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Extracted from: Theodore B Mitchell. A Subgeneric
Revision of the Bees of the Genus Coelioxys of theWestern Hemisphere. Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University. 1973
Female
HEAD: 1. Ratio of median length to maximum width, in facial view - 32:49.
2. Eyes - Length, 33; lateral width, 13; ratio of upper, to maximum, to lower interspaces - 28:31:23. Normally convergent below (A-3); inner margins nearly straight (B-2); orbital hairs short, 1.0 (C-2).
3. Clypeus - Median length, 12; basal width, 11; apical width, 22.Surface slightly convex (A-2); apical margin straight (B-l) and dentate or tuberculate (C-2)median length equal to basal width (D-l); apical width twice the basal width (E-l).
4. Supraclypeal area - Very slightly convex (A-2); median length less than that of clypeus (B-l) .
5. Parocular areas - Surface below level of antennae quite flat (A-l); maximum width about two-thirds width of clypeus at base (B-3); carina distinct, slightly separated from eye by a narrow groove, and neither elevated below not expanded above (C-l).
6. Subocellar area - Surface slightly convex (A-2) ; densely punctate or rugose (B-l), with a rosette of fine pale hairs radiating from median ocellus laterally and ventrally.
7. Antennal sockets - Distance to eyes, 6.5; to clypeus, 9; to median ocellus, 10; and to each other, 10. Sockets nearer eyes than to clypeus (A-2), to each other (B-2), and to median ocellus (C-2); subequally distant from clypeus and each other (D-l), and from median ocellus (E-l); and equidistant from median ocellus and each other (F-l).
8. Antennae - Relative lengths of scape, 8; pedicel, 3; flagellar segment one, 5; two, 5.5; six, 5; ten, 7.5; breadth of six, 4. Median flagellar segments longer than their breadth (A-3) ; apical segment slightly shorter than scape (B-2).
9. Vertex - Surface nearly flat (A-2),but ocellar triangle somewhat elevated; occipital margin strongly incurved (B-2), and not carinate (C-2).
10. Lateral ocelli - Distance to eyes,7.5; to occipital margin, 5; to each other, 6.5. Nearer occipital margin than to eyes (A-2), and to each other (B-2); nearer each other than to eyes (C-2).
11. Genae - Maximum width much exceeded by width of eye in lateral view, 9:13(A-2); narrowed below (B-l) where it is slightly concave (C-l); occipital margin carinate (D-l), forming an obscure, subacute angle with the hypostomal carina.
12. Labrum - Median length equal to basal width (A-l).
13. Mandible - Median tooth nearer apex than to inner tooth (A-2); inner tooth not much larger than median tooth (B-l) ; outer margin curved apically (C-l).
14. Labial palpi - Segment 1 much shorter than segment 2, 10:15 (A-2).
MESOSOMA: 15. Scutum - Median length, to breadth, 27:39. Surface evenly convex (A-l), and densely rugose (B-l); median line barely visible (C-2), obscured by the sculpture; parapsidal lines visible, slightly elevated and somewhat shining (D-l).
16. Pronotal tubercle - Carina produced or elevated and conspicuous (A-2), margin somewhat recurved, not extended toward midline.
40
Subgeneric Revision of Coelioxys
17. Mesepisterna - Carina distinct,
sharply dividing the anterior and lateral
surfaces (A-2).
18. Scutellum - Median length, 9. Dorsal surface densely sculptured (A-l); dorso-median ridge absent (B-2); posterior margin broadly rounded in dorsal view (C-2); edge of margin abrupt or subcarinate, not protuberant (D-3).
19. Axillae - Dorsal surface densely sculptured (A-l); apical free process slender and elongate, slightly compressed, acute in dorsal view (B-1).
20. Metanotum - Lateral extensions posterior to base of hind wing strongly depressed beneath carinate margin of scutellar crest (A-l).
