Present Title Professor of Anthropology Nationality: British. Status: Married to Elizabeth Ross (1980), three children. Education 1967-1970 Oxford University. B.A., Zoology. 1971-1975 Cambridge University. Ph.D., Zoology (Animal Behaviour). Advisor: R.A. Hinde. Ph.D. thesis: Behavioural ecology of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Academic Appointments 1975 Psychology Department, Bristol University. Postdoctoral Fellow. 1976 Psychiatry Department, Stanford University. Postdoctoral Associate. 1976-1977 Harvard University. Visiting Lecturer in Anthropology. 1977-1980 King's College, Cambridge. Research Fellow. 1980-1984 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Assistant Professor in Anthropology. 1984-1989 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Associate Professor in Anthropology. 1985-1989 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Associate Professor in Biology. 1986-1987 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Coordinator, Program in Evolution and Human Behavior. 1989- Harvard University. Professor of Anthropology. (Chair, Biological Anthropology, 1991-1998) Other Appointments 1980-1987 L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, Science and Grants Board. (1984-1987 Co-Chair, Science and Grants Board. 1983-1990 Aldine Publishing Company. Series Co-Editor, Biological Foundations of Human Behavior. 1985- International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Member, Species Survival Commission, Primate Specialist Group. 1987- Dolphins of Shark Bay Research Foundation, Board of Directors. (President, 1987-1992) 1988- Gorilla Foundation. Scientific Board. 1989-1995 Center for Advance Study in Behavioral Sciences, Stanford. Trustee. 1990-1994 Dian Fossey Gorilla Foundation (formerly Digit Fund). Trustee. 1993- Jane Goodall Institute. Trustee. Fellowships and Awards 1977-1980 Research Fellowship, King.s College, Cambridge University. 1983 Henry Russel Award, University of Michigan. 1983-1984 Center for Advance Study in Behavioral Sciences, Stanford. Fellow. 1987-1992 MacArthur Foundation Fellowship. 1987-1989 Senior Fellow, Michigan Society of Fellows. 1988 Faculty Recognition Award, University of Michigan. 1993 Royal Anthropological Institute. Rivers Medal. 1993- American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Fellow. 2000 Baron-von-Swaine Award Major Lectures 1994 The Getty Lecture, Leakey Foundation. 1998 Plenary Lecture, American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 2002 Plenary Lecture, Association of Politics and Life Sciences. 2000 Plenary Lecture, Human Behavior and Evolution Society. 2000 Baron von Swaine Lecture, University of Würzburgs Editorial Boards 1988- Folia Primatologica 1992- Primates 1993- Global Bioethics 1997- Animal Conservation 1997- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Field Experience and Grants 1967 Assistant biologist in Kafue National Park, Zambia, studying behavioral ecology of waterbuck, Kobus defassa. Nine months. 1968 Oxford Bongo Expedition to Kenya, studying ecology of bongo, Boocercus euryceros, and land management of Cherangani Hills. Numerous small grants. Three months. 1969 Oxford University Expedition to Kenya, studying insectivore ecology at high altitude. Numerous small grants. Three months. 1970-1971 Research assistant in Gombe national Park, Tanzania, studying behaviour of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes. Twelve months. 1971-1973 Research student in Gombe National park, Tanzania, studying chimpanzee behavioural ecology. W.T. Grant Foundation. One Year. 1975 Behavioural ecology of gelada baboons, Theropithecus gelada, in Simien National Park, Ethiopia. Science Research Council. Five months. (This study was funded for three years. It was aborted because of political turmoil.) 1976-1977 Field supervision of primate studies in Rwanda (gorillas) and Kenya (baboons). Two months. 1978 Laboratory studies of primate diets, Cambridge. Bedford Fund, King.s College. One month. 