Chlorium Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hym., p. 193. Emend.
Revision: Menke, 1961. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 54: 667-669, 9 figs. (N. Amer. spp.).

Chlorion aerarium Patton
Entire U. S. Ecology: Nests in sand, probably constructing several cells per
nest. Prey: Gryllus rubens Scud., G. pennsylvanicus (Burm.), G. sp., Anurogryllus
muticus (De Geer).
Chlorion aerarium Patton, 1879. Canad. Ent. 11: 133. ♀.
Sphex (Chlorion) nearcticus Kohl, 1890. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 5: 186. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 242-244, figs. 9-12 (larva).

Biology: Peckham and Peckham, 1900. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 1: 85-87 (nest, prey,
parasite). —Peckham and Peckham, 1905. Wasps, Social and Solitary, pp. 256-261 (nest,
prey, parasite). — Krombein, 1953 (1952). Wasmann Jour. Biol. 10: 283 (prey). — Krombein,
1958. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 60: 104 (nest). —Krombein, 1959. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 61:
195 (prey).

Chlorion cyaneum Dahlbom
Tex., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico.

Chlorion cyaneum Dahlbom, 1843. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, p. 24.

Sphex (Chlorion) occultus Kohl, 1890. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 5: 187. ♀, ♂.

Podium krombeini Bohart and Menke
Tex., southern Calif.; Mexico (Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca).

Podinin kro7nbeini Bohart and Menke, 1963. Univ. Calif. Pubs. Ent. 30: 106, figs. 4, 49, 60.
S, 9.

Podium luctuosum Smith
N. Y. to Tex., Mo., Kans. Ecology: Nests in borings in wood or in dead tree
trunks; closing plug of rotten wood particles at inner end, the outer end plastered with
mud. Parasite: Melittobia chalybii Ashm.; Neochrysis panamensis (Cam.)? Prey:
Parcoblatta uhleriaiia (Sauss.), adults.
Podium luctuosum Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 235. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 244-245, figs. 14, 15 (larva).

Biology: Krombein, 1964. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 58: 118-119 (nest). —Krombein, 1967.

Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 255-257, figs. 64, 65 (nest, prey, life history, parasites).

Podium rufipes Fabricius
N. Y. to Fla., Iowa, Kans., Tex.; Mexico, Central and South America.

Ecology: Nests in borings in wood and in abandoned mud-dauber nests; closing plug of a
variety of compacted debris or earth with an outer coating of resin. Parasite:
Histiostoma myrtnicarum Scheuch.; Lepidophora appendiculata (Macq.); Megaselia sp.;
Melittobia chalybii Ashm.; Neochrysis panamensis (Cam.). Prey: Parcoblatta
peimsyivanica (DeG.), P. sp., Chorisoneura texe^isis Sauss. and Zehnt., Cariblatta iiitea
(Sauss. and Zehnt.), C. minima Heb., Latiblatella rehni Heb., Eurycotis floridana
(Wlkr.), adults and nymphs. Predator: Cymatodera undulata Say.

Podium rufipes Fabricius, 1805. Systema Piezatorum, p. 183.

Parapodium biguttatum Taschenberg, 1869. Ztschr. Gesam. Naturw. Halle 34: 423. ♂, ♀.

Podium Carolina Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 556. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 81: 150, figs. 69-73 (larva).




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Biology: Rau, 1937. Ent. News 48: 91-93 (nest, prey, life history). — Krombein, 1958. Amer.
Ent. Soc, Trans. 84: 147-149 (nest, prey, life history, parasite). —Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 251-255, figs. 62, 63 (nest, prey, life history, parasites,
predator). —Krombein, 1970. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 46: 12-22, figs. 40-61 (nest behavior,
prey, life history).

Chalybion californicum (Saussure)
Transcontinental in U. S., B. C, northern Mexico; adventive in
Hawaii and Bermuda. Ecology: Nests in abandoned mud nests o{ Sceliphron
caementarium (Dru.). Parasite: Anthrax liynatulus artemisia Marst., S phaeropthalma
(S.) a. auripilis (BL). Prey: Latrodechis mactans (F.) most commonly, Asagena
americana Em., Enoplognatha puritana Chamb. and Ivie, Theridion iepidarionim
(Koch), T.frondeum Hentz, T. austrctle Bks., Steatoda borealis (Hentz); Neoscona sp.,
Epeira foliata (Fourcr.), Araneus sp., Gea heptagon (Hentz); Misumeninae sp.,
Thomisidae spp.; Oxyopes scalaris Hentz, Oxyopidae sp.; Paraphidippus marginatus
(Walck.), Salticidae sp.

Sphex caerulea Linnaeus, 1763. Centuria Ins. Rar., p. 30. Preocc.

Sphex cyanea Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., No. 5, p. 346. Preocc.

Pelopoeus {Chalybion) califortiicus Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool, v. 2, Hym., p.
26.

Taxonomy: Rau, 1915. Psyche 22: 62-63 (cocoon). —Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc,
Trans. 81: 149, figs. 67, 68 (larva).

Biology: Peckham and Peckham, 1898. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 2 (Sci. Ser. 1):

176-199 (nest, prey). —Peckham and Peckham, 1905. Wasps Social and Solitary, pp. 265-274
(nest, prey). —Rau, 1915. Ent. News 26: 469-471 (number of generations per year). —Rau,
1928. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 21: 25-35 (nesting habits). —Rau, 1928. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
Trans. 25: 443-448 (nesting habits). —Rau, 1935. Ent. News 46: 259-260 (prey). —Irving
and Hinman, 1935. Science 82: 395-396 (prey). — Muma and Jeffers, 1945. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Ann. 38: 245-255 (prey). —Ward, 1972. Ind. Acad. Sci., Proc 81: 177-181 (sleeping
aggregations).

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99, no. 14: 50, pi. 23, figs. H, J, L
(male genitaHa).

Chalybion zimmermanni
***authority mismatch
aztecum (Saussure). Western Tex. to Ariz., Utah; Mexico to Costa Rica, Clarion
Is. Ecology: Nests in old mud nests of Sceliphron assimile (Dahlb.). Parasite: Anthrax
pluricellus Will.
Pelopetis (!) aztecus Saussure, 1867. Reise der Ost. Freg. Novara, Zool. 2: 26. ♂.
Sceliphron (Chalybion) mo^istrosum Kohl, 1918. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 32: 61. ♂.

Biology: Rau, 1940. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 33: 591 (nests, parasite). —Rau, 1942. Canad. Ent.
74: 196 (sleeping aggregation).

Chalybion zimmermanni
***authority mismatch
zimmermanni Dahlbom. Tenn., N. C, Fla. to eastern Tex., Ind.; Hispaniola.
Ecology: Nests in borings in wood and in old mud nests of Sceliphron caementarium
(Dru.). Parasite: Melittobia chalybii Ashm. Prey: Araneus spp., Argiope aurantia Luc,




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A. trifa^ciata (Forsk.), Cyclosa conica (Pall.); TIteridion frondeum Uentz, Asagena

americana Em.
Chalybion zimmermanni Dahlbom, 1843. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, p. 22. ♀, ♂.
Pelopoeus texanus Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 210. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Ward, 1970. Ind. Acad. Sci., Proc. 79: 231-233 (nest, prey). -Ward, 1971. Ind. Acad.
Sci., Proc. 80: 264-266, 1 fig. (nests). -Ward, 1973. Ind. Acad. Sci., Proc. 82: 231-233
(growth in captivity). -Ward, 1973. Ind. Acad. Sci., Proc. 82: 233-234 (parasite).

Sceliphron assimile (Dahlbom)
Tex.; Mexico south to Panama, Cuba. Parasite: Acroricnus cubensis (Cr.).
Prey: Epeira oaxacensis Keys., E . fuscovittata Keys.; Misumena sp.; Scytodes sp.;
Phidippus sp.
Pelopoeus assimilis Dahlbom, 1843. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, p. 23. ♀, ♂.
Sceliphron caementarium var. nicaraguanum Kohl, 1918. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann.
32: 118. ♀.

Biology: Dow, 1932. Psyche 39: 10-12 (nest, prey, parasite).