21. Metepisterna - Unmodified.
22. Propodeum - Median length of posterior triangle considerably greater than that of median groove below, 9:6 (A-l); lateral margins of posterior face rounded and indefinite (B-1), dorsal striations short, more or less parallel, but with only two or three rectangular pits toward each end (C-l); anterior margin of propodeal spiracle elevated and thickened, but not carinate (D-2); dorso-lateral triangles quite distinct (if area denuded), margins definitely carinate but quite low, with a dorsal groove just beneath lateral extensions of metanotum (E-3).
23. Fore wings - Length, 102; radial cell 27. Recurrent veins subequally distant from base and apex of second submarginal cell,or the second nearer the apex than first is to base of the cell (A-3).
24. Tegulae - Testaceous (A-2).
25. Front coxae - Anterior surface slight�ly convex (A-2); tubercles low but distinct (B-5).
26. Mid coxae - Typical.
27. Hind coxae - Anterior surface broadly convex (A-l); surface dull, coarsely or densely punctate (E-l).
28. Trochanters - Front and mid pairs unmodified; hind pair considerably longer than broad (A-l).
29. Femora - Lower surface of front pair coarsely and closely punctate, and usually well clothed with tomentum (A-l); basal concavity of mid pair deep and distinct (B-1); outer surface of hind pair completely and densely tomentose (C-2).
30. Tibiae - Outer faces of front and mid pairs densely sculptured and dull (A-l) and (B-1); outer faces of hind pair shining between distinctly separated punctures (C-2); inner hind tibial spur distinctly longer than the outer spur, 8:6 (D-2).
31. Relative lengths of tibiae and tarsi, and basitarsai breadth:
Tibiae Basi- Tarsi Basitarsai
2-5
tarsi
breadth
Fore 24 12 15 2.5
Mid 24 10 17 4.0
Hind 31 16 21 5.0
Claws and concavity of strigilis unmodified.
METAS0MA: 32. Relative widths of terga 1-6. Tergum one, 50; two, 49; three, 45; four,38; five, 30; six, 21. median length of six, 30.
33. Basal tergum - Dorsal surface strongly convex medially (A-l), downcurved' to margin of concavity which is neither carinate (B-2) nor fasciate (C-2); ventro-lateral areas rather vaguely subcarinate laterally (D-2).
34 & 35. Terga 2 & 3 - Gradular grooves complete (A-l); postgradular areas exceeded by the pregradular areas in median length (B-3), but much broader laterally (C-l); graduli not fasciate (D-l).
36. Tergum 4 - Gradular line very shallow and obscure, even laterally (A-l), and not fasciate (B-1).
37. Tergum 5 - Gradular line very shallow and obscure, even laterally (A-l).
38. Tergum 6 - Basal and apical areas not sharply divided (A-2); apical area relatively bare (B-2); lateral margins abruptly and strongly angulate (C-l), deeply sul-cate at angle (D-l), but much narrowed apically; sulcus more or less fasciate (E-l) beneath the angle; dorso-median line or ridge distinct from near base, to apex (F-l); a pair of narrow but deep, lateral excavations present (G-l), separated by the median ridge; apex narrowly rounded (H-2).
39. Sternum 1 - Surface slightly swollen medially, gently declivous to the narrow base (A-l); apical margin broadly but slightly depressed medially (B-1).
40. Sternum 2 - Gradulus distinctly evident (A-2); apical margin slightly depressed laterally but not medially (B-1).
41 & 42. Sterna 2 & 3 - Graduli indistinct but indicated by a line of division between the chiefly impunctate pregradular areas and the closely punctate postgradular areas, that coincide with apical margin of the preceding sterna (A-3); apical margins slightly depressed laterally, but not medi-ally (B-1).
43. Sternum 5 - Apical margin triangular in form, apex subacute (A-l); basal width about equal to median length of the postgradular area.
44. Sternum 6 elongate-triangular, its ventral surface strongly convex (A-l); apex with a pair of lateral, subapical notches (B-2); margins slightly recurved (incurved toward base, outcurved or straight toward apex) (C-4); marginal fringe partially developed toward base (D-2). See fig.17,p.19.
Male HEAD: 51. Ratio of median length to maximum width, in facial view - 30:47.
