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Superfamily PROCTOTRUPOIDEA
Family PROCTOTRUPIDAE

The Proctotrupidae are principally internal parasites of the larvae of Coleoptera, including
those of Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Nitidulidae, Erotylidae, Elateridae, Coccinellidae and Curcu-
lionidae. However, certain forms are said to have been reared from larvae of the dipterous fami-
ly Mycetophilidae; and there is also what appears to be a reliable record (Newman, 1867) of the
rearing of a species of Phaetio.serphiin from a centipede of the genus LHhobius.

Revision: Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 331-344 (Nearctic species). — Kieffer,
1914. Das Tierreich, Lief. 42, pp. 1-57 (World fauna). —Nixon, 1938. Roy. Ent. Soc. London,
Trans. 87: 431-465 (British species). -Riek, 1955. Austral. Jour. Zool. 3: 106-117
(Australian species).

Ta.xonomy: Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 1-19 (Key to Nearctic species). — Morley,
1922. Entomologist 55: 1-3, 59-60, 82-83, 108-110, 132-135, 157-161, 182-186.
—Pschorn-Walcher, 1958. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 31: 57-64. — Masner, 1958. Beitr. z.
Ent. 8: 477-481. -Pschorn-Walcher, 1958. Beitr. z. Ent. 8: 724-731. -Masner, 1961. Pare
Natl. Upemba Miss, de Witte, fasc. 60, pp. 37-47 (Key to the genera of the world).
—Kozlov, 1970. Ent. Obozr. 49: 203-209 (English transl.: Ent. Rev. 49: 115-118). — Kozlov,
1971. Soc. Ent. Unionis Sovet., Horae 54: 7-12.

Biology: Newman, 1867. Entomologist 3: 342-344. — Frohawk, 1886. Entomologist 19: 225.
— Eastham, 1929. Parasitology 21: 1-21. — Zolk, 1924. Tartu UlikooH Ent. Katsejaama
Teadaanded 5: 1-10. -Williams, 1932. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc 8: 205-209. -Riek, 1955.
Linn. Soc N. S. Wales, Proc. 80: 147. -Jansson, 1960. Opusc Ent. 25: 83-86. -Hedqvist,
1963. Ent. Tidskr. 84: 62-64. — Weidemann, 1965. Ztschr. f. Morph. u. Oekol. der Tiere 55:
425-480. -Masner, 1968. Acta Ent. Bohemoslov. 65: 464-466.

Genus DISOGMUS Foerster

D/.so<7?»«.s Foerster, 1856. Hym. Stud., v. 2, p. 99.

Type-species: Pmcfotnipes areolator Haliday. Monotypic

In North America at least the genus seems to be relatively rare. It is most closely related to
Pwctotriipes Latreille. Published host records for species of Disogmioi are very meager and ap-
parently somewhat doubtful but suggest parasitization of carabid and pyrochroid larvae.

Ta.xonomy: Kieffer, 1914. Das Tierreich, Lief. 42, pp. 16-22. —Nixon, 1938. Roy. Ent. Soc
London, Trans. 87: 447-450. -Pschorn-Walcher, 1958. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 31: 58-59.

Disogmus canadensis Harrington
Ont. (Ottawa).

Di>iog)iius canadensis Harrington, 1889. Roy. Soc. Canada, Trans. (2) 5: 193. ♀.

Disogmus diversicornis Kieffer
Calif. (San Mateo).

Disogmns dirersicornis Kieffer, 1906 (1905). Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 271. ♂.

Disogmus glabratus Kieffer
Calif. (San Mateo).

Disognnts glabratiis Kieffer, 1906 (1905). Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 271, 273. ♂.

Disogmus pubescens Kieffer
Nev., (?) 111. Host: An/am (Ciirtonotus) carinatits (LeC).

Disognnis pubescens Kieffer, 1906 (1905). Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 271, 272. ♀, ♂.

Disogmus torvus Whittaker
B. C. (ChilHwack).

Disognius torvits Whittaker, 1930. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc 32: 68. ♀, ♂.

Genus PHAENOSERPHUS Kieffer

Phaenoserphus Kieffer, 1908. In Andre, Spec. Hym. Eur. Alg., v. 10. p. 298.

Type-species: Pwcfot rapes ciirtipennis Haliday. Desig. by Muesebeck and Walkley,
1951.
Carabiphagns Morley, 1929. Suffolk Nat. Soc, Trans. 1: 40.

Type-species: Proctotrnpes laecifrons Foerster. Monotypic.