Sceliphron caementarium (Drury)
South. Canada and entire U. S. south to Central America, West

Indies; adventive in Bermuda, Peru, Japan, Mariana Is., Marshall Is., Hawaii, Australia,
New (ialedonia, Fiji, Samoa, Society Is., Marquesas Is., Gambler Is., France, Germany,
Madeira Is. Parasite: Anthrax limatulus fur (0. S.), A. I. artemisia Marst.; Amobia
floridensis (Tns.); Acroricnus s. stylator (Thunb.), A. s. edwardsii (Cr.), A. s. junceus
(Cr.); Chrysis fuscipennis Br.; Sphaeropthahna (Photopsioides) sp., S. (S.) a. auripilis
(Bl.), S. (S.) p. pensylvanica (Lep.), S. (S.) p. scaeva (Bl.). Prey: Neoscona arabesca
(Walck.), A^. benjamina (Walck.), N. sp., Acanthepeira stellata (Walck.), Argiope
trifasciata (Forsk.), A. aurantia Luc, Epeira foliata (Fourcr.), E. displicata Hentz, E.
sp., Arayiea nivea Hentz, A. yniniata (Walck.), A. comuta CI., A. sp., Metepeira
labyrinthea (Hentz), Eustala anastera (Walck.), Mangora gibberosa (Hentz.);
Philodromus pemix Blackw., Misumenops asperatus (Hentz), Misumena calycina (L.),
M. sp., Misumenoides aleatorius (Hentz), Misumeninae sp., Thomisidae sp.; Phidippus
niystaceus Hentz, P. clarus Keys., P. sp., Xysticus ferox (Hentz), Marpissa undata
(DeG.), Salticidae sp.; Schizocosa crassipes (Walck.), Lycosidae sp.; Dolomedes sp.;
Anyphaenidae sp.; Oxyopes scalaris Hentz, 0. salticus Hentz, Oxyopidae sp.;
Clubionidae sp. Predator: Lecontella cancellata (LeC).

Sphex caementaria Drury, 1773. Illus. Nat. Hist., v. 2, index.

Sphex flavomaculata DeGeer, 1773. Mem. Hist. Ins., v. 3, p. 588.

Sphex iunata Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent. p. 347.

Sphex flavipes Fabricius, 1781. Species Ins., p. 444.

Sphex flavipunctata Christ, 1791. Naturgesch. Class. Nomencl., p. 301.

Sphex affinis Fabricius, 1793. Ent. System., v. 2, p. 203.

Pelopoeus architectus Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 3, p. 313. ♀.

Pelopoeus servillei Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 3, p. 313. ♀.

Pelopoeus solieri Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 3, p. 318. ♀.




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Pelopeous canadensis Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 233. ♂.

Pelopoeus nigriventris Costa, 1864. Mus. Zool. Napoli, Ann. 2: 60.

Pelopoeus tahitensis Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool., v. 2, Hym., p. 27, pi. 2, fig. 17.

9,6.
Spliex economica Curtiss, 1938. Short Zoology of Tahiti, p. 155.

Taxonomy: Rau, 1915. Psyche 22: 62-63 (cocoon). —Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc,
Trans. 81: 147, figs. 50-56 (larva).

Biology: Peckham and Peckham, 1898. Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 2 (Sci. Ser. 1):
176-199 (nest, prey). —Peckham and Peckham, 1905. Wasps, Social and Solitary, pp.
265-274 (nest, prey). —Rau and Rau, 1913. Ent. News 24: 392-401 (nest, prey). —Rau,
1915. Jour. Anim. Behavior 5: 240-249 (experiments on prey recognition). —Rau, 1915. Ent.
News 26: 469-471 (number of generations per year). —Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp Studies
Afield, pp. 118-124 (nest). —Rau, 1928. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 443-466 (nest, prey,
experiments with substitute prey). —Rau, 1935. Ent. News 46: 267-270 (prey). — Muma
and Jeffers, 1945. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 38: 246-255 (prey). —Rau, 1946. Brooklyn Ent.
Soc, Bui. 41: 10-11 (parasites, mating). — Shafer, 1949. Ways of a mud dauber, 78 pp., 10
pis., 9 figs, (nest, life history, physiology). — Eberhard, 1971 (1970). Psyche 77: 247-251
(predatory behavior).

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99: no. 14: 50, pi. 23, figs. A-F
(male genitalia).

Sphex ashmeadi (Fernald)
Calif., Nev., Utah, Colo., Ariz., N. Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Tamaulipas, Nuevo
Leon).
Chlorion (Proterosphex) ashmeadi Fernald, 1906. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 31: 389. ♀, ♂.

Sphex dorsalis Lepeletier
Southern U. S., Fla. and Ga. to Calif.; Central and South America.

Ecology: Nests in firm soil, the burrow vertical or nearly so, terminating in one or more
cells, each cell stored with 1-3 prey specimens. Prey: Conocephalus fasciatus (DeG.), C.
sp.
Sphex dorsalis Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 3, p. 347. ♂.




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Sphex singularis Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 261. ♂.

Sphex chlomrgyrica Costa, 1862. Mus. Zool. Napoli, Ann. 1: 66.

Sphex micans Taschenberg, 1869. Ztschr. Gesam. Naturw. Halle 34: 419. ♀. Preocc.

Sphex dubitaia Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 213. ♀.

Sphex spiniger Kohl, 1890. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 5: 428. ♂.

Biology: Dow, 1932. Psyche 39: 8-9 (nest, prey). — Krombein and Evans, 1954. Ent. Soc.
Wash., Proc. 56: 233-234 (nest, prey, life cycle).

Sphex flavovestitus
***authority mismatch
flavovestitus Smith. Va. to Fla., west to Tex.; Mexico (Durango). Parasite:

Pseudoxenos sviithii (Heyd.). Another subspecies occurs in Mexico.
Sphex flavovestita Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 253. ♂.
Sphex flavipes Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 263. ♀. Preocc.
Chlorion {Proterosphex) flavitarsis Fernald, 1906. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 31: 379. 9, 6. N.

name.

Sphex habenus Say
Md. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex.; Mexico (Sinaloa). Parasite: Pseudoxenos

sniithii (Heyd.). Prey: Tettigoniidae sp., nymph.
Sphex habena Say, 1832. New Sp. N. Amer. Ins. chiefly of Louisiana, p. 14. ♀.
Sphex lauta Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 212. ♀.
Sphex lauta var. iliustris Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 210. ♀.
Sphex princeps Kohl, 1890. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 5: 398. ♀.
Sphex chrysophorus Kohl, 1890. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 5: 300. ♀.
Sphex lanciger Kohl, 1895. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 10: 55. ♂.

Biology: Strandtmann, 1953. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 26: 51-52 (nest, prey).

Sphex ichneumoneus (Linnaeus)
Southern Canada, U. S., south to Brazil and Peru. Ecology: Nests
in hard-packed soil or sand, the burrow vertical or nearly so, each nest with 2-7 cells,
each cell provisioned with several prey specimens. Parasite: Pseudoxenos smithii
(Heyd.); Metopia argyrocephala (Meig.), M. campestris (Fall.), Senotainia trilineata
(Wulp); Nysson plagiatus Cr. Prey: Neoconocephalus ensiger (Harr.), N. sp., Acanthodis
SP)( Atlanticus dorsalis (Burm.), Conocephalus attenuatus (Scud.), C.fasciatus (DeG.),
C. brevipennis (Scud.), C. triops (L.), C. sp., Neduba sp., Scudderia texensis (Sauss.), S.
pistillata (Brunn.), Orchelmium vulgare Harr., 0. calcaratum R. and H., 0. delicatum
Brun., Amblycorypha oblongifolia (DeG.); Oecanthus n. nigricomis (Wlkr.);
Brachybaenus sp., Gryllacris sp. This handsome wasp is commonly called "The Great
Golden Digger".

Apis ichneumonea Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 578.

Noinada surinamensis Retzius, 1783. Genera et Species Insectorum, p. 62. N. name.

Sphex auriflua Perty, 1834. Delect. Anim. Articul. Brasil., p. 142. A questionable synonym.

Sphex aurocapillus Templeton, 1841. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 3: 51. A questionable
synonym.

Sphex Croesus Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 3, p. 351. ♀.

Sphex dimidiatus Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 3, p. 352. ♂. Preocc.

Sphex suynptuosa Costa, 1862. Mus. Zool. Napoli, Ann. 1: 66. S. K questionable synonym.

Sphex ichneumoneus var. ignotus Strand, 1916. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 81: 99. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 81: 139, figs. 1-8 (larva).

Biology: Packard, 1869. Guide Study Ins., pp. 167-168 (nest, prey). — Peckham and Peckham,
1898. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 2, Sci. Ser. 1: 33-41, pi. 2, fig. 4, pi. 11, fig. 1, pi. 12,
figs. 1-2 (nest, prey). — Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp studies afield, pp. 193-198, fig. 43 (nest,
prey). — Reinhard, 1929. Witchery of wasps, pp. 141-164, 2 pis. (prey). —Abbott, 1931.
Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc 38: 255-258 (nesting behavior). — Frisch, 1937. Amer. Midland Nat.
18: 1043-1062 (nesting aggregation, prey, life cycle, parasite). —Fernald, 1945. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 38: 458-460 (nesting aggregation, prey). — Ristich, 1953. Canad. Ent. 85:
374-386, 1 pi., 4 text figs, (nest, prey, parasites).

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99, no. 14: 50, pi. 22, figs. K-N, Q,
R (male genitalia).

Sphex jamaicensis (Drury)
Fla.; West Indies.

Vespa Jamaicensis Drury, 1770. Illus. Nat. Hist, v. 1, p. 104.

Sphex Jamaica Christ, 1791. Naturgesch. Class. Nomencl. Ins., p. 292. Emend.