52. Eyes - Length, 32; lateral width, 9; ratio of upper, to maximum, to lower interspaces - 28:28:22. Normally convergent below (A-3); inner margins straight (B-1); orbital hairs long, 2.0 (C-4).
53. Clypeus - Median length, 12; basal width, 10; apical width, 21. Surface normally convex (A-3) ; apical margin straight (B-1), with a pair of small, submedian denticles and a minute one in the center(C-2); median length slightly greater than the basal width (D-2); apical width twice the basal width (E-l).
54. Supraclypeal area - Flat (A-l); slightly shorter than clypeus (B-1).
55. Parocular areas - Surface below level of antennae quite flat (A-l); maximum width about two-Lhirds basal width of clypeus (B-1) ; carina distinct, slightly separated from eye by a narrow groove (C-l).
56. Subocellar area - Surface flat (A-l); densely sculptured (B-1).
57. Antennal sockets - Distance to eyes,5; to clypeus, 8; to median ocellus, 9; and to each other, 10. Sockets much nearer eyes than to clypeus (A-2), to each other (B-2), and to median ocellus (C-2); nearer clypeus than to each other (D-2); subequally distant from clypeus and median ocellus (E-l), and from median ocellus and each other (F-l).
58. Antennae - Relative lengths of scape, 8; pedicel, 2.5flagellar segment one, 4.5; two, 4; six, 4; eleven, 5; breadth of six, 3. Median flagellar segments slightly longer than their breadth (A-2); apical segment much shorter than scape (B-1).
59. Vertex - Surface nearly or quite flat (A-3); occipital margin slightly incurved (B-1); not carinate (C-2).
60. Lateral ocelli - Distance to eyes, 9; to occipital margin, 6; to each other, 5. Nearer occipital margin than to eyes (A-2); subequally distant from occipital margin and each other (B-1) ; and nearer each other than to eyes (C-2).
61. Genae - Maximum width about equal to that of eyes (A-l); constricted below (B-1); hypostomal area distinctly concave (C-2); concavity shining and bare in large part (D-l); occipital carina not protuberant below (E-2).
62. Labrum - Basal width equal to median length (A-l).
63. Mandible - Median tooth equidistant from apical and inner teeth (A-l); inner tooth not much larger than median tooth (B-1); outer margin curved apically (C-l).
64. Labial palpi - Segment 1 much shorter than segment 2, 9:13 (A-2).
MES0S0MA: 65. Scutum - Median length, to breadth, 25:34. Surface evenly convex (A-l), coarsely and closely punctate (B-1) ; median line barely visible, obscured by the surface sculpture (C-l); parapsidal lines visible, slightly elevated (D-l).
66. Pronotal tubercle - Carina low and inconspicuous (A-l).
67. Mesepisterna - Vertical carina distinct, sharply dividing the anterior and lateral surfaces (A-2).
68. Scutellum - Median length, 7. Dorsal surface densely sculptured (A-l); dorso-median ridge absent (B-2) ; posterior margin broadly rounded in dorsal view (C-2); the edge rounded, the dorsal and posterior surfaces thus merging (D-l).
69. Axillae - Dorsal surface densely sculptured (A-l); free apical processes slender and elongate, slightly compressed, acute in dorsal view (B-1).
70. Metanotum - Lateral extensions posterior to base of hind wing strongly depressed beneath carinate margin of scutellar crest (A-l).
71. Metepisterna - Unmodified.
72. Propodeum - Median length of posterior triangle longer than median groove below,9:6 (A-l); lateral margins of posterior surface rounded and indefinite (B-1), the dorsal striations indistinct medially, becoming definite and parallel laterally, possibly forming quadrangular pits at each end (C-l); anterior margin of spiracle only slightly elevated and not carinate (D-l) ; dorsolat�eral triangles weakly developed, bounding ridges low and obscure (E-l).
73. Fore wings - Length, 96; radial cell, 27. Recurrent veins subequally distant from base and apex of second submarginal cell (A-l).