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There are no pubHshed host records for any North American form of this genus, but on the
basis of rearings of Old-Worid species it appears that the hosts are mainly fungicolous beetle
larvae of the families Carabidae and Staphylinidae. One remarkable observation has been
recorded by Newman (1867), who described the emergence of specimens of P. calcar (Haliday)
from a centipede of the genus LithobiiiN.

Taxonomy: Kieffer, 1908. /*( Andre, spec. Hym. Eur. Alg., v. 10, pp. 298-313. — Kieffer, 1914.
Das Tierreich, Lief. 42, pp. 22-36. —Nixon, 1933. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 87: 451-460.
—Hellen, 1941. Notulae Ent. 21: 33-36. — Pschorn-Walcher, 1958. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell,
Mitt. 31: 62-63.

Biology: Newman, 1867. Entomologist 3: 342-344. — Eastham, 1921. Parasitology 29: 1-21.
—Raynaud, 1935. Misc. Ent. 36: 97-100. — Weidemann, 1965. Ztschr. f. Oekol. u. Morph. der
Tiere 55: 446-480. -Masner, 1968. Acta Ent. Bohemoslov. 65: 464-465.

Morphology: Tonapi, 1958. Indian Jour. Ent. 20: 208, 209, figs. 31-33 (respiratory system).

Phaenoserphus longipes Brues
Wash. (Almota).

Pliaenoserphiis lougipes Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 9. ♂.

Phaenoserphus nevadensis (Kieffer)
Calif., Nev.

Proctotrypex necadeunix Kieffer, 1906 (1905). Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 275. ♂.

Phaenoserphus nigripes (Ashmead)
Alaska, Oreg.

Proctotri/pes nujripen Ashmead, 1902. Wash. Acad. Sci., Proc. 4: 136. ♂.

Phaenoserphus obliquus (Ashmead)
Tex.

Prodotrypes obliqiiuK Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., BuL 45: 334, 338. ♂.

Genus PROCTOTRUPES Latreille

Serpluis Schrank, 1780. Schrift. BerHn. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde 1: 307.

Type-species: Serphiis brachypterus Schrank. Monotypic. Suppressed by Internatl.
Comn. Zool. Nomencl., 1946 (Opinion 178).
Proctotnipes Latreille, 1796. Precis Caract. Gen. Ins., p. 108. No species. —Latreille, 1802.
Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., v. 3, p. 308. One species.

Type-species: Proctotnipes brecipe)ini!i Latreille. First included species. Also desig.
by Internatl. Comn. Zool. Nomencl., 1946 (Opinion 178), and the generic name
added by the Commission to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as
Name No. 616.
Erodonts Walckenaer, 1802. Faune Parisienne, Ins., v. 2, p. 47.

Type-species: Erodonis bi^iiaciilatiis Walckenaer. Monotypic.
ProctrupeN Rafinesque, 1815. Analyse, Nature ou Tabl. Univers, Palermo, p. 125. Emend.
EriodoritK Agassiz, 1846. Nomencl. Zool., p. 143. Emend.
Pwctotrypes Agassiz, 1846. Nomencl. Zool., p. 309. Emend.
Proctotropin Gistel, 1848. Naturgesch. Thierr. f. hoh. Schul., p. 143. Emend.
Proctotripea Provancher, 1883. Petite Faune Ent. Canada, p. 558. Error.

There appear to be no published records of host association for any North American species.
Masner (1968) has indicated that species of Proctotnipes are essentially parasites of the larvae
of Carabidae.

Revision: Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 333-344. -Kieffer, 1914. Das Tierreich,
Lief. 42, pp. 7-16. —Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 2-6.

Biology: Masner, 1968. Acta Ent. Bohemoslov. 65: 464-465.

Proctotrupes caudatus Say
Canadian, Transition and Upper Austral Zones.

Proctotnipes coiidotiis Say, 1824. In Keating, Narr. Long's 2nd Exped., v. 2, p. 329. ♀.

Proctotrypes crenidatiis Patton, 1879. Canad. Ent. 11: 64. ♀.

Proctotrupes cockerelli (Brues)
Colo. (Eldoro).

Serphus cockerelli Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 3, 4. ♂.

Proctotrupes debilis (Brues)
Wash. (Wawawai).

Serphus debilis Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 3, 5. ♂.

Proctotrupes florissantensis Rohwer
Iowa, Colo., Idaho.

Proctotrypes florissantensis Rohwer, 1909. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 35: 134. ♀, ♂.




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Proctotrupes linellii Ashmead
N. Y.

Proctotrypes Linellii Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 334, 337. ♂.

Proctotrupes longiusculus Brues
N. Y., N. J., Pa.

Proctotrypes longiiiscitliis Brues, 1909 (1908). Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 6: 155. ♂.