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Sphex aurulenta Guerin, 1835. Iconogr. Regne Anim., Planches Anim. Invert., pi. 70, fig. 2.

Lapsus for lanierii Guer., 1844.
Sphex Lanierii Guerin, 1844. Iconogr. Regne Anim., Ins., v. 3: 433. ♂.
Sphex ornata Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 3, p. 344. 9, tJ.
Sphex ichneumoneus \ar.fuiviventris Kohl, 1890. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 5: 431.

Sphex nudus
***authority mismatch
Fernald. Md. to 111., south to Fla. and La. Prey. Camptonotus carolinensis Gerst.
Sphex midus Fernald, 1903. Psyche 10: 201. ♂.
Sphex bridwelli Fernald, 1903. Psyche 10: 202. ♀.

Biology: Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp studies afield, p. 206 (prey).

Sphex pensylvanicus Linnaeus
Transcont. in U. S. except northwestern states; northern Mexico.
Ecology: Nests in soft earth in sheltered areas, the burrow oblique; several cells
provisioned with 2-6 prey specimens. Parasite: Pseudoxenos smithii (Heyd.); Senotainia
trilineata (Wulp). Prey: Microcentrum reiinerve (Burm.), M. rhomhifolium (Sauss.),
Sciidderia fiircata Brunn. This wasp is commonly called "The Great Black Wasp."
Sphex pensylvanica Linnaeus, 1763. Centuria Ins. Rar., p. 30.
Sphex pensylvayiicus var. robustisoma Strand, 1916. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 81: 101. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Sec, Trans. 81: 140, figs. 9-11 (larva).

Biology: Reinhard, 1929. Witchery of wasps, pp. 165-191, 1 pL, 1 text fig. (nest, prey).

— Frisch, 1938. Amer. Midland Nat. 19: 673-677 (nest, prey, life cycle, parasites). —Rau,

1944. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 37: 439-440 (nest, prey). — Krombein, 1955. Brooklyn Ent. Soc,

Bui. 50: 16-17 (nesting aggregation, prey).

Sphex servillei Lepeletier
Southern Tex. to Argentina.

Sphex fuliginosa Dahlbom, 1843. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, p. 425. Preocc.

Sphex Servillei Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. 3: 336. ♂.

Sphex Chichimecus Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool., v. 2, Hym., p. 40. ♂.

Sphex congener Kohl, 1890. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 5: 418. ♀.

Sphex Joergenseni Brethes, 1913. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac. de Hist. Nat., An. 24: 120. ♂.

Sphex tepanecus Saussure
Tex. to Ariz.; Mexico (Chihuahua). Ecology: Nests gregariously in fine
sandy loam soil. Prey: Tettigoniidae sp., nymph.

Sphex tepanecus Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool., v. 2, Hym., p. 41. ♂.

Sphex mexicana Taschenberg, 1869. Ztschr. Gesam. Naturw. Halle 34: 416. ♂. Preocc.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 237-238, figs. 1-4 (larva).

Biology: Gillaspy, 1962. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 57: 15-17 (nest, prey, mating, cocoon).

Sphex texanus Cresson
Kans. to Tex., Ariz.

Sphex Texana Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 4: 212. ♀, ♂.

Sphex lucae Saussure
Southeastern and western U. S., B. C; northern Mexico. Ecology: Nests in
compacted sandy soil or rocky ground. Parasite: ? Senotainia sp. in trilineata (Wulp)
complex. Prey: Insara sp., probably elegans Scud., nymphs and adults.

Sphex lucae Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool., v. 2, Hym., p. 41. ♀.

Sphex helfragei Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 212. ♀.

Biology: Linsley, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 156-157, fig. 4 (sleeping aggregation).
— Cazier and Mortenson, 1965. Pan-Pacific Ent. 41: 34-43, 6 figs, (nesting behavior, prey,
parasite).

Isodontia apicalis (Smith)
N. J. to Fla., west to Tex., Tenn., Nebr., Ariz.

Sphex apicalis Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 262. ♀.
Isodontia macrocephala var. cinerea Fernald, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 271.
Chlorion (Isodontia) harrisi Fernald, 1906. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 31: 359. N. name.

Isodontia exornata Fernald
N. C. to Fla., west to Tex.

Isodontia exornata Fernald, 1903. Canad. Ent. 35: 270. ♀.

Isodontia philadelphica (Lepeletier)
Eastern states, N. Y. to Kans., south to Fla. and Tex., Ariz., Calif.;
Mexico. Ecology: Nests in cavities in log, and in rotten limb. Parasite: Amobia
floridensis (Tns.). Prey: Orocharis sp.
Sphex philadelphica Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 3, p. 340. ♀.
Sphex (Isodontia) macrocephaius Fox, 1890. Ent. News 1: 137. ♀.
Sphex aztecus var. digueti Berland, 1927. Paris Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Bui. 32: 283. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 81: 143, figs. 29, 30 (larva; misdet.

as azteca Sauss.).

Biology: Bohart and Menke, 1963. Univ. Calif. Pubs. Ent. 30: 135 (nest). — Krombein, 1967.
Trap-nesting wasps and bees, p. 239 (nest).

Isodontia auripes (Fernald)
N. Y. to Fla., west to Mich., Kans. and Tex. Ecology: Nests in borings in

wood and abandoned bee burrows in clay banks; nest contains only a single large brood

cell in which several larvae are reared. Parasite: Pseudoxenos auripedis (Pierce);

Anthrax atemmus (Big.); Miltogrammini sp.; Phoridae sp.; Melittobia chalybii Ashm.;

Chrysididae sp. Prey: Neoxabea bipunctata (DeG.), Oecanthus exclamationis Davis, ?

0. angustipennis Fitch, 0. latipennis Riley, 0. sp.; Orocharis saltator Uhl., 0. luteolira

Wlkr., 0. vulgare Harr., 0. sp., Conocephalus memorale Scud., C. sp., Scudderia sp.

Predator: Lecontella cancellata (LeC).
Sphex tibialis Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 3, p. 339. ♀. Preocc.
Chlorion (Isodontia) auripes Fernald, 1906. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 31: 356. N. name.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 81: 144, figs. 31, 32 (larva).
—Evans, 1959. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 147-148 (larva).

Biology: Packard, 1869. Guide Study Ins., pp. 168-169 (nest, cocoon). — Rau and Rau, 1918.
Wasp studies afield, pp. 203-205 (nest). —Rau, 1926. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Trans. 25:
200-201 (nest). —Rau, 1928. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Trans. 25: 362-368 (prey, parasite).
—Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees, pp. 246-251, ? figs. 60, 61 (nest, prey, life
cycle, parasites). —Krombein, 1970. Smithsn. Contrib. Zool. 46: 3-12, figs. 6-39 (nesting
behavior, prey, life cycle).




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Isodontia elegans (Smith)
B. C, U. S. west of 100th Meridian. Ecology: Nests in borings in wood or
stems, and in abandoned borings of mining bees, each cell being separated by a
partition. Parasite: Sphaeropthalma ferrugiyiosa (D. T.), S. unkolor (Cr.); Epistenia
caeruleata Westw.; Amohia floridensis (Tns.). Prey: Oecanthus quadripunctatiis Beut.,
0. c. califomiciis Sauss., 0. niveus (DeG.), 0. spp.; Dichopetala sp., ? Eremopedes sp.; all
nymphs.
Sphex elegans Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 262. ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 238-239, figs. 13, 16 (larva).

Biology: Ashmead, 1894. Psyche 7: 64 (prey). —Davidson, 1899. Ent. News 10: 179-180 (nest,

prey, parasites). — Fernald, 1906. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 31: 364 (nest, prey, cocoon).

— Ainslie, 1924. Canad. Ent. 56: 269-270 (nest, prey). —Parker and Bohart, 1966.

Pan-Pacific Ent. 42: 94 (nest, parasites). — Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees,

pp. 240-242, fig. 57 (nest, prey, life cycle).

Isodontia mexicana (Saussure)
U. S. east of Rockies, Ariz.; Mexico, Central America; introduced into
Hawaii, France. Ecology: Nests in borings in wood, hollow stems, pitcher plants and
glass tubes; nest usually contains a single large brood cell, but occasionally cells of
individual larvae are separated by flimsy partitions. Parasite: Amobia distorta (Wulp),
Senotahiia trilineata (Wulp), S. sp., Sarcophaga sp.; Megaselia aletiae (Comst.);
Eustalo7)iyia vittipes (Zett.). Prey: Oecanthus angustipennis Fitch, 0. quadripunctatiis
Beut., 0. argentmus Sauss., O.fultoni Wlkr., 0. nigricomis Wlkr., 0. niveus (DeG.), 0.
fasciatus Fitch, 0. spp., Gryllus assimilis F., Neoxabea biptmctata (DeG.); Orochans
saltator Uhl., Odontoxiphidium aptenim Morse, Conocephalus fasciatus DeG., C. spp.,
Neoconocephaius sp., Orchelimuni sp., Rehnia spinosa Caud.; both adults and nymphs
are stored. Predator: Crematogaster sp.