1978-1979 Behavioural ecology of vervet monkeys, Cercopithecus aethiops , in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Science Research Council. Eight months. 1980-1981 Ecology and social organization of Balese and Bambuti people. Ituri forest, Zaire. National Science Foundation, L.S.B. Leakey Foundation. Nine months. 1983 Experimental study of primate feeding behaviour, San Diego Zoo and Los Angeles Zoo. Two months. 1984 Field study of chimpanzee medicinal plants, Gombe National Park, Tanzania; and pilot study of chimpanzees in Kibale Forest, Uganda. L.S.B. Leakey Foundation. Two months. 1986 Chimpanzee field site reconnaissance in western Uganda. Rackham Grant (University of Michigan). 1987- Director, Kibale Chimpanzee Project, western Uganda. 2-7 months fieldwork annually. Supported primarily by National Science Foundation, National Geographic Society, Leakey Foundation, USAID, and Columbus Zoo. Project includes research on behavior, ecology, and physiology of chimpanzees and monkeys, and conservation through habitat preservation, reduction of animal-human conflicts, and eco-tourism. Bibliography Books 1982 B.C.R. Bertram, T.H. Clutton-Brock, R.I.M. Dunbar, D.I. Rubenstein, and R.W. Wrangham (Eds.) Current Problems in Sociobiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1986 D.I. Rubenstein and R.W. Wrangham (Eds.). Ecology and Social Evolution: Birds and Mammals. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1987 B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.). Primate Societies. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 1994 R.W. Wrangham, W.C. McGrew, F.B. de Waal, and P.G. Heltne (Eds.). Chimpanzee Cultures . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1996 R.W. Wrangham and D. Peterson. Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Articles 1969 J. Hanks, M.R. Stanley-Price and R.W. Wrangham. Some aspects of the behaviour and ecology of the defassa waterbuck (Kobus defassa) in Zambia. Mammalia 33:471-494. 1969 R.W. Wrangham. Captivity behaviour and post-natal development of the cape pouched rat Saccostomus campestris Peters. Puku 5:207-210. 1970 P. Duncan and R.W. Wrangham. On the ecology and distribution of subterranean insectivores in Kenya. Journal of Zoology, Lond. 164:149-163. 1974 R.W. Wrangham. Artificial feeding of chimpanzees and baboons in their natural habitats. Animal Behaviour 22:83-93. 1974 K.M. Howell and R.W. Wrangham. First record of the dwarf slit-faced bat Nycteris nana in Tanzania. East African Natural History Bulletin 26. 1977 R.W. Wrangham. Feeding behavior of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park Tanzania. In T.H. Clutton-Brock (Ed.) Primate Ecology pp. 504-538. London: Academic Press. 1979 R.W. Wrangham and R. Dunbar. Species designated as threatened with extinction. Primate Eye 13:15-20. 1979 R.W. Wrangham. Sex differences in chimpanzee dispersion. In D.A. Hamburg and E.R. McCown (Eds.) The Great Apes, pp. 481-489. Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings. 1979 R.W. Wrangham. On the evolution of ape social systems. Social Science Information 18(3):335-368. 1979 R.W. Wrangham. The Bishop of Oxford: not so soapy. New Scientist 83(1167):450-451. 1980 R.W. Wrangham. Sociobiology: modification with dissent. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 13:171-177. 1980 R.W. Wrangham. Bipedal locomotion as a feeding adaptation in gelada baboons, and its implications for hominid evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 9: 329-331. 1980 M.W. Feldman, F.J. Ayala, B. Bengtsson, D. Bruckner, R.H. Crozier, C. Vogel, G.C. Williams and R.W. Wrangham. Genetics and social behaviour. In H. Markl Evolution of Social Behaviour: Hypotheses and Empirical Tests, pp. 221-232. Berlag Chemie, Weinheim. 1980 R.W. Wrangham. Bishop Wilberforce: natural selection and the descent of man. Nature 287:192. 1980 R.W. Wrangham and B.B. Smuts. Sex differences in the behavioural ecology of chimpanzees in Gombe National park, Tanzania. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility supplement 28:13-31. 