Proctotrupes melliventris Ashmead
Fla. (Jacksonville).

Proctotnipea nielliventria Ashmead, 1887. Ent. Amer. 3: 99. ♂.

Proctotrupes pallidus (Say)
Transition and Upper Austral Zones.

Codnis pallidus Say, 1828. Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila. 1: 80.

Proctotrypes coloradicus Cockerell, 1905. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15: 204. ♀.

Proctotrupes rufigaster Provancher
Ont., N. Y., Man.

Proctotrupes rufigaster Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 263. ♀, ♂.

Proctotrupes sequoiarum (Brues)
Calif. (Marin County).

Serphus sequoiani»i Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 3, 4. ♂.

Proctotrupes terminalis Ashmead
Transcontinental in Transition and Upper Austral Zones.

Proctotrypes terwiualis Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 334, 337. ♂.

Proctotrupes zabriskiei (Brues)
N. Y. (Rochester).

Serphus zabriskiei Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 2, 3. ♀.

Genus CODRUS Panzer

Codrns Panzer, 1801. Faunae Ins. German., Heft 85, no. 9.

Type-species: Codnis niger Panzer. Desig. by Morice and Durrant, 1915.
Exalloiyx Kieffer, 1904. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, Bui. 23: 34.

Type-species: Exallonyx foniiicarius Kieffer. Orig. desig.

Although dipterous larvae, of the family Mycetophilidae, have been considered possible hosts
it appears that the species of Codrus are essentially parasites of fungicolous beetle larvae.
Masner (1968) has indicated that all reliable host records involve Staphylinidae only.

Taxonomy: Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 9-18. —Nixon, 1938. Roy. Ent. Soc London,
Trans. 87: 434-446. — Muesebeck and Walkley, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2, p.
665. -Pschorn-Walcher, 1958. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 31: 61-62. — Weidemann, 1965.
Ztschr. f. Morph. u. Oekol. der Tiere 55: 480-509.

Biology: Frohawk, 1886. Entomologist 19: 225. —Williams, 1932. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc 8:
205-209. — Hedqvist, 1963. Ent. Tidskr. 84: 63. —Weidemann, 1965. Ztschr. f. Morph. u.
Oekol. der Tiere 55: 440-480. —Masner, 1968. Acta Ent. Bohemoslov. 65: 465.

Codrus angusticeps (Brues)
Wash. (Orcas IsL).

Proctotrypes angusticeps Brues, 1910 (1909). Wis. Nat. Hist., Soc, Bui. 7: 112. ♀.

Codrus ashmeadi (Brues)
Maine.

Exallonyx ashmeadi Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 10, 13. ♂.

Codrus californicus (Holmgren)
Calif.

Proctotrupes californicus Holmgren, 1868. Eug. Resa I, Zool. 1, Ins., p. 434. ♀, ♂.

Codrus canadensis (Ashmead)
Que., Ont., N. Y.

Procfotrt/pes canadensis Ashmead. 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 335, 342. ♀.

Codrus carinatus (Brues)
Wash. (Oroville).

Exallonyx carinatus Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 11, 15. ♂.

Codrus carolinensis (Ashmead)
Mass., Pa., Va., N. C, Mich., Ind.

Proctotrypes carolinensis Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 335, 341. ♂.

Codrus crenaticornis (Kieffer)
Calif. (Santa Clara).

Exallonyx crenaticornis Kieffer, 1906 (1905). Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 273, 274. ♂.

Codrus dentaticornis (Kieffer)
Nev. (Ormsby County).

Exallonyx dentaticornis Kieffer, 1906 (1905). Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 273, 275. ♂.

Codrus fallacicornis (Kieffer)
Calif. (Santa Clara).

Exallonyx fallacicornis Kieffer, 1906 (1905). Berlin. Ent. Ztschr. 50: 274. ♂.

Codrus femoratus (Ashmead)
Wyo., Wash.

Proctotrypes fentoratus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 335, 344. ♀.




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Codrus fuscicornis (Brues)
Mass. (Wood's Hole).

ExallonyxfuHciconiiH Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 10, 12. ♂.

Codrus grandis (Brues)
N. J. (Ramsey).

Exallonyx (jnt)i(lis Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 11, 17. ♀.

Codrus longiceps (Ashmead)
Ont., Va., Ohio, Ark. Host: Sfaphyliniis sp.

Pwctotrtjpes longiceps Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 335, 342. 2.

Codrus medius (Ashmead)
Ont. (Ottawa).

Prodotnjpes medius Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 335, 343. ♀.

Codrus obscuripes (Brues)
Wash. (Puget Sound region).