Sphex apicalis Harris, 1835. In Hitchcock, Rpt. Geol. Mineral. Bot. Zool. Mass., p. 588.
Nom. nud.

Sphex apicalis Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool., v. 2, Hym., p. 38. Preocc.

Sphex apicalis var. mexicana Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool., v. 2, Hym., p. 38. ♀.
6.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 81: 143, figs. 23-28 (larva; misdet.
as harrisi Fern.). —Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 239-240 (larva).

Biology: Ashmead, 1895. U. S. Dept. Agr., Insect Life 7: 241 (prey). —Jones, 1904. Ent. News
15: 14-17, 2 pis. (nest, prey). — Engelhardt, 1929. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 23: 269-271 (nest,
prey). — Rau, 1935. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 30: 65-68, 1 pi. (nest, prey, life cycle).
— Suehiro, 1937. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 9: 358 (nest, life cycle). —Rau, 1943. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 36: 648 (nest). — Swezey, 1947. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc 13: 8 (nest). —Lin,
1962. Tex. Jour. Sci. 14: 429-430 (nest, prey, life cycle). — Medler, 1965. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Ann. 58: 137-142, 4 figs, (nest, prey, life cycle, cocoon, parasites). —Lin, 1966. Wasmann
Jour. Biol. 24: 239-247, 2 figs, (nest, prey, life cycle). —Krombein, 1967. Trap-nesting wasps
and bees, pp. 242-246, figs. 58, 59 (nest, prey, life cycle, predator).

Palmodes carbo
***authority mismatch
which uses Gryllacrididae.

Revision: Bohart and Menke, 1961. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 63: 179-191, 17 figs.

Palmodes californicus Bohart and Menke
Calif., Nev., Oreg., B. C. Prey: Immature adult, Platylyra
califomica Scud., Neduba morsei Caud.
Palmodes californicus Bohart and Menke, 1961. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 63: 182, figs. 3, 13.

6, 9.




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Palmodes carbo Bohart and Menke
B. C. to Calif., east to N. W. T., Mont., Colo, and N. Mex. Ecology:
Nests gregariously in sand with one cell per nest. Prey: Cyphoderris monstrosa Uhl.,
nymphs. Predator: Philanthus zebratus nitens (Bks.).

Sphex morio Kohl, 1890. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 5: 321. ♂. Preocc.

Palmodes carbo Bohart and Menke, 1963. Univ. Calif. Pubs. Ent. 30: 144. N. name.

Biology: Evans, 1970. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 140: 483-484 (nest, prey).

Palmodes dimidiatus (DeGeer)
U. S. except northwest; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila). Ecology: Nests in

sand, the burrow short and oblique, the cell stored with one prey specimen. Prey:

Atlanticus pachymerus (Burm.), A. sp., Dissosteira Carolina (L.), Pediodectes sp.,

probably stevensonii (Thorn.).
Sphex dimidiatus DeGeer, 1773. Mem. pour servir a I'Hist. des Ins. 3: 577, pi. 30, fig. 5. ♂.
Sphex violaceipenyiis Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 3, p. 349.
Sphex rufiventris Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 211. ♀.
Sphex abdominalis Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 211. ♂. Preocc.
Chlorion (Palmodes) rufiventris var. opuntiae Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40:

557. ♀.
Sphex (Palmodes) daggyi Murray, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Monog. 2: 974. N. name.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 81: 141, figs. 12-14 (larva).

Biology: Peckham and Peckham, 1898. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 2, Sci. Ser. 1:
174-175, pi. 2, fig. 1 (nest, prey). —Williams, 1913. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 227 (prey).
— Krombein, 1953 (1952). Wasmann Jour. Biol. 10: 281-282 (nest, prey, life cycle).
— Krombein, 1955. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 57: 150-151 (nest, prey, life cycle, cocoon).

Palmodes hesperus Bohart and Menke
Calif, to B. C, Nev., Utah, Wyo., Colo. Ecology: Nests in sandy
loam, one cell per nest. Prey: Anabrus simplex Hald., nymph.
Palmodes hesperus Bohart and Menke, 1961. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 63: 184, fig. 6. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Bohart and Menke, 1961. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 63: 185 (prey). —Evans, 1970. Mus.
Compar. Zool, Bui. 140: 484 (nest, prey).
insuiaris Bohart and Menke. Calif. (Channel Is.).

Palmodes insuiaris Bohart and Menke, 1961. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 63: 186. cJ, 9.

Palmodes laeviventris (Cresson)
A Great Basin species, Mont., Wyo. and Colo, west to Wash, and
eastern Calif. Ecology: Makes a 1-celled nest and stores 2-4 crickets in it. Parasite:
Sphenometopa tergata (Coq.); Stizoides unicinctus (Say). Prey: Anabnis simplex Hald.,
Pediodectes sp., probably stevensonii (Thos.).
Sphex laeviventris Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 463. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 227 (prey). — LaRivers, 1945. Amer.
Midland Nat. 33: 743-763 (nest, prey, parasites).

Palmodes lissus Bohart and Menke
Southern CaHf., Ariz., Tex.

Palmodes lissus Bohart and Menke, 1961. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc. 63: 187, figs. 5, 12. cJ, 9.

Palmodes pacificus Bohart and Menke
Coastal Calif.

Palmodes pacificus Bohart and Menke, 1961. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc. 63: 188, figs. 8, 9, 14.
cJ, 9.

Palmodes praestans (Kohl)
Oreg., Calif., Nev., Utah, Ariz., N. Mex., west. Tex.; Mexico (Coahuila). Prey:
Capnobates fuliginosus Thom.
Sphex (Palmodes) praestans Kohl, 1890. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 5: 323. ♀.

Biology: Caudell, 1919. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc 21: 40 (prey).

Palmodes stygicus Bohart and Menke
Calif., Nev., Utah, Ariz., N. Mex., a Great Basin species.

Palmodes stygicus Bohart and Menke, 1961. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 63: 191, figs. 1, 11, 16.

6, 9.

Enodia Dahlbom, 1843. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, p. 28. Preocc.

Type-species: Sphex albisectus Lepeletier and Serville. Desig. by Kohl, 1885.
Harpactopus Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 264.

Type-species: Harpactopus crudelis Smith. Desig. by Patton, 1881.
Parasphex Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 267.

Type-species: Sphex albisectus Lepeletier and Serville. Desig. by Kohl, 1885.
Gastrosphaeria Costa, 1858. Fauna Regn. Napoli, Imen. Acul., Sphecidea, p. 10.

Type-species: Gastrosphaeria anthraciyia Costa. Monotypic.
Psevdosphex Taschenberg, 1869. Ztschr. Gesam. Naturw. Halle 34: 420. Preocc.

Type-species: Pseudosphex pumilio Taschenberg. Monotypic.
Calosphex Kohl, 1890. K K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 5: 113.

Type-species: Sphex niveatus Dufour. Desig. by Pate, 1937.
Neosphex Reed, 1894. Ann. Univ. Chile 85: 627.

Type-sp)ecies: Neosphex albospiniferus Reed. Monotypic.

Our North American species dig simple, shallow unicellular nests in a variety of soil types.
The grasshopper prey is captured before the nest is dug, although some extralimital species are
known to prepare the nest before capturing the single prey specimen.

Taxonomy: Parker, 1960. Pan-Pacific Ent. 36: 205-208, 1 pi. (key to N. A. spp.).

Biology: Evans, 1958. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 51: 177-186, 3 figs, (nesting behavior).

Prionyx atratus (Lepeletier)
Transcont. in southern Canada and all of U. S.; Mexico (Durango).

Ecology: Nests in a variety of soils, the burrow varying from L-shaped to curved to
oblique; nest has a single cell and is provisioned with one prey specimen. Parasite:
Pseudoxenos duryi (Pierce); Metopia argyrocephala (Meig.), Senotainia sp.; Stizoides
unicinctus (Say). Prey: Ag^eneotettix d. deorum Scud., Aulocara elliotti Thorn., Merrniria
neomexicana Thom., Arphia xanthoptera Burm., Dissosteira Carolina L., Pardalophora
phoenicoptera Burm., Sphamgemon collare Scud., Trimerotropis citritui Scud.,
Melanoplus angustipennis Dodge, M. arizonae Scud., M. bispirwsus Scud., M. bivittattis
Say, M. devastator Scud., M. differentialis Thom., M. femurrubrum DeG., M. foedus
Scud., M. lakimis Scud., M. spretus Walsh, M. spp., Schistocerca lineata Scud. Predator
Apiomerus spissipes (Say).

Sphex labrosa Harris, 1835. In Hitchcock, Rpt. Geol. Mineral. Bot. Zool. Mass., p. 588.
Nom. Nud.

Sphex atrata Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 3, p. 355. ♀.

Priononyx brunnipes Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 4: 213. ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 81: 142, figs. 15-20 Oarva). —Evans,
1959. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 75: 147 (larva).