1980 R.W. Wrangham. An ecological model of the evolution of female-bonded groups of primates. Behaviour 75:262-300. 1980 D.I. Rubenstein and R.W. Wrangham. Why is altruism towards kin so rare? Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 54:381-387. 1980 R.W. Wrangham. Female choice of least costly males: a possible factor in the evolution of leks. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 54:357-367. 1980 R.W. Wrangham. Drinking competition in vervet monkeys. Animal Behavior 29:904-910. > 1980 R.W. Wrangham and P.G. Waterman. Feeding behaviour of vervet monkeys on Acacia tortilis and Acacia xanthophloea: with special reference to reproductive strategies and tannin production. Journal of Animal Ecology 50:715-731. 1982 R.W. Wrangham. Mutualism, kinship and social evolution. In King.s College Sociobiology Group (Eds.) Current Problems in Sociobiology, pp. 269-289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983 R.W. Wrangham and T. Nishida. Aspilia: a puzzle in the feeding behaviour of chimpanzees. Primates 24(2):276-282. 1983 R.W. Wrangham. Ultimate factors determining social structure. In R.A. Hinde (Ed.) Primate Social Relationships pp. 325-334. Oxford: Blackwell. 1983 R.W. Wrangham. Social relationships in comparative perspective. In R.A. Hinde (Ed.) Primate Social Relationships pp. 325-334. Oxford: Blackwell. 1983 T. Nishida, R.W. Wrangham, J. Goodall and S. Uehara. Local differences in plant feeding habits of chimpanzees between the Mahale Mountains and Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 12:467-480. 1983 R.W. Wrangham. The roots of social organization. Anthroquest 16:7-9. 1983 R.W. Wrangham and P.G. Waterman. Condensed tannins in fruits eaten by chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Biotropica 15(3)217-222. 1984 R.W. Wrangham. Chimpanzees. In D.W. MacDonald (Ed.) The Encyclopedia of Mammals pp. 422-442. 1985 R.W. Wrangham. War in evolutionary perspective. In D. Pines (Ed.) Emerging Synthesis in Science, pp. 123-132. New Mexico: Santa Fe Institute. 1985 E. Rodriguez, M. Aregullin, T. Nishida, S. Uehara, R.W. Wrangham, Z. Abramowski, A. Finlayson and GH.N. Towers. Thiarubrine A, a bioactive constituent of Aspilia (Asteraceae) consumed by wild chimpanzees. Experientia 41(3):419-420. 1985 R.W. Wrangham. Ape medicine? Anthroquest 33:7-8. 1986 D.I. Rubenstein and R.W. Wrangham. Socioecology: origins and trends. In D.I. Rubenstein and R.W. Wrangham (Eds.) Ecology and Social Evolution: Birds and Mammals, pp. 3-20. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1986 R.W. Wrangham. Ecology and social evolution in two species of chimpanzees. In D.I. Rubenstein and R.W. Wrangham (Eds.) Ecology and Social Evolution: Birds and Mammals, pp. 352-378. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1986 R.W. Wrangham and D.I. Rubenstein. Social evolution in birds and mammals. In D.I. Rubenstein and R.W. Wrangham (Eds.) Ecology and Social Evolution: Birds and Mammals, pp. 452-470. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1987 D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, B.B. Smuts and R.W. Wrangham. The study of primate societies. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.). Primate Societies, pp. 1-8. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 1987 R.W. Wrangham. The evolution of social structure. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.). Primate Societies, pp. 282-296. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 1987 D.L. Cheney and R.W. Wrangham. Predation. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.). Primate Societies, pp. 227-239. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 1987 D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, B.B. Smuts and R.W. Wrangham. The future of primate research. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.). Primate Societies, pp. 491-498. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 1987 R.W. Wrangham. The significance of African apes for reconstructing human social evolution. In W.G. Kinzey (Ed.) Primate Models of Hominid Evolution, pp. 51-71. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 1987 M.D. Hauser and R. W. Wrangham. Manipulation of food calls in captive chimpanzees: a preliminary report. Folia Primatologica 48:207-210. 1988 F.J. White and R.W. Wrangham. Feeding competition and patch size in the chimpanzee species Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes. Behaviour 105:148-164. 1988 R.W. Wrangham. Bridging the gaps: social relationships in animals and people. Rackham Reports 20-40. 1989 R.W. Wrangham and E. van Zinnicq Bergmann Riss. Rates of predation on mammals by Gombe chimpanzees 1972-1975. Primates 31:157-170. 1989 S.F. Dossaji, R.W. Wrangham and E. Rodriguez. Selection of plants with medicinal properties by wild chimpanzees. Fitoterapia 60: 378-384. 1989 R.W. Wrangham and J. Goodall. Chimpanzee use of medicinal leaves. In P. Heltne and L. Marquardt (Eds) Understanding Chimpanzees, pp. 22-37. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1990 M.D. Hauser and R.W. Wrangham. Recognition of predator and competitor calls in nonhuman primates and birds: a preliminary report. Ethology 86:116-130. 1991 R.W. Wrangham, N.L. Conklin, C.A. Chapman and K.D. Hunt. The significance of fibrous foods for Kibale Forest chimpanzees. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 334:171-178. 1991 D. Robbins, C.A. Chapman and R.W. Wrangham. Group size and stability: why do gibbons and spider monkeys differ? Primates 32(3):301-306. 1991 L. Rodseth, R.W. Wrangham, A. Harrigan and B.B. Smuts. The human community as a primate society. Current Anthropology 32:429-433. 1991 L. Rodseth, B.B. Smuts, A. Harrigan and R.W. Wrangham. On "The human community as a primate society." Current Anthropology 32:221-254. 1991 J. Manson & R.W. Wrangham. Intergroup aggression in chimpanzees and humans. Current Anthropology 32(4):369-390. 1992 R.W. Wrangham, A.P. Clark and G. Isabirye-Basuta. Female social relationships and social organization of Kibale Forest chimpanzees. In T. Nishida, W.C. McGrew, P. Marler, M. Pickford & F.B.M. de Waal (Eds.) Topics in Primatology. Vol. 1: Human Origins, pp. 81-98. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 1992 L.J. Chapman, C.A. Chapman and R.W. Wrangham. Balanites wilsoniana: elephant dependent dispersal? J. Trop. Ecol. 8:275-283. 1992 R.W. Wrangham. Living naturally: aspects of wild environments relevant to captive chimpanzee management. In J. Erwin (Ed.) Chimpanzee Conservation and Public Health: Environments for the Future pp. 71-81. Diagnon, Rockville, Maryland. 1992 C.A. Chapman, L.J. Chapman, R.W. Wrangham, K.D. Hunt, D. Gebo and L. Gardner. Estimators of fruit abundance in tropical trees. Biotropica 24:527-531. 1993 C.A. Chapman, F.J. White and R.W. Wrangham. Defining subgroup size in fission-fusion societies. Folia primatologica 61:31-34. 1993 R.W. Wrangham, M.E. Rogers and G. Isabirye-Basuta. Ape food density in the ground layer in Kibale Forest. African Journal of Ecology 31:49-57. 1993 R.W. Wrangham, N.L. Conklin, G. Etot, J. Obua, K.D. Hunt, M.D. Hauser and A.P. Clark. The value of figs to chimpanzees. Int. J. Primatol. 14:243-256. 1993 R.W. Wrangham. The evolution of sexuality in chimpanzees and bonobos. Human Nature 4:47-79. 1993 R.W. Wrangham, J.L. Gittleman and C.A. Chapman. Constraints on group size in primates and carnivores: population density and day-range as assays of exploitation competition. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol 32:199-209. 1993 E. Rodriguez and R.W. Wrangham. Zoopharmacognosy: the use of medicinal plants by animals. In K.R. Downum et al (Ed.) Phytochemical Potential of Tropical Plants pp. 89-105. Plenum Press, New York. 1993 A.P. Clark and R.W. Wrangham. Acoustic analysis of chimpanzee pant hoots: do chimpanzees have an acoustically distinct food arrival pant hoot? Am. J. Primatol. 31:99-109. 1993 C.A. Chapman and R.W. Wrangham. Range use of the forest chimpanzees of Kibale: implications for the understanding of chimpanzee social organization. Am. J. Primatol. 31:263-273. 