74. Tegulae - Testaceous (A-2).
75. Front coxae - Anterior surface nearly flat (A-2); spines robust and erect (B-1).
76. Mid coxae - Typical.
77. Hind coxae - Anterior surface broadly convex (A-l) ; surface dull and densely punctate (B-1).
78. Trochanters - Front and mid pairs unmodified; lower surface of hind pair convex (A-l).
79. Femora - Lower surface of front pair quite coarsely and closely punctate, and usually well clothed with pubescence (A-l); basal concavity of mid pair absent (B-3); outer surface of hind pair completely and densely tomentose (C-2).
80. Tibiae - Outer faces of front and mid pairs densely sculptured and dull (A-l) and (B-l) ; outer face of hind pair shining between distinctly separated punctures (C-2); hind tibial spurs nearly equal in length, 7:6 (D-1).
81. Relative lengths of tibiae and tarsi,
and basitarsal breadth:
Tibiae Basi-tarsi Tarsi 2-5 Basitarsal breadth
Fore
Mid
Hind 21 21 27 11 10 14 16 20 24 2.5 3.0 4.5
Claws and concavity of strigilis unmodified.
METASOMA: 82. Relative widths of terga 1-6. Tergum one,44; two,42; three,39; four,36; five,29; and six,23.
83. Tergum 1 - Midline of dorsal surface strongly convex (A-l); margin of concavity neither carinate (B-2), nor fasciate (C-2); ventro-lateral areas not carinate (D-2).
84. Tergum 2 - Gradular groove complete (A-l); anterior margin of groove distinct but not carinate (B-l); groove not fasciate (C-2); postgradular area shortened medially (D-2), somewhat convex at midline (E-2),well punctured throughout (F-l), with a deep, transversely elongate fovea (G-l); apical margin deeply depressed (H-1), the rim broad and distinct (J-l), with an entire white apical fascia (K-l) length of hairs composing the fascia about equal to width of rim.
85. Tergum 3 - Except for the shining and impunctate posterior margin of the gradulus (F-2) and the absence of the foveae (G-2), quite similar to tergum 2, with the same code numbers: (A-l); (B-l); (C-2); (D-2); (E-2); (H-1); (J-l); (K-l).
86. Tergum 4 - Gradular groove complete (A-l); anterior margin of gradulus carinate (B-l) ; gradulus fasciate (C-l); postgradular area rather sparsely punctate medially, becoming closer laterally (D-2); apical margin deeply depressed laterally (E-l); the rim broad and distinct (F-l).
87. Tergum 5 - Gradular groove complete (A-l); anterior margin of groove indistinct (B-2); the groove fasciate (C-l); apical margin deeply depressed laterally (D-1); the rim broad and distinct (E-l); latero-apical angles protuberant (F-l).
88. Tergum 6 - Median length of postgradular area more than half the maximum width (A-2); median excavation of dorsal surface deep, apical, separating the divergent processes (B-l), the latter short, flattened, apices rounded (C-2); ventral surface very limited, with no area of separation between the apical margin and the bases of the ventral processes (D-1), the latter slender, spinose and nearly parallel (E-l); lateral
processes triangular and acute (F-3).
89. Tergum 7 - Apical margin narrowly rounded, rim becoming quite broadly depressed laterally (A-l); gradulus straight(B-l).
90. Sternum 1 - Surface slightly swollen medially, gently declivous to the narrow base (A-l); apical margin broadly but slightly depressed medially (B-l).
91 & 92. Sterna 2 & 3 - Gradulus distinctly evident (A-2); apical margin deeply and abruptly depressed over entire width (B-4).
93. Sternum 4 - Gradulus carinate (A-l); apical margin entire and simple (B-l); the rim strongly depressed and medially emarg-inate (C-3).
94. Sternum 5 - Postgradular area normally retracted, surface lightly sclerotized(A-2); gradulus rather strongly incurved toward base (B-2); apical margin not thickened (C-l); basal margin rather strongly incurved, thus constricting the pregradular area medially (D-2).