Biology: Peckham and Peckham, 1898. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 2: 171-174 (nest,
prey). —Bradley, 1908. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 1: 128-129 (sleeping aggregation).
—Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 227-230, pi. 33, fig. 2 (nest, prey, parasite).
— Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp studies afield, pp. 159-175, figs. 36-39 (nest, prey, parasite).
— Rau, 1922. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Trans. 24: 23 (prey). — Strandtmann, 1945. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 38: 308-310 (nest). —Evans, 1958. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 51: 178-181, fig. 1
(prey transport, nest, parasite, Ufe cycle).

Prionyx canadensis (Provancher)
B. C. to Man., south to Calif., Ariz., Colo, and Nebr., Ont., N. J., Va.
Priononyx Canadensis Provancher, 1887. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., p. 258. ♀.
Sphex excisus Kohl, 1890. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Ann. 5: 362. ♂.
fervens (Linnaeus). Calif, to Tex., south to South America, West Indies. Ecology: Nests in
sand, the burrow oblique, the cell horizontal and provisioned with one prey specimen.
Prey: XyleiLs sp., probably centralis Rehn, Schistocerca cancellata (Serv.).
Sphex fervens Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 569. 9. Type from West Indies or

Surinam, not Indies.
Pepsis Johannis Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 208. ♀.
Sphex Doumerci Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 3, p. 357. ♀.
Priotwnyx striata Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 266.
Sphex {Priononyx) laerma Cameron, 1897. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19: 370.




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Biology: Evans, 1958. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 51: 184, figs. 2-3 (nest, prey).

Prionyx foxi Bohart and Menke
Tex., Nev., Utah; northern Mexico.

Sphex (Priononyx) femigineus Fox, 1892. Ent. News 3: 170. ♀. Preocc.
Prionyxfoxi Bohart and Menke, 1963. Univ. Calif. Pubs. Ent. 30: 152. N. name.

Prionyx parkeri Bohart and Menke
U. S. south to Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Ecology: Nests in a variety
of soils, the burrow varying from oblique to nearly vertical, the cell provisioned with
one prey specimen. Parasite: Senotainia rubriventris Macq. Prey: Melanopliis scudderi
Uhl, M.femurrubrum propinquus Scud., M. sp., probably fern nrrubrum (DeG.),
Trimerotropis citrina Scud., Scirtetica marmorata picta (Scud.), ChoHophaga australior
R. and H.
Prionyx parkeri Bohart and Menke, 1963. Univ. Calif. Pubs. Ent. 30: 154, figs. 35, 54, 96,
102. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24: 23 (nest, prey; misdet. as bifoveolatum
Tasch.). —Evans, 1958. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 51: 183-184 (nest, prey, parasite; misdet. as
pubidorsus Costa). — Linsley, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 156, fig. 4 (sleeping
aggregation; misdet. as p2ibidorsuni). — Krombein, 1964. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2201:
18-19 (nest, prey).

Prionyx subatratus Bohart
Oreg. and Idaho south and east to Calif., Utah, Ariz., N. Mex., western

Tex.; Mexico (Chihuahua).
Priononyx subatrata Bohart, 1958. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 53: 90. ♂, ♀.

Prionyx thomae (Fabricius)
Southeastern and western states, south to Argentina. Ecology: Nests in a

variety of soils, the burrow varying from L-shaped to curved to oblique; nest with a

single cell and provisioned with one prey specimen. Parasite: Stizoides unicinctus (Say).

Prey: Amphitomus sp., Aulocara sp., Orphulella p. pelidna Burm., Arphia xanthoptera

Burm., Dissosteira Carolina L., Eyicoptolophus subgracilis texensis Br., Paraidemona

sp., probably fratercula Heb.
Sphex thomae Fabricius, 1775. Systema Ent., p. 346. ♂.
Pepsis crucis Fabricius, 1804. Systema Piezatorum, p. 209. ♀.
Enodia pubidorsum Costa, 1862. Mus. Zool. Napoli, Ann. 1: 69. ♂.
Priononyx thomae var. antillarum Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool., v. 2, Hym., p.

43. ♀.
Priononyx thomae var. mexicanus Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool., v. 2, Hym., p.

43. ♀, ♂.
Sphex (Harpactopus) Edwardsi Cameron, 1903. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 29: 230. ♀, ♂.
Sphex platensis Brethes, 1908. Buenos Aires Mus. Nac de Hist. Nat., An. 17: 146. ♂, ♀.
Sphex thomae var. altibia Strand, 1911. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 77, sup. 2: 152. 6. This is a

questionable synonym.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 81: 142, figs. 21, 22 (larva).

Biology: Hartman, 1905. Tex. Univ., Bui. 65, Sci. Ser. 6: 62-65 (nest, prey, life cycle).
—Williams, 1914 (1913). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 8: 227 (prey, sleeping aggregation). —Rau
and Rau, 1918. Wasp studies afield, pp. 175-186, figs. 40-42 (nest, prey, parasite). —Evans,
1958. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 51: 181-183 (nest, prey transport, life cycle).

Unplaced Taxon of Sphecinae

Sphex instabilis Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 263. 9. N. Amer. Possibly a senior
syn. of Isodontia exomata Fern.

Type-species: Ammophila affinis Kirby. Desig. by Fernald, 1927.
Podalonia Fernald, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 71 (9): 11.

Type-species: Ammophila violaceipomis Lepeletier. Desig. by Internatl. Comn.

Zool. Nomencl, Op. 857, 1968. Op. 857 also suppressed Podalonia Spinola, 1853

and validated Podalonia Fernald, 1927.

These wasps are fossorial and construct a single cell at the end of a short burrow. They prey
upon caterpillars, usually those of the soil-burrowing cutworm type, and place only one prey
specimen in the cell.

Revision: Melander, 1903. Psyche 10: 156-164. —Fernald, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 71 (9):
1-42. —Murray, 1940. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 20: 1-82.

Taxonomy: Menke, Bohart and van der Vecht, 1966. Bui. Zool. Nomencl. 23: 48-51 (request

for suppression of Podalo7iia Spinola, 1853, validation of Podalonia Fernald, 1927, and

desig. oi Ammophila violaceipennis Lepeletier as type-species).

Podalonia argentifrons (Cresson)
West. States and Provinces. Parasite: Pseudoxenos luctuosae (Pierce).

Ammophila argentifrons Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 462. ♂.

Podalonia argentipilis (Provancher)
Ariz., Calif.

Pelopoeus argentipilis Provancher, 1887. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., p. 256. ♀.

Ammophila morrisoni Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 21. ♂.

Psammophila nicholi Carter, 1924. Ent. News 35: 366. ♂.

Podalonia caerulea Murray
Calif., Idaho.

Podalonia caerulea Murray, 1940. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 20: 67. ♂.

Podalonia clypeata Murray
West. States to Minn.

Podalonia clypeata Murray, 1940. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 20: 49. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 81: 144, figs. 33-38 (larva).

Podalonia communis
***authority mismatch
communis (Cresson). U. S. west of 100th meridian; Mexico. Ecology: Nests in sand.
Parasite: Hilarella hilarella Zett., Metopia argyrocephala (Meig.). Prey: Noctuidae spp.,
larvae. Predator: Philanthus zebratus nitens (Bks.). Other subspp. occur in Mexico and
Central America.
Ammophila communis Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 462. ♂.

Biology: Newcomer, 1930. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 23: 552-563 2 pis. (nest, prey, parasite, life
cycle). —Hicks, 1931. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 30: 75-82, pis. 22-25 (nest, prey).

— Hicks, 1931. Pan-Pacific Ent. 8: 49-51 (hibernation). —Hicks, 1932. Psyche 39: 150-154
(nest, prey, parasite). —Evans, 1970. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 140: 484-485 (nest, prey,
parasites, predator). The observations by both Newcomer and Hicks on luctuosa were
made on both luctuosa and c. communis.

Podalonia compacta Fernald
Calif., Oreg.

Podalonia violaceipennis var. coynpacta Fernald, 1927. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 71 (9): 33.
9,6.

Podalonia luctuosa (Smith)
Transcont. in northern tier of States and Canada, as far north as N. W. T.
and Yukon. Ecology: Nests in sand. Parasite: Pseudoxenos luctuosae (Pierce); Hilarella
hilarella (Zett.), Metopia argyrocephala (Meig.), Taxigramma heteroneura (Meig.). Prey:
Lycophotia saucia Hbn., L. margaritosa Haw. ?, C horizagrotis agrestis Grt., Noctuidae
spp. Predator: Philaiithus zebratus nitens (Bks.).
Ammophila luctuosa Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 224. ♀.
Psammophila pacifica Melander and Brues, 1902. Biol. Bui. 3: 40. ♂.

Biology: Newcomer, 1930. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 23: 552-563, 2 pis. (nest, prey, parasite, life
cycle). —Hicks, 1931. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 30: 75-82, pis. 22-25 (nest, prey).