1993 J. Kerbis Peterhans, R.W. Wrangham, M.D. Carter, M.D. Hauser. A contribution to tropical rain forest taphonomy: retrieval and documentation of chimpanzee remains from Kibale Forest, Uganda. J. Hum. Evol. 25:485-514. 1994 R.K. Malenky and R.W. Wrangham. A quantitative comparison of terrestrial herbaceous food consumption by Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire, and Pan troglodytes in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. Am J. Primatol. 32:1-12. 1994 N.L. Conklin and R.W. Wrangham. The value of figs to a hind-gut fermenting frugivore: a nutritional analysis. Biochem. Ecol. Systemat. 22:137-151. 1994 R.K. Malenky and R.W. Wrangham, C.A. Chapman and E.O. Vineberg. Measuring chimpanzee food abundance. Tropics 2 (4):231-244. 1994 C.A. Chapman, R.W. Wrangham and L.J. Chapman. Indices of habitat-wide fruit abundance in tropical forests. Biotropica 26(2):161-171. 1994 R.W. Wrangham, M.A. Huffman, K. Strier, and E. Rodriguez. Is zoopharmacognosy so hard to swallow? The Sciences. 1994 R.W. Wrangham, C.A. Chapman, and L.J. Chapman. Seed dispersal by forest chimpanzees in Uganda. J. Trop. Ecol. 10:355-368. 1994 A.P. Clark and R.W. Wrangham. Chimpanzee arrival pant-hoots: Do they signify food or status? Int. J. Primatol. 15(2):185-205. 1994 R.W. Wrangham, W.C. McGrew and F.B.M. de Waal. Introduction: Challenges of behavioral diversity. In R.W. Wrangham, W.C. McGrew, F.B. de Waal, & P.G. Heltne (Eds.). Chimpanzee Cultures pp. 1-18. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. 1994 M.A. Huffman and R.W. Wrangham. Diversity of medicinal plant use in wild chimpanzees. In R.W. Wrangham, W.C. McGrew, F.B. de Waal, & P.G. Heltne (Eds.). Chimpanzee Cultures pp. 1-18. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. (Also available as Mahale Mountains Chimpanzee Research Project, Ecological Report No. 83.) 1994 R.W. Wrangham. Overview - ecology, diversity and culture. In R.W. Wrangham, W.C. McGrew, F.B. de Waal, and P.G. Heltne (Eds.) Chimpanzee Cultures pp. 21-23. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA. 1994 C.A. Chapman, F. White and R.W. Wrangham. Party composition and tree-fruit parameters in chimpanzees and bonobos. In R.W. Wrangham, W.C. McGrew, F.B. de Waal, and P.G. Heltne (Eds.) Chimpanzee Cultures pp. 41-58. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA. 1994 R.K. Malenky, S. Kuroda, E.O. Vineberg and R.W. Wrangham. The significance of terrestrial herbaceous foods for bonobos, chimpanzees and gorillas. In R.W. Wrangham, W.C. McGrew, F.B. de Waal, and P.G. Heltne (Eds.) Chimpanzee Cultures pp. 59-75. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA. 1994 M. Gasquet, M.A. Huffman and R.W. Wrangham. Les plantes medicinales utilisees par les chimpanzes sauvages. In M. Baerts and J. Lehmann (Eds.) Metissages en Sante Animale de Madagascar a Haiti pp. 291-297. Presses Universitaires de Namur. 1995 C.A. Chapman, R.W. Wrangham and L.J. Chapman. Ecological constraints on group size: an analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee subgroups. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 32: 199-209. 1995 R.W. Wrangham. Leaf-swallowing by chimpanzees, and its relationship to tapeworm infection. Am. J. Primatol 37:297-303. 1995 R.W. Wrangham. Ape cultures and missing links. Symbols Spring 1995: 2-20 1996 R.W. Wrangham. The sexual behaviour of chimpanzees and bonobos, our closest living relatives: multiple matings and multiple meanings. In G. Benagiano (Ed.) The Evolution of the Meaning of Human Sexual Intercourse, p.11-29. 1996 E.J. Messner and R.W. Wrangham. In vitro testing of the biological activity of Rubia cordifolia leaves on primate Strongyloides species. Primates 37(1)105-108. 1996 R.W. Wrangham, C.A. Chapman, A.P. Clark and G. Isabirye-Basuta. Social ecology of Kanyawara chimpanzees: implications for understanding the costs of great ape groups. In W.C. McGrew, L.F. Marchant & T. Nishida (Eds.) Great Ape Societies 45-57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997 T. Goldberg & R.W. Wrangham. Genetic correlates of social behaviour in chimpanzees: evidence from mitochondrial DNA. Animal Behaviour 54: 559-570. 