynostethus distinctus Fox
N. Y. to Fla. west to Idaho and Ariz. Ecology: Nests in sand, occasionally

utilizing a rodent burrow, makes up to 8 cells per nest, stores 4-9 chrysomelid beetles
per cell. Parasite: Senotainia sp. ? Prey: Monoxia sp., Pyi-rhalta decora (Say), P.
perplexa Fall, P. spiraeae Fall, P. cavicollis (LeC), Ophraella notata (F.).
Bothynostetlius distinctus Fox, 1891. Ent News 2: 31. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Kurczewski and Evans, 1972. Psyche 79: 97-99, figs. 8-15 (larva).

Biology: Cazier and Mortenson, 1965. Pan-Pacific Ent. 41: 31-32 (nest, prey). —Kurczewski
and Evans, 1972 Psyche 79: 88-97, figs. 1-7 (nest, prey transport, cocoon, parasites).


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