Pwctotrypes obscuripes Brues, 1910 (1909). Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 7: 112, 114. ♂.

Codrus pallidicornis (Brues)
Conn., Wis.

ExalloHijx pallidicornis Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 11, 14. ♂.

Codrus parvulus (Brues)
Wash., Calif.

Exallonyx parculus Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 11, 16. ♂.

Codrus placidus (Brues)
Wash. (Orcas Isl).

Proctotrypes placidus Brues, 1910 (1909). Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 7: 112, 113. ♂.

Codrus pleuralis (Brues)
Wash. (Monroe).

Exallonyx pleuralis Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 10, 14. ♂.

Codrus quadriceps (Ashmead)
Que., Ont., N. J.

Proctotrypes quadriceps Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 335, 343. ♀.

Codrus serricornis (Brues)
Wash. (Puget Sound region).

Proctotrypes serricornis Brues, 1910 (1909). Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 7: 112, 115. ♂.

Codrus similis (Brues)
Wash., Calif.

Exallonyx similis Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 10, 11. ♀.
sitnplicior (Brues). Wash. (Puget Sound region).

Proctotrypes simplicior Brues, 1910 (1909). Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 7: 112, 116. ♂.

Codrus simulans (Ashmead)
Md., Va., W. Va., III.

Proctotrypes simulans Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 335, 342. ♀.

Codrus texanus (Ashmead)
Tex.

Proctotrypes texanus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 335, 341. "♀"=♂.

Genus CRYPTOSERPHUS Kieffcr

Cryptoserplius Kieffer, 1907. In Andre, Spec Hym. Eur. Alg., v. 10, p. 288. No species.
— Kieffer, 1908. In Andre, Spec. Hym. Eur. Alg., v. 10, p. 313. Ten species.

Type-species: Cryptoserplius longicalcar Kieffer. Desig. by Kieffer, 1908.
Brachyserphus Hellen, 1941. Notulae Ent. 21: 42.

Type-species: Codrus paruulns Nees. Orig. desig.

The only published host record for a North American species is for C. obsoleta (Say), which is
said to have been reared from a fungicolous beetle larva, but apparently reliable rearing records
for certain European species of Cryptoserplius include as hosts the larvae of fungus gnats
(Mycetophilidae) as well as fungicolous Coleoptera.

Taxonomy: Kieffer, 1914. Das Tierreich, Lief. 42, pp. 36-42. —Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc,
Jour. 27: 6-8. —Nixon, 1938. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 87: 460-465. —Hellen, 1941.
Notulae Ent. 21 : 41-42. — Pschorn-Walcher, 1958. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 31: 59.
— Masner, 1967. In Krombein and Burks, U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2, Sup. 2, p. 286.

Biology: Jansson, 1960. Opusc Ent. 25: 83-86. —Masner, 1968. Acta Ent. Bohemoslov. 65:
464-466.

Cryptoserphus abruptus (Say)
Que. and Ont. s. to Fla.; Tenn., Ind., Mich.

Proctotrupes abritpfus Say, 1836. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 378. ♀.
Megaspilas lucens Provancher, 1883. Nat. Canad. 14: 33. "♀"=♂.

Taxonomy: Masner, 1969. Nat. Canad. 96: 779.

Cryptoserphus belfragei (Ashmead)
Tex.

Proctotrypes Belfragei Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 335, 340. ♀.




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Cryptoserphus bruesi Muesebeck and Walkley
Conn. (Morris Cove).

Disognius ob>ioletus Brues, 1905. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 3: 186. ♀. Preocc. by Say, 1836.

Cryptoserphus bruesi Muesebeck and Walkley, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2, p.
665. N. name.

Cryptoserphus clypeatus (Ashmead)
N. Y. (Ithaca).

Proctotrypes clypeatus Ashmead, 1893. U. S. Natl. Mus., Bui. 45: 334, 339. ♀.

Cryptoserphus flavipes (Provancher)
N. B., Que., Ont., Md., N. C.

Proctotrupes palllpes Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 263. This name, which is preocc.
by Jurine, 1807, was used unintentionally in the key for P. flavipes, which heads the
description on the following page.

Proctotrupes fl a ri pes Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 264. ♀.

Cryptoserphus melanderi Brues
Wash. (Pullman).

Cryptoserphus ))ielau(leri Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 8. ♂.

Cryptoserphus obsoletus (Say)
D. C, Va., Fla., Ind., Ont. Host: Stelidota strigosa (Gyll.).

Proctotrupes obsoletus Say, 1836. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 377. ♀.

Cryptoserphus occidentalis Brues
Idaho, Wash.

Cryptoserphus occidentalis Brues, 1919. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 27: 7. ♀.


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