1997 R.W. Wrangham. Subtle, secret female chimpanzees. Science 77: 774-775. 1997 W.C. Mahaney, M.W. Milner, K. Sanmugadas, R.G.V. Hancock, S. Aufreiter, R.W. Wrangham and H.W. Pier. Analysis of geophagy soils in Kibale Forest, Uganda. Primates 38(2):159-176. 1997 C.A.Chapman, L.J. Chapman, R. Wrangham, G. Isabirye-Basuta, and K. Ben-David. Spatial and temporal variability in the structure of a tropical forest. African Journal of Ecology 35: 287-302. 1998 R.W. Wrangham and D. Peterson. Why groups go ape. In S. Greenberg (ed.) Mindfield: The Race Issue, pp. 36-40. London: Camden Press. 1998 T.G. O'Brien, M.F. Kinnaird, E.S. Dierenfeld, N.L. Conklin-Brittain, R.W. Wrangham and S.C. Silver. What's so special about figs: a pantropical mineral analysis. Nature, 392: 668. 1998 R.W. Wrangham, N.L. Conklin-Brittain and K.D. Hunt. Dietary response of chimpanzees and cercopithecines to seasonal variation in fruit abundance: I. Antifeedants. Int. J. Primatol. 19: 949-970. 1998 N.L. Conklin-Brittain, R.W. Wrangham, and K.D. Hunt. Dietary response of chimpanzees and cercopithecines to seasonal variation in fruit abundance: II. Nutrients. Int. J. Primatol.19: 971-987. 1998 L. Naughton-Treves, Treves, A., Chapman, C.A., Wrangham, R.W. Temporal patterns of crop raiding by primates: linking food availability in croplands and adjacent forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 596-606. 1999 A.C. Arcadi and R.W. Wrangham. Infanticide in chimpanzees: review of cases and a new within-group observation from the Kanyawara study group in Kibale National Park. Primates 40: 337-351. 1999 R.A. Weiss and R.W. Wrangham. From Pan to pandemic. Nature 397, 385-6. 1999 R.W. Wrangham. Is military incompetence adaptive? Evolution and Human Behavior 20: 3-17. 1999 W.C. McGrew, L.F. Marchant, R.W. Wrangham and H. Klein. Manual laterality in anvil use: wild chimpanzees cracking Strychnos fruits. Laterality 4: 79-87. 1999 C.A. Chapman, R.W. Wrangham, L.J. Chapman, D.K. Kennard, and A.E. Kaplan. Fruit and flower phenology at two sites in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 1999 R.W. Wrangham, J. H. Jones, G. Laden, D. Pilbeam and N.L. Conklin-Brittain. The raw and the stolen: cooking and the ecology of human origins. Current Anthropology 40: 567-594. 1999 A. Whiten, J. Goodall, W.C. McGrew, T. Nishida, V. Reynolds, Y. Sugiyama, C.E.G. Tutin, R.W. Wrangham and C. Boesch. Chimpanzee cultures. Nature 399: 682-685. 1999 A. Marshall, R. Wrangham and A. Arcadi. Does learning affect the structure of vocalizations in chimpanzees? Animal Behavior 58: 825-830. 1999 N.L. Conklin-Brittain, E.S. Dierenfeld, R.W. Wrangham, M. Norconk and S.C. Silver. Chemical protein analysis: a comparison of Kjeldahl Crude Protein and Total Ninhydrin Protein from wild, tropical vegetation. J. Chem. Ecol. 25: 2601-2622. 1999 R.W. Wrangham. The evolution of coalitionary killing. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 42: 1-30. 2000 R. Connor, A. Read, and R. Wrangham. Male reproductive strategies and social bonds. In J. Mann, R. Connor, P.L. Tyack and H. Whitehead (eds.) Cetacean Societies, pp. 247-269. Chicago University Press. 2000 M. Tappen and R. Wrangham. Recognizing hominid-modified bones: the taphonomy of colobus bones partially digested by free-ranging chimpanzees in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 113: 217-234. 2000 R.W. Wrangham. Why are male chimpanzees more gregarious than mothers? A scramble competition hypothesis. In P. Kappeler (ed.) Male Primates. Cambridge University Press, pp. 248-258. 2000 R.W. Wrangham. The other apes: time for action. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 111: 445-449. 2000 R.W. Ashford, G.D. Reid, and R.W. Wrangham. Intestinal parasites of the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes in Kibale Forest, Uganda. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 94: 173-179. 2000 R. Wrangham, M. Wilson, B. Hare and N.D. Wolfe. Chimpanzee predation and the ecology of pathogen exchange. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 2000 R.W. Wrangham. In M. Bekoff (ed) Behind the Dolphin.s Smile: Remarkable Accounts of Animals. Random House / Discovery Books. 2000 S Balcomb, CA Chapman and RW Wrangham. The relationship between chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) density and large, fleshy-fruit tree density: conservation implications. American Journal of Primatology 51: 197-203. 2001 ML Wilson, MD Hauser and RW Wrangham. Testing costs and benefits of cooperative defense in wild chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour.61 (6): 1203-1216. 2001 R.W. Wrangham. Moral decisions about wild chimpanzees. In: Beck, B.B., Stoinski, T.S., Hutchins, M., Maple, T.L., Norton, B., Rowan, A., Stevens, E.F., & Arluke, A. (eds) Great Apes and Humans: The Ethics of Coexistence, pp. 230-244. Smithsonian Institute. 2001 R.W. Wrangham. Out of the Pan, into the fire: from ape to human. In F.B.M. de Waal (ed.) Tree of Origin, pp. 119-143. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2001 K. Hill, C. Boesch, J. Goodall, A. Pusey, J. Williams and R. Wrangham. Mortality rates among wild chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution 40: 437-450. 2001 M. Muller and R.W. Wrangham. The reproductive ecology of male hominoids. In P. Ellison (ed) Reproductive Ecology, pp. 397-427. New York: Aldine. 2001 T. Nishida, RW Wrangham, JH Jones, A Marshall, and James Wakibara. Do chimpanzees survive the 21st century? In The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century (Conference Proceedings, May 10-13, 2000, Brookfield, Illinois, USA), pp. 43-51. Chicago: Chicago Zoological Society. 2001 MH Jurke, RH Sommovilla, NC Harvey and RW Wrangham. Behavior and hormonal correlates in bonobos. In The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century (Conference Proceedings, May 10-13, 2000, Brookfield, Illinois, USA), pp. 105-106. Chicago: Chicago Zoological Society. 2001 NL Conklin-Brittain, CD Knott, and RW Wrangham. The feeding ecology of apes. In The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century (Conference Proceedings, May 10-13, 2000, Brookfield, Illinois, USA), pp. 167-174. Chicago: Chicago Zoological Society. 2001 MN Muller and R Wrangham. Sexual mimicry in hyenas. Q Rev Biol 77: 3-16. 2002 in press. NL Conklin-Brittain, RW Wrangham and CC Smith. A two-stage model of increased dietary quality in early hominid evolution: the role of fiber. In: P. Ungar and M. Teaford, (eds), Human Diet: Perspectives on its Origin and Evolution. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2002 in press. RW Wrangham and D Pilbeam. Apes as time machines. In BMF Galdikas, N Briggs, LK Sheeran, GL Shapiro, and J Goodall eds, All Apes Great and Small Volume 1: Chimpanzees, Bonobos, and Gorillas. Plenum/Kluwer Publication 2002 in press (September 2002). R.W. Wrangham. Costs and benefits of female sexual attractiveness in chimpanzees and bonobos: a scramble competition hypothesis. In C. Boesch, G. Hohmann and L. Marchant (eds) .Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos.. Cambridge University Press. 2002 in press B Hare and R Wrangham. The evolution of social cognition: an integrated approach. In Bekoff M, Allen C, Burghardt G (Eds). The Cognitive Animal. MIT Press. 2002 in press. A. Whiten, J. Goodall, W.C. McGrew, T. Nishida, V. Reynolds, Y. Sugiyama, C.E.G. Tutin, R.W. Wrangham and C. Boesch. Charting cultural variation in chimpanzees. Behaviour. 2002 submitted J-P Vartanian, P Pineau, M Henry, V Lacoste, WD Hamilton, RW Wrangham, M Muller, S Wain-Hobson. Chimpanzess as a reservoir for persistent viral infections: a novel virus akin to Kaposi.s sarcoma herpes virus. Journal of Virology. 2002 Santiago MO, CM Rodenburg, S Kamenya, F Bibollet-Ruche, F Gao, E Bailes, S Meleth, JM Kilby, Z Maldoveanu, B Fahey, MN Muller, A Ayouba, E Nerrienet, HM McClure, JL Heeney, AE Pusey, DA Collins, C Boesch, RW Wrangham, J Goodall, PM Sharp, GM Shaw and BH Hahn. SIVcpz infection in wild chimpanzees. Science.

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