— Hicks, 1931. Pan-Pacific Ent. 8: 49-51 (hibernation). —Hicks, 1932. Psyche 39: 150-154
(nest, prey, parasite). The observations by both Newcomer and Hicks on luctuosa were
made on both luctuosa and c. coynmunis.

Morphology: Snodgrass, 1941. Smithsn. Inst., Misc. Collect. 99, no. 14: 50, pi. 22, figs. 0, P, S,
T (male genitalia).

Podalonia melaena Murray
West. States.

Podalonia melaena Murray, 1940. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 20: 34. ♂, ♀.




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Podalonia mexicana (Saussure)
West. States and Provinces; Mexico.

Annuophila mexicana Saussure, 1867. Reise d. Novara, ZooL, v. 2, Hym., p. 25. ♂, ♀.

Podalonia mickeli Murray
West. Provinces and States to Minn.

Podalonia mickeli Murray, 1940. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 20: 68. ♂, ♀.

Podalonia occidentalis Murray
Alta., West. States. Prey: Tent-caterpillar.

Podalonia occidentalis Murray, 1940. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 20: 54. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Murray, 1940. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 20: 13 (prey).

Podalonia parallela Murray
Calif.

Podalonia parallela Murray, 1940. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 20: 65. ♂, ♀.

Podalonia pubescens Murray
Tex. to Ariz.; Mexico.

Podalonia pubescens Murray, 1940. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 20: 47. ♂, ♀.

Podalonia puncta Murray
Kans., Colo., Okla., Tex., N. Mex.

Podalonia puncta Murray, 1940. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 20: 36. ♂, ♀.

Podalonia robusta (Cresson)
Transcont. in Canada and U. S., as far north as N. W. T. and Yukon; south
to Costa Rica. Prey: Acronyctinae sp. ?

Amnwphila robusta Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 461. ♀.

Biology: Krombein, 1936. Ent. News 47: 93-99 (nest, prey; misdet. as violaceipennis).

Podalonia sericea Murray
West. Provinces and States east to the Dakotas, very rare to Mich. Ecology:
Nests along dirt road. Prey: Zale lunata (Dru.), Homoptera salicis Behr., Noctuidae sp.
Podalonia sericea Murray, 1940. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 20: 57. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 240-241, figs. 5, 8 (larva; misdet. as
robusta).

Biology: Hicks, 1933. Pan-Pacific Ent. 9: 49-52 (prey; misdet. as violaceipennis). —Evans,
1963. Ent. News 74: 237, fig. 4 (nest, prey; misdet. as robusta). —Evans, 1970. Mus.
Compar. Zool., Bui. 40: 485, fig. 18 (nest, prey).

Podalonia sonorensis (Cameron)
Alta., U. S. west of 100th meridian; Mexico.

Annuophila sonorensis Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 21. ♂, ♀.
Podalonia sonorensis differentia Murray, 1940. Ent. Amer. (n. s.) 20: 33. ♂, ♀.

Podalonia valida (Cresson)
West. Provinces and States east to Minn. Ecology: Nests in bare or densely
vegetated soil, makes cluster of unicellular nests in a restricted site, digs burrow before
hunting prey. Parasite: Bombyliidae sp. probably Ligura or Exoprosopa. Prey:
Estigmene acraea (Dru.).
Ammophila valida Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 461. ♀.
Ammophila grossa Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 209. ♀.

Biology: Steiner, 1974. Pan-Pacific Ent. 50: 73-77, 1 fig. (prey hunting and transport).
— Steiner, 1975. Quaestiones Ent. 11: 113-127, 6 figs, (female territorial behavior, nest,
prey, parasite).

Podalonia violaceipennis (Lepeletier)
East. States west to Colo. Ecology: Nests in sand or heavier soil.
Parasite: Pseudoxenos luctuosae (Pierce); Hilarella sp. Prey: Symmerista albifrons S.
and A., Noctuidae sp.
Ammophila violaceipennis Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 3, p. 370. ♀.
Ammophila cementaria Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 224. ♀.

Biology: Parker, 1915. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 17: 70-77 (nest, prey, parasite, life cycle).
— Balduf, 1936. Canad. Ent. 68: 137-138 (prey).

Eremnophila aureonotata (Cameron)
Southern Canada and U. S. east of 100th meridian, south to El

Salvador. Ecology: Nests in sand or hard-packed loam, the burrow vertical, terminating
in a horizontal cell provisioned with a single caterpillar. Parasite: Pseudoxenos lugubris
(Pierce). Prey: Heterocampa guttivitta (Wlkr.), H. sp.; Hesperiidae sp.
Ammophila aureonotata Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 7. ♀, ♂.




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Biology: Peckham and Peckham, 1898. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 2: 25-28 (prey
transport, nest; misdet. as gracilis Lep.). — Peckham and Peckham, 1905. Wasps, social and
solitary, pp. 43-46 (prey transport; misdet. as gracilis Lep.). — Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St.
Louis, Trans. 24: 24 (mating, prey). — Krombein, 1958. Ent. See. Wash., Proc. 60: 104 (nest,
prey transport). —Evans, 1959. Amer. Midland Nat. 62: 464-465 (nest, prey transport).

Ammophila aberti Haldeman
West. Provinces and States east to Iowa; Mexico. Ecology: Nests in firm

sand or hard soil, the vertical or oblique burrow terminating in a cell in which up to 10
small caterpillars are stored. Parasite: Pseudoxenos lugubris (Pierce); Hilarella
hilarella (Zett.), Metopia argyrocephala (Meig.), Opsidia sp.; ? Exoprosopa capucina
(¥.); Ceratochrysis trachypleura Boh. Prey: Evxhiaena sp., Sterrhinae sp., Geometridae
spp.; Hesperiidae sp.

Ammophila aberti Haldeman, 1852. Stansburys Explor. Survey Salt Lake, App. C, Ins., p.
368. ♀.

Ammophila umaria Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., v. 3, p. 381. ♀. Preocc.




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Amviophila tarsata Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 219.

Ammophila yarrowi Cresson, 1875. Rpt. Geog. Geol. Explor. and Survey west of 100th

meridian, v. 5, p. 713. ♂.
Sphex transversus Fernald, 1934. No. Amer. and W. Indies Sphex, p. 141. ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1959. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 148, figs. 31-33 (larva).

Biology: Williston, 1892. Ent. News 3: 85-86 (nest, prey). —Hicks, 1932. Canad. Ent. 64:

145-151 (nest, prey, parasites; Chrysis perpulchra Cr. misdet.). —Evans, 1959. Amer.

Midland Nat. 62: 454-456 (nest, prey, parasite). —Powell, 1964. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 37:

244-251 (nest, prey, parasite, mating, life cycle).

Ammophila acuta (Fernald)
Western U. S.

Sphex acutus Fernald, 1934. No. Amer. and W. Indies Sphex, p. 150. ♂.

Ammophila aphrodite Menke
Ariz., Nev., Calif.

Avunophila aphrodite Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 8, fig. 2. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila azteca
***authority mismatch
azteca Cameron. Transcont. in Canada and U. S., ranging as far north as N. W. T. and
Yukon; Mexico. Ecology: Nest is a vertical burrow ending in a single cell; a female can
maintain several nests simultaneously, provisioning each progressively with up to seven
prey specimens. Prey: Lycaenidae spp.; Gecmetridae spp.; Gelechiidae sp.;
Pterophoridae sp.; SmerinUms sp.; Nematus sp., Amauronematus sp.; Hypera postica
(Gyll.). Predator: Philanthus zebratus nitens (Bks.).

Ammophila azteca Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.- Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 17. ♀.

Sphex pilosiis Fernald, 1934. No. Amer. and W. Indies Sphex, p. 120. ♀, ♂.

Sphex aculeatus Fernald, 1934. No. Amer. and W. Indies Sphex, p. 145. ♀, ♂.

Sphex pilosus nudus Murray, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 28. ♂, ♀. Preocc.

Ammophila pilosa brevisericea Murray, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2: 976. N.
name.

Biology: Hicks, 1933. Canad. Ent. 65: 49-51 (nest, prey, parasite; misdet. as breviceps Sm.).

—Hicks, 1935. Pan-Pacific Ent. 11: 99-101 (nest; misdet. as aculeatus Fern.). —Evans,

1963. Ent. News 74: 238, fig. 5 (nest, prey). —Powell, 1964. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 37: 244

(prey). —Evans, 1965. Psyche 72: 8-23, 9 figs, (nesting behavior, prey, life cycle).

Ammophila azteca
***authority mismatch
clemente Menke. Calif. (San Clemente Is.).

Ammophila azteca clemente Menke, 1967. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 123: 7. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila bella Menke
Ariz.; Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, Guerrero, Puebla).

Ammophila bella Menke, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc 79: 27. ♂, ♀.
beilula Menke. Ariz., N. Mex.; Mexico.

Ammophila beilula Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 17, fig. 10. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila boharti Menke
Calif., Nev.