95. Sternum 6 - Gradulus indistinct, but apparently reaching basal margin (A-l); pregradular areas broad medially, narrowed api-cally, not markedly produced at base (B-l); postgradular area broad medially and at base, widely separating lateral elements of the pregradular area (C-l); setose areas composed of dense, more or less oblique patches of setae on each side of midline (D-1); the apical membraneous lip rounded.
96. Sternum 7 - Obsolescent.
97. Sternum 8 - Lateral margins convergent apically (A-l); apex incised (B-3).
98. Genitalia - Gonocoxites equal to penis valves in length (A-l), compressed (B-2) and copiously long setose apically (C-l).
SIZE: Female - Breadth of head, 49; scutum, 39; tergum 1, 50; median length of combined scutum and scutellum, 36; fore wing, 95; radial cell, 25.
Male - Breadth of head, 47; scutum, 34; tergum 1, 44; median length of combined scutum and scutellum, 32; fore wing, 100; radial cell, 27.
SCULPTURE: Head densely punctate,coarsely so above, becoming finer below on genae, very fine on clypeus; entire mesosoma more rugose or reticulate, only the legs finely punctate in part, smooth and impunctate on some surfaces; punctures of metasoma coarse and close in general, details as indicated in the preceding descriptions.
COLOR: Integument chiefly black, but tegulae and legs variable, chiefly black in some populations or areas, but more often the tarsi and tibiae ferruginous to testaceous, the more basal segments usually but not always black. Fore wings hyaline at base, becoming lightly infuscated apically, veins brownish*to testaceous.
Extracted from: Baker, J. R. 1975. Taxonomy of Five Nearctic Subgenera of Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, Vol. 50. Pp 649-730.
FEMALE. (1) Length 11-13 mm; (2) integument granular on vertex between punctures and on thorax; black, dark brown on ventral surface of tergum 1, legs distal to coxae black to ferruginous; (3) pubescence white, golden on tarsi; (4) ocular hairs long (about 0.15 mm); (5) clypeus uniformly covered with short, ap-pressed setae, surface visible, margin irregular (Fig. 22B); (6) clypeoantennal distance shorter than lateral margin of clypeus; (7) paraocular area hidden by setae about 0.25 mm long; (8) rest of face rugose, closely punctured up to ocellar area except for small median impunctate ridge between antennae; (9) clypeoanten-nal distance less than interantennal and greater than antennocular distances; (10) ocellar area closely punctate; (11) inter-ocellar distance greater than ocelloccipital and less than ocellocular distances; (12) vertex moderately punctate (Fig. 21); (13) gena narrower than eye, integument visible, ventral angle about 90°; (14) hy-postomal area of gena with setae longer than on disc; (15) mandibles short, broad (Fig. 22B); (16) scutum with slender, erect hair on disc (Fig. 21); (17) lateral surface of mesepisternum closely punctate with long (about 035 mm), slender setae which usually form anterior and posterior fasciae; (18) scutellum with posterior margin of dorsal surface rounded (Fig. 21); (19) axilla well produced (Fig. 21); (20) metanotal setae erect except for 1-3 or 4 prostrate in center; (21) front coxal spine subtriangular, inconspicuous; (22) terga 2, 3 with conspicuous gradular grooves, terga 1-5 with conspicuous apical fasciae, tergum 6 angled with very small setae at angles which resemble velvet in dorsal view (Fig. 21); (23) sterna 1-5 fasciate apically, fasciae of sterna 2-4 usually interrupted medially, sterna 1-4 and basal area of sternum 5 deeply and evenly punctured, sternum 5 apically very closely and shallowly punctured, sternum 6 with indistinct elongate punctures medially, broadly lanceolate apically (Fig. 21).