Ammophila boharti Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 9, fig. 7. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila breviceps Smith
Southwestern U. S.; Mexico. Parasite: Pseudoxenos lugubris (Pierce);
Spintharosofna mesillae (Ckll.).

Ammophila breviceps Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 221. ♀.

Ammophila californica Menke
Western U. S.

Ammophila californica Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 18, fig. 16. ♂, ♀.
centralis Cameron. Tex. (Cameron Co.) south to Guatemala.

Ammophila centralis Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 12. ♂.

Ammophila censors Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 3. cJ, 9.

Ammophila nigro-caerulea Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 12, pi. 1, fig. 8.
9.
Cleopatra Menke. Transcont. in U. S.; Mexico. Ecology: Nests in sand, the vertical burrow

terminating in a horizontal cell containing one or two prey. Parasite: Se^wtainia lifo)-alis
Allen. Prey: Macrurocampa marthesia (Cram.).

Ammophila cleopatra Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 19, fig. 12. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 81: 147, figs. 60-62 (larva; misdet.
as juncea Cr.).




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Biology: Evans, 1959. Amer. Midland Nat. 62: 461-462 (nest, prey, parasite; misdet. as juncea
Cr.).

Ammophila coachella Menke
Southern Calif., deserts.

Ammophila coachella Menke, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 79: 38, figs. 2, 5, 6. cJ, 9.

Ammophila conditor Smith
Fla.

Ammophila conditor Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 223. ♀.

Ammophila dejecta Cameron
Ariz.; Mexico (Sonora).

Ammophila dejecta Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 14.

Ammophila dysmica Menke
Calif., Nev., Oreg., Wyo. Ecology: Nest a vertical burrow ending in a single
cell. Prey: Noctuidae sp. Predator: Philanthus zebratus nitens (Bks.).

Ammophila dysmica Menke, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 79: 30.
Biology: Evans, 1970. Mus. Compar. Zool., Bui. 140: 485 (nest, prey, predator).

Ammophila evansi Menke
Eastern United States. Parasite: Pseudoxenos lugubris (Pierce). Replaces

Ammophila arvensis
***authority mismatch
of American authors, not Dahlbom.
Ammophila evansi Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 20, fig. 17. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila extremitata Cresson
Western U. S.

Ammophila extremitata Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 457. ♀.

Ammophila femurrubra Fox
Southwestern U. S. Parasite: Spintharosoma mesillae (Ckll.).

Ammophila femur-nibra Fox, 1894. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (2) 4: 102. ♀.

Ammophila fernaldi (Murray)
Eastern U. S. west to Man. and Ariz.; Mexico. Ecology: Nests in sandy soil,
the cell provisioned with a single larva. Prey: Noctuidae sp.
Sphexfemaldi Murray, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 19. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 90: 241-242, figs. 6, 7 (larva).

Biology: Evans, 1964. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 99: 242 (nest, prey, life cycle).

Ammophila ferruginosa Cresson
Western U. S. except Coastal States.

Ammophila feiTuginosa Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 455. ♀.
Ammophila collaris Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 456. ♂.
Sphex cressoni Smith, 1908. Nebr. Univ., Studies 8: 329. ♂.

Ammophila formicoides Menke
Ariz., N. Mex., Tex.; Mexico (Sonora, Durango).

Ammophila fonnicoides Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 10, fig. Z. 6, 9.

Ammophila harti (Fernald)
Vt. to Alta. to Utah, Tex. Ecology: Nests in sand, the burrow oblique; wasp
larva is progressively provisioned. Prey: Ennominae spp., Sterrhinae spp., Geometridae
spp.; Noctuidae, probably Acontiinae sp.
Ammophila argentata Hart, 1907. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Bui. 7: 266. ♀, ♂. Preocc.
Sphex harti Fernald, 1931. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 24: 450. N. name.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 81: 146, figs, 57-59 (larva).

Biology: Peckham and Peckham, 1900. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 1: 90-91 (nest, prey; misdet.

as polita Cr.). — Rau, 1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24: 24-26 (nest, prey). —Evans,

1959. Amer. Midland Nat. 62: 459-461 (nest, prey).

Ammophila hermosa Menke
Colo., Nev., Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Chihuahua).

Ammophila hermosa Menke, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 79: 31. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila hurdi Menke
Southwestern U. S.

Ammophila hiirdi Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 12, fig. 1. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila imitator Menke
Ariz. (Cochise Co.); Mexico (Sonora).

Ammophila imitator Menke, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 79: 38, figs. 1, 3. ♂.

Ammophila juncea Cresson
Transcont. in U. S.; Mexico (Sonora).

Ammophila juncea Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc Phila., Proc. 4: 460. ♂.

Ammophila montezuma Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 13. ♂.

Ammophila karenae Menke
Calif., Ariz., N. Mex., Nev., Idaho; Mexico (Baja California).

Ammophila karenae Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 21, fig. 9. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila kennedyi (Murray)
Entire U. S. and South. Canada. Parasite: Pseudoxenos lugubris (Pierce).

Ammophila vulgaris Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 458. ♀, ♂. Preocc.

Sphex kennedyi Murray, 1938. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 31: 36. N. name.




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Ammophila leoparda (Fernald)
Minn, southwest to Tex., east to Ga., north to Mich.

Sphex uniariiis leopardus Fernald, 1934. No. Amer. and W. Indies Sphex, P. 125. ♀, ♂.

Ammophila macra Cresson
Western U. S. Ecology: Nests in firm sandy loam, the burrow vertical with a
horizontal cell. Prey: Smerinthus geminatus Say.

Ammophila macra Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 460. ♂.

Biology: Evans, 1965. Psyche 72: 21, fig. 9 (nest, prey).

Ammophila marshi Menke
Calif., Nev.

Ammophila marshi Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 13, fig. 5. cJ, 9.

Ammophila mcclayi Menke
Calif., Nev.; Mexico (Baja California).

Ammophila mcclayi Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 24, fig. 13. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila mediata Cresson
Canada and western U. S. as far north as N. W. T. and Yukon. Predator:
Philanthus zebratus nitens (Bks.).

Ammophila mediata Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 459. ♀, ♂.

Ammophila mescalero Menke
Tex., Colo., Ariz.; Mexico (Zacatecas, Queretaro, Puebla, Oaxaca).

Ammophila mescalero Menke, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 79: 33, fig. 7. 6, 9.'

Ammophila mimica Menke
Southern Calif., Ariz.

Ammophila mimica Menke, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 79: 36, fig. 4. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila moenkopi Menke
Northern and central Ariz.

Ammophila moenkopi Menke, 1967. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 123: 3, figs. 1, 3.
6,9.

Ammophila monachi Menke
Nev.

Avimophila monachi Menke, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 79: 34. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila murrayi Menke
Calif.

Ammophila murrayi Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 14, fig. 4. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila nasalis Provancher
Calif. Ecology: Nests in loose sand of river bed or bank, digging a vertical
burrow, the cell provisioned with up to seven caterpillars. Parasite: Pseudoxenos
lugubris (Pierce). Prey: Geometridae sp.
Ammophila nasalis Provancher, 1895. Nat. Canad. 22: HI. 6.
Sphex craspedotus Fernald, 1934. No. Amer. and W. Indies Sphex, p. 96. ♀.

Biology: Hicks, 1935. Pan-Pacific Ent. 11: 97-99 (nest, prey).

Ammophila nearctica Kohl
Western U. S.

Ammophila nearctica Kohl, 1889. Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, Verb. 39: 18. ♂.

Ammophila nefertiti Menke
Wash., Oreg., Calif., Ariz., Nev., Idaho, a Great Basin sp.
Ammophila nefertiti Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 16, figs. 8, 11. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila nigricans Dahlbom
Eastern U. S. Ecology: Nests in sandy-clay soil, the burrow oblique or

vertical, terminating in a horizontal cell provisioned with one caterpillar. Prey: Catocala
sp., Zale sp., Euparthenos nubilis Hbn.
Ammophila nigricans Dahlbom, 1843. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, p. 14. ♂.
Ammophila intercepta Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym. v. 3, p. 378. ♀.

Biology: Rau, 1934. Canad. Ent. 66: 259 (nest, prey). — Strandtmann, 1945. Ent. Soc. Amer.,

Ann. 38: 310, fig. 6 (nest, prey, life cycle). —Evans, 1959. Amer. Midland Nat. 62: 465 (prey

transport).

Ammophila novita (Fernald)
Southwestern U. S.; Mexico.

Sphex novitus Fernald, 1934. No. Amer. and W. Indies Sphex, p. 147. ♀, ♂.

Ammophila parapolita (Fernald)
Wash., Oreg., Idaho, Nev., Utah, Calif.

Sphex parapolitus Fernald, 1934. No. Amer. and W. Indies Sphex, p. 51. ♀, ♂.

Ammophila parkeri Menke
Calif., Nev. Prey: Geometridae sp.

Ammophila parkeri Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 23, fig. 14. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Powell, 1964. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 37: 243-244 (prey).

Ammophila peckhami (Fernald)
Colo, to Ariz.; Mexico.

Sphex willistoni Fernald, 1934. No. Amer. and W. Indies Sphex, p. 91, fig. 37. ♀.

Sphex peckhami Fernald, 1934. No. Amer. and W. Indies Sphex, p. 93. ♂.

Ammophila picipes Cameron
Ariz, south to Panama.

Ammophila alticola Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 10, pi. 1, fig. 9a. 6.



f




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Ammophila picipes Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 11, pi. 2, fig. 4. ♂.
Ammophila volcanica Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 17. ♀.
Ammophila chiriquensis Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 18. ♀.

Biology: Linsley, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 156, fig. 3 (sleeping aggregation).

Ammophila pictipennis Walsh
Eastern U. S.; Mexico. Ecology: Nests in sand, providing a single larva per
nest. Parasite: Pseudoxenos lugubris (Pierce); HUarella hilarella (Zett.). Prey:
Noctuidae spp., Leucania unipuncta (Haw.), Agrofis C -nigrum (L.), Prodenia
oniithogalli Guen., Heliothis zeae (Bod.); Pholisora catullus F.
Ammophila pictipennis Walsh, 1869. Amer. Ent. 1: 128, 164. ♀, ♂.
Ammophila anomala Taschenberg, 1869. Ztschr. Gesam. Naturw. Halle 34: 434. ♀, ♂.
Sphex yiigropilosus Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 465. 9. This is a questionable
synonym.

Biology: Walsh and Riley, 1868. Amer. Ent. 1: 128 (nest, prey). — Rau and Rau, 1918. Wasp
studies afield, pp. 207-237, figs. 45-49 (prey transport, nest, life cycle). — Rau, 1922. Acad.
Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24: 23 (prey). — Strandtmann, 1945. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 38:
310-311, fig. 7 (nest, prey; misdet. as placida Sm.).

Ammophila placida Smith
Western U. S.; Mexico. Ecology: Nests in damp sand, the vertical burrow

ending in a horizontal cell. Parasite: Opsidia sp. Prey: Zale lunata (Dru.), Noctuidae sp.;
Hesperiidae sp.
Ammophila placida Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 221. ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1959. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 148, fig. 34 (larva).

Biology: Hicks, 1932. Canad. Ent. 64: 193-198 (nest, prey, life cycle; misdet. as xanthoptera

Cam.). —Hicks, 1934. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 33: 39-41 (prey capture). —Evans, 1959.

Amer. Midland Nat. 62: 456-458 (nest, prey transport, life cycle, parasite).

Ammophila polita Cresson
Western U. S.

Ammophila polita Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 458. ♀.

Ammophila procera Dahlbom
Transcont. in U. S., south to Guatemala. Ecology: Nests in compact sand, the
burrow oblique to vertical, terminating in a cell containing one caterpillar. Parasite:
Seyiotainia vigilans Allen, Metopia lateralis Macq., Miltogrammini sp. Prey: Nadata
gibbosa (Abbot), Heterocampa manteo (Dbldy.), H. astarte Dbldy., Datana sp., Schizura
ipomoeae (Dbldy.), Symmerista sp.; Smerinthus cerisyi Kby., Sphingidae sp.; Noctuidae
sp.

Ammophila procera Dahlbom, 1843. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, p. 15.

Ammophila saeva Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 222. ♀.

Anmiophila gryphus Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., v. 4, p. 460. ♂.

Ammophila barbata Smith, 1873. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 12: 260. ♀.

Ammophila ceres Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 8. ♂.

Ammophila championi Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 9. ♀.

Anmiophila striolata Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 10. ♀.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 81: 145, figs. 39-46 (larva).

Biology: Pergande, 1892. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 2: 256-258 (nest, prey). — Hartman, 1905.
Tex. Univ. Bui. 65, Sci. Ser. 6: 11-20, figs. 6, 8, 9, 13, 16-18, 22 (nest, prey). —Rau and Rau,
1918. Wasp studies afield, pp. 237-243, fig. 50 (nest, prey, sleeping aggregation). —Rau,
1922. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 24: 24 (nest). — Criddle, 1924. Canad. Field Nat. 38:
121-123 (nest, prey). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1924. Science 59: 486 (nest closure). —Rau,
1926. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Trans. 25: 211 (prey). —Hicks, 1935. Pan-Pacific Ent. 11: 101-102
(nest closure). — Krombein, 1953 (1952). Wasmann Jour. Biol. 10: 283-286 (nest, prey,
parasite). — Bohart and Knowlton, 1953. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 55: 100-101 (nest, prey,
mating). —Krombein, 1953. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 55: 118 (nest, prey, parasite). — Tilden,
1953. Pan-Pacific Ent. 29: 211-218 (nest, prey). —Krombein, 1955. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc
57: 151-152 (cocoon). —Krombein, 1958. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc. 60: 104-105 (nest, prey,
parasite, life cycle). —Evans, 1959. Amer. Midland Nat. 62: 451-454 (nest, prey transport,
parasite). —Linsley, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 156, fig. 4 (sleeping aggregation).




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Ammophila pruinosa Cresson
Western U. S. Ecology: Nests in sand, the burrow mostly vertical, the cell
progressively provisioned with several caterpillars. Parasite: Pseudoxenos higubns
(Pierce). Prey: Geometridae spp.; Noctuidae spp.; Phycitinae sp.
Amvwphila pruinosa Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 455. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans, 1959. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 85: 149, fig. 35 (larva).
Biology: Linsley, 1962. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 55: 156 (sleeping aggregation). —Powell, 1964.
Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 37: 251-253, 256 (nest, prey).

Ammophila regina Menke
Calif., Oreg.

Ammopkila regina Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 25, fig. 15. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila shoshone Menke
Wyo., Utah.

Ammophila shoshone Menke, 1967. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 123: 5, fig. 5. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila stangei Menke
Calif., Nev.

Ammophila stangei Menke, 1964. Acta Hym. 2: 15, fig. 6. tj, 9.

Ammophila strenua Cresson
Western Canada and U. S.; Mexico.

Avnnophila strenua Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 459. ♀.

Sphex dubius Fernald, 1934. No. Amer. and W. Indies Sphex, p. 139. Preocc.

Ammophila denningi Murray, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. 2: 975. N. name.

Ammophila unita Menke
Colo., Wyo., Utah, Nev., Ariz., a Great Basin sp.

Ammophila unita Menke, 1966. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 79: 35. ♂, ♀.

Ammophila urnaria
***authority mismatch
Dahlbom. Eastern U. S. Ecology: Nests in fairly fu-m soil, the burrow vertical or
oblique, the cell provisioned with 1-6 caterpillars. Parasite: Pseudoxenos lugubris
(Pierce). Prey: Scoliopteryx libatrix L., Autographa sp., Panopoda sp., ? Polia adjuncta
BdvL; Ennominae spp., Geometridae spp. The earlier records of urnaria listed under
Biology may refer to one or more species of Ammophila.

Ammophila uniaria Dahlbom, 1843. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, p. 14.

Ammophila inepta Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 209. 9,8.

Sphex arvensis floridensis Fernald, 1933. Ent. News 44: 236. Nom. nud.

Sphex floridensis Fernald, 1934. No. Amer. and W. Indies Sphex, p. 126. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Evans and Lin, 1956. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 81: 146, figs. 47-49 (larva).

Biology: Peckham and Peckham, 1898. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bui. 2: 6-28, pi. 3, figs.

5-8, pi. 8, figs. 1-5 (nest, use of "tool", prey, life cycle). —Peckham and Peckham, 1905.

Wasps, Social and Solitary, pp. 18-39, 46-50 (nest, use of "tool", prey, life cycle). —Parker,

1915. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 17: 75-76, fig. 8 (nest, prey, life cycle). —Fernald, 1933. Ent.

News 44: 236-238 (prey transport, nest). — Frisch, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat. 24: 345-350

(nest closure). —Evans, 1959. Amer. Midland Nat. 62: 462-464 (nest, prey).

Ammophila varipes Cresson
Central U. S.; Mexico (Sonora).

Ammophila varipes Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 4: 457. ♀, ♂.

Ammophila comanche Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 19, pi. 1, fig. 14.

Ammophila wrightii (Cresson)
Western U. S. Ecology: Digs vertical burrow in soil after capturing prey.
Prey: Geometridae sp.

Coloptera wrightii Cresson, 1865. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 1: 378. ♀.

Biology: Hicks, 1934. Psyche 41: 150-157, 2 figs, (nesting behavior, prey).

Ammophila zanthoptera Cameron
Ariz.; Mexico to Guatemala.

Ammophila zanthoptera Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 8. ♀.
Ammophila trichiosoma Cameron, 1888. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. 11. ♂.
Ammophila xanthoptera Cameron, 1900. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Hym., v. 2, p. xi. Emend.

Unplaced Taxon of Ammophilinae

Ammophila arvensis Lepeletier, 1845. Hist. Nat. Ins., Hym., v. 3, p. 384. 9,6. Amer. Sept.
Preocc. by Dahlbom.




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