MALE. (24) Length 9.5-12 mm; (25) integument as in female (2 above), venter of abdomen black to dark brown; (26) pubescence white, white to yellow on face, white to pale brown on thorax, golden on tarsi; (27) ocular hairs long (about 0.15 mm); (28) clypeus hidden by copious long (about 0.45 mm) setae, surface rugose and shiny; clypeal margin slightly emargi-nated with 5 small denticles; (29) clypeo-antennal distance as in female (6 above); (30) paraocular area hidden by long setae (about 0.6 mm); (31) rest of face rugose with median, short (0.25 mm), impunc-tate line usually obscured by copious setae up to 0.45 mm long; (32) interantennal, clypeoantennal, antennocular distances as in female (9 above); (33) ocellar area as in female (10 above); (34) interocellar and ocelloccipital distances equal, less than ocellocular distance; (35) vertex as in female (12 above); (36) gena as in female (13 above) but ventral angle greater than 90°; (37) hypostomal area of gena modified into distinct excavation (as in Fig. 4), anterior portion with setae as in female (14 above), posterior portion with integument clearly visible; (38) mandible, scutum, mesepisternum, scutellum, axilla, metanotal setae as in female (15-20 above); (44) front coxal spine long (about 0.25 mm) and broad (about 0.2 mm) with setae on dorsal and ventral surfaces, rounded apically, directed anteriorly; (45) terga with apical fasciae diminishing pos-teriorly, gradular grooves of terga 4-6 with fasciae, fovea on tergum 2 less than 0.05 mm long and 03-0.5 mm wide (Fig. 25C), tergum 6 with dorsal spines stouter than ventral spines (Fig. 25C); tergum 7 un-modified (Fig. 26A); (46) sterna 1-4 evenly punctate with small slender seta in each puncture, fasciate apically, sternum 1 fasciate medially; (47) sternum 4 sub-margically carinate, apex emarginate to bidentate, margin of sternum 5 slighdy emarginate (Fig. 26B), sternum 6 with copious setae lateroapically (Fig. 26C), sternum 7 with two sclerotized areas (Fig. 26D), sternum 8 with base broad (Fig. 26E), genital armature with abundant setae on gonocoxite apically (Fig. 26F).
HOST RECORDS. Graenicher (1905) reared Coelioxys rufitarsis from nests of Megachile latimanus and M. melanophaea. He later (1935) reported C. rufitarsis to be a parasite of M. melanophaea wootoni. Hicks (1926) reared C. rufitarsis (= C coloradensis) from a nest of M. monti-vaga. Medler and Lussenhop (1968) reported that D. H. Pengelly found C. rufi-tarsis to be a parasite of M. texana. Mitch-ell (1973) indicated M. jortis is another host of C. rufitarsis. A new host record from a label of C. rufitarsis from Alberta, Canada, is M. perihirta.
DISTRIBUTION AND SEASON OF FLIGHT. This bee extends from middle Canada well into Mexico (Fig. 27). Although Smith (1854) described the female of Coelioxys rufitarsis from Florida, specimens from south of the 35° parallel are rare.
HABITAT. Coelioxys rufitarsis ranges through areas which have been classified as a variety of forest, savana, and open grassland vegetation types. In the West this bee has been taken from areas classified as forests containing such dominant trees as spruce (Picea), cedars (Thuja Li~ brocedrus), hemlock (Tsuga), fir (Abies), and pine (Pinus); from areas classified as scrub and savana such as chaparral, mountain mahogany-oak scrub and oak savana (Cercocarpus, Quercus, Andropogon), juniper-oak savana (Juniperus, Quercus, Andropogon), sagebrush (Salvia, Eriogonum, Artemisia), and creosote bush (Lar-rea); from areas classified as various grasslands containing grasses such as fescue (Festuca), oatgrass (Danthonia), tule (Scirpus), cattail (Typha), grama grass (Bouteloua), and bluestem (Andropogon); and from an area classified as alpine mea-dows and barren.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION. As with Coelioxys alternata, leg color of C. rufitarsis varies throughout its distribution and seemingly without respect to geogra-phy. However, an exceptionally large series of C. rufitarsis from California showed possible geographic variation (Fig. 28). The proportion of bees with dark legs was greater for bees from higher elevations than for bees from the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys. However, bees with both dark and ferruginous legs occurred at high and low